UPFC FOR ANALYSIS OF RELAY PERFORMANCE

DURING POWER SWING CONDITION

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

DEGREE OF

Master of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

By

GITESH KUMAR

Roll No. 213EE4317

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Rourkela-769008
UPFC FOR ANALYSIS OF RELAY PERFORMANCE
DURING POWER SWING CONDITION
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF

Master of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

By

Gitesh Kumar

Under the guidance of

Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

Rourkela-769008
 Dedicated

To

My beloved parents

ii
 Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology , Rourkela

Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “UPFC for Analysis of Relay performance during

Power swing condition” submitted by Mr. Gitesh Kumar in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of Master of Technology Degree in electrical Engineering with specialization in

“Power Electronics and Drives” during session 2013-15 at the National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. This work

has not been submitted at other University/ Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date: Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty

Place: Rourkela Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology

Rourkela-769008

iii
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty for his

guidance, encouragement, and support throughout the course of this work. It was an invaluable

learning experience for me to be one of his students. As my supervisor his insight, observations

and suggestions helped me to establish the overall direction of the research and contributed

immensely for the success of this work.

I express my gratitude to Prof. A. K. Panda, Head of the Department, Electrical

Engineering for his invaluable suggestions and constant encouragement all through this work. My

thanks are extended to my colleagues in power control and drives, who built an academic and

friendly research environment that made my study at NIT, Rourkela most fruitful and enjoyable.

I would also like to acknowledge the entire teaching and non-teaching staff of Electrical

department for establishing a working environment and for constructive discussions. Finally, I

am always indebted to all my family members, especially my parents, for their endless support and

love.

Last but not least I would like to thank my parents, who taught me to work hard by their

own example. They provided me much support being apart during the whole tenure of my stay in

NIT Rourkela.

GITESH KUMAR
ROLL NO. - 213EE4317

iv
 Abstract

Distance relay plays important role in the transmission line as far as protection of the system is

concerned. Now a days facts devices has been widely used in transmission line because of their

numerous advantages, but its present in transmission line leads to some obstacle in operation of

distance protection. Present of FACTS controller causes change in the measured impedance of the

distance relay which in turn can cause undesirable tripping or improper operation of relay. So it is

a challenge to correct the operation of distance relay in the presence of FACTS devices so that

FACTS device can be used properly without any interruption. For this purpose, it is necessary to

analyze the impact of these devices on relay under different circumstances so that new reach setting

of distance relay can be made accordingly. This study presents effect of series and shunt

compensator as well as UPFC on performance of distance relay with both analytic and simulation

methods .In this study, its effects have been seen on the relay by comparing R-X characteristic and

apparent impedance for different fault condition and location of the fault.

v
 Table of Contents
Certificate ................................................................................................................................ iii

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... iv

Abstract .....................................................................................................................................v

List of Figures........................................................................................................................ viii

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... ix

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1 ..............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1

1.2 Literature review ...........................................................................................................2

1.3 Research motivation ......................................................................................................4

1.4 Objectives .....................................................................................................................4

1.5 Thesis Organization ......................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2 ..............................................................................................................................6

IMPACT OF FACTS DEVICES ON DISTANCE RELAY ....................................................6

2.1 FACTS Devices ...........................................................................................................6

2.1.1 Static Shunt Compensator (STATCOM) ................................................................6

2.1.2 Static Series Compensator (SSSC) .........................................................................7

2.1.3 UPFC: A Review ...................................................................................................8

2.2 Distance Relay .............................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Distance Relay Basic .............................................................................................9

2.2.2 Effect of Power Swing on distance relay .............................................................. 11

vi
 2.3 Impact of UPFC on Distance Protection .................................................................. 12

2.3.1 Apparent Impedance Calculation ......................................................................... 12

2.3.2 Fault before UPFC ............................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 L-G fault .............................................................................................................. 12

2.3.4 For LL Fault ........................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 18

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 18

3.1 Simulation of distance relay ........................................................................................ 18

3.1.1 Distance Relay model .......................................................................................... 18

3.1.2 Distance Relay algorithm ..................................................................................... 19

3.2 Simulation of Power System ....................................................................................... 20

3.3 Effect of Shunt compensator (STATCOM) ................................................................. 21

3.3.1 Effect of Fault Location ....................................................................................... 22

3.3.2 Effect of STATCOM location .............................................................................. 24

3.3.3 Effect of Degree of Compensation ....................................................................... 25

3.4 Effect of Series compensator (SSSC) .......................................................................... 26

3.5 Effect of UPFC on relay .............................................................................................. 28

3.5.1 Effect of Fault Location ....................................................................................... 29

3.5.2 Effect of UPFC location ....................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................ 32

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE................................................................................ 32

4.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 32

4.2 Future Scope ............................................................................................................... 32

Reference ................................................................................................................................. 33

vii
 List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of STATCOM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram of SSSC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of UPFC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

Figure 2.4 The schematic diagram of distance relay --------------------------------------------------------------- 10

Figure 2.5 False tripping of distance relay due to power swing -------------------------------------------------- 11

Figure 2.6 Sample network for apparent impedance calculation ------------------------------------------------ 12

Figure 2.7 Positive sequence network -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Figure 2.8 Negative sequence network ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13

