The lateral stiffness of

the tall building structures

 The concept and principle of lateral
stiffness
iff calculation
l l i ffor overall
ll structures

The concept of lateral stiffness of overall structures

assumption ：
(1) The lateral forces (wind or horizontal earthquake action) are

assumed as the inverted triangular distribution

((2)) the structure is in elastic range

g at vertical and lateral forces

(3) the stiffness is calculate in the two spindle orientations

Where ξ=x/H , when ξ=1 then
When ξ=1
When ξ=1
floor inner column floor edge column underlying inner underlying edge
column column
The lateral stiffness of a frame structures
It b
Its bending
di lateral
l t l deformation
d f ti
calculation assumptions:
• The axial deformation of the frame columns is
accumulate
l at the
h action off shear
h f
forces at the
h end
d off
frame beams.
• The bending moment is only contributed by the edge
columns The contribution of the inner columns are
columns.
ignored.
• For the roughly symmetrical frame, the rotation
deformation
de o at o is s not
ot co
considered.
s de ed

The bending deformation

and the top deformation

 =

Where mx and my are the number of plane frame in x and y direction respectively.
The lateral stiffness of a shear wall structure

Its properties

The effective flanges of the shear wall

((use the smallest value))

each of the smallest one situation considered T shape sections L shape sections

flange thickness t

space between two walls si

total height of the wall H

real size of the hole

The lateral stiffness of a shear wall structures
Its properties
The mechanics properties of the different kinds of shear walls
The lateral stiffness of a shear wall structures
Its properties
The mechanics properties of the different kinds of shear walls
The shear wall bend characteristic value Z
When ξ=1
 wall with multi-limb
solid wall integral wall small opening stand alone
shear wall
The lateral stiffness of a frame-shear wall structure
Its properties
The lateral stiffness of a frame-shear wall structure
Its properties
The hinge join coupling beams connecting
The lateral stiffness of a frame-shear wall structures
Its lateral stiffness
The lateral stiffness of a frame-shear wall structure
The rigid join coupling beams connecting frame-shear wall
structures
Calculation assumptions
• The coupling beams are connect both the shear walls and frame
columns, and the rigid region of coupling beam connect to shear
wall is need to consider.
• Considering the rigid slab restraining at each floor, the
displacements of the shear walls and frame at each floor are the
same. The rotation deformations of the shear walls and frame at
each floor are also the same.
• The
Th axiali ld
deformation
f i off the
h columns
l connected d with
i h coupling
li
beams caused by the shear
force
o of
o the coupling
oup g beams
b a
are ignored.
The rigid join coupling beams connecting

βji=12μEILji / GAjiLcj2
The lateral stiffness of a frame-shear wall structure
The rigid join coupling beams connecting frame-shear wall
structure
The lateral stiffness of a frame-core wall structure
The hinge join coupling beams connecting frame
frame-core
core wall
structure
• the steel structures
• steel concrete composite structures
• the reinforced concrete structures
• easy and fast in construction and suitable for factory production
• Th vertical
The ti l lloads
d are sustained
t i d by
b th
the core andd frame
f independently
i d d tl
• The bending stiffness can not be fully used and shear lag is very serious
• The normal stress of the corner columns at the lateral force are very concentrated
and the column size is need to much larger than the side columns
• The axial normal stress of the corner columns at
vertical loads are much smaller than side columns
which
hich will
ill ca
cause
se the diffe
differential
ential axial
a ial deformation
defo mation

It is important that
• modify
dif the
th stress
t concentration
t ti off the
th corner
columns at the lateral force
• reduce the shear lag of around frame
• reduce
d the
h differential
d ff l deformation
d f between
b the
h
corner columns and the side columns.
The lateral stiffness of a frame-core wall structure
The rigid join coupling beams connecting frame
frame-core
core wall
structure
• the reinforced concrete structures
• The core and frame work in coordination with sustaining the vertical loads
• The bending stiffness can fully used and shear lag is not serious
• The frame columns are uniform rational of normal stress at the lateral force
• Th core iis th
The the maini element
l t iin contribution
t ib ti off the
th structural
t t l stiffness
tiff and
d more
than 60% of the structural stiffness is provided by the core
• The axial normal stress of the frame columns and the core are not the same level
at the vertical loads because the ductility insurances which also will cause the
differential axial deformation

It is important that
• Further play the role of round frame in increasing
the overall stiffness of the structure
• improve the working performance of the beams
under the vertical loads
• reduce the differential deformation between the
round columns and the core wall under the vertical
loads.
The lateral stiffness of a frame-core wall structure
The rigid join coupling beams connecting frame
frame-core
core wall
structures

Can not be treated as the tube-in-tube structures.

• The coupling beams contribution to the structural stiffness are important.

important
• Can not match the real situations at the lateral and vertical force actions.

Can not be treated as the frame-shear wall structures.

• The axial deformation of columns connected to the coupling beams can not be
ignored.
• Can not match the real situations at the lateral and vertical force actions.
actions
The lateral stiffness of a frame-core wall structure
The rigid join coupling beams connecting frame
frame-core
core wall
structures
The lateral stiffness for the symmetrical frame-core wall structures
Differential equations of deformation coordinate

Two times differential to x

(a)


main force coordinate
The lateral stiffness of a bracing structure
(1)The types of the brace
• K type
• Cross brace (two sets of K type brace)
• Network brace (many sets of K type brace)
The lateral stiffness of a bracing structure
(2)The deformation properties of the bracing structure under lateral loads
• The beam-slab system has enough plane stiffness and meet the condition of rigid
floor assumption.
• Because of the even symmetry and large torsional stiffness, it can be simplified to
b a plane
be l structure
t t att each
h off the
th two
t main
i directions.
di ti
• The space function are very strong and the axial stiffness of the large brace
elements enhances the structural lateral stiffness and reduces the shear lag.
• The
Th bracing
b i elements
l t can be
b simplified
i lifi d as the
th hinge
hi join
j i axial
i l force
f elements
l t and
d
the bracing system can be simplified as the space truss system.
• The lateral loads and shear force are mainly sustained by the bracing system, the
overturning moment of the lateral force is mainly sustained with the corner,
corner web
and flange columns and the lateral deformation is mainly contributed with the
axial deformation of the braces and columns.
The structural lateral deformation under the lateral
forces
The structural lateral deformation limitation(JGJ3-2010 3.7.3)
Necessary:
y
• to avoid the damage of the interior decoration or the glass screen wall
• Maintain the lateral stiffness and reduce the element internal force
under the lateral forces
• Reduce the P-∆ effect

The limitation of the angle of floor displacement for less than 150 m height tall buildings

Structural types
Frame structures 1/550
Frame shear wall,
wall frame-core,
frame core slab-shear
slab shear wall 1/800
Shear wall, tube-in-tube 1/1000
The transfer layers apart from frame structures 1/1000

• For the tall buildings of height larger than 250m, the limitation of the angle of floor
displacement is 1/500;
• For the tall buildings of height among 150-250m,
150 250m the limitation of the angle of floor
displacement refers to linear interpolation of the buildings of height from 150m to 250m.
The structural comfort check
The limitation of top lateral acceleration for tall buildings(JGJ3-2010 3.7.6)
contents:
• The height of the tall buildings is larger than 150m
• 10 years wind load
• Structural top acceleration
• Wind direction and cross wind
• The result of wind tunnel test can be used
• Structural damping ratio 0.01-0.02

The use of function

residence, apartment 0.15
office hotel
office, 0 25
0.25
The structural comfort check

circumstances

resident, office, church 0.30 0.02-0.05

market 0 30
0.30 0 02
0.02

indoor footbridge 0.42 0.01-0.02

outdoor footbridge
g 0.42 0.01

The limitation of vertical acceleration of the slab vibration

circumstances Limitation of pear acceleration

resident,, office 0.07 linear interpolation

p 0.05

market, indoor gallery 0.22 linear interpolation 0.15