Figure 2.9 Zero sequence network ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14

Figure 2.10 Sequence network for L-L fault ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16

Figure 3.1 Distance relay model--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Figure 3.2 STATCOM installed at midpoint of the line ----------------------------------------------------------- 21

Figure 3.3 R-X plot of Distance Relay ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22

Figure 3.4 Variation of resistance with fault location ------------------------------------------------------------- 23

Figure 3.5 Variation of reactance with fault location -------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Figure 3.6 Variation of resistance with fault location ------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Figure 3.7 Variation of reactance with fault location -------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Figure 3.8 SSSC installed at midpoint of line ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Figure 3.9 R-X plot of Distance Relay ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Figure 3.10 UPFC installed at midpoint of line--------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Figure 3.11 R-X plot of Distance Relay ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Figure 3.12 Variation of resistance with fault location ------------------------------------------------------------ 30

Figure 3.13 Variation of reactance with fault location ------------------------------------------------------------ 30

Figure 3.14 R-X plot of Distance Relay -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2831

viii
 List of Tables

Table 3.1 Fault impedance calculation for Distance relay .......................................................... 19

Table 3.2 Simulation parameter for power system ..................................................................... 20

Table 3.3 Comparison of Actual and apparent impedance ......................................................... 23

Table 3.4 Comparison of apparent and actual impedance........................................................... 27

Table 3.5 comparison of apparent and actual impedance ........................................................... 29

List of Abbreviations
CS Dc storage capacitor

Vdc DC side voltage of voltage source converter

VSC1 Voltage source converter 1

VSC1 Voltage source converter 2

Rab Impedance seen by relay

Erelay Voltage measured by potential transformer

Irelay Current measured by current transformer

Zf Reach setting of relay

Zapp Apparent impedance of relay

Pa Accelerating power

Pm Mechanical power input to generator

Pe Electrical power output

Rf Fault Resistance

ix
Z Total impedance seen by relay

Z1 Positive sequence impedance of relay

Z Corrected impedance of the relay

𝑉1𝑠 , 𝑉2𝑠 , 𝑉0𝑠 Sequence phase voltages at the relay location;

𝑉1𝑝𝑞 , 𝑉2𝑝𝑞 , 𝑉0𝑝𝑞 Series sequence phase voltages injected by UPFC;

𝐼1𝑠 , 𝐼2𝑠, 𝐼0𝑠 Sequence phase currents at the relay location;

𝐼1𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝐼2𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 , 𝐼0𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Sequence phase currents in transmission line;

𝐼1𝑓 , 𝐼2𝑓, 𝐼0𝑓 Sequence phase currents in the fault;

𝐼1𝑠ℎ , 𝐼2𝑠ℎ , 𝐼0𝑠ℎ Shunt sequence phase currents injected by UPFC

𝑍1 , 𝑍0 Sequence impedance of the transmission line;

𝑛 Per-unit distance of a fault from the relay location

𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼𝑅 Phase voltage and current at relay point;

𝐼𝑅0 Zero sequence phase current;

Irelay Relaying current

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In the recent years various types of power electronics device based controllers have been

introduced to the power system. Application of these devices in transmission line can have greater

benefits in both technical and economical ways, such as better control over power flow, better

voltage regulation, and better system stability. However, the application of these controllers in

transmission lines leads to certain difficulties for the operation of distance relay as because of

current injected by shunt controller to the transmission line and variable ac voltage added by series

controller in the series with the transmission line. UPFC is a device having both series and shunt

controller connected via dc link, and its presence affects the R-X characteristics of distance relay

as it directly changes in the measured impedance seen by relay. As we know that operation of

distance relay is basically based on measurement of the impedance from relay location to fault

point, change in the impedance seen by relay can cause undesired and improper tripping of the

relay .To avoid such an incident it is necessary to investigate the effect of these devices on

performance of relay under different circumstances and make relay setting taking consideration of

these impacts .In the proposed study effect of installation of Shunt and Series compensator as well

as of UPFC on distance relay is investigated under different types of fault and its location.

1
1.2 Literature review

The demand of electric energy is increasing day by day, so it has become important to make better

use of available resources. Some steps have already been taken. Introduction of FACTS devices

into the power system is one of them .In recent years, various power electronic devices and control

technologies have been introduced to make utilization of the power system [1].FACTS devices are

the devices based on the power electronics devices. FACTS devices have mainly two categories

one is Shunt compensators mainly used for improving voltage profile other is Series compensators

which basically controls the flow of power along the line.. The UPFC introduced by Gyugyi, L is

the combination of above two so it is most versatile FACTS device, and has benefit of both series

and shunt controller. Various mathematical models of UPFC have been introduced depend upon

various purpose of application [2-3]. UPFC has several advantages such as control over the

reactive power and at same time it improves voltage profile of the line. As it has so many

advantages there are some demerits also such as it introduces harmonics and non-linearity to

system which create problem in the operation of Distance protection [4-5].Presence of UPFC

causes measured impedance of distance relay to change, and changes that occurs depends upon the

compensation technique used and location of fault .And important point to notice is both shunt and

series controller has some contribution to the changes that takes place. Analysis shows that when

shunt controller i.ee STATCOM when operated as inductance (absorb reactive MVAr) relay

undergoes to over reach, and when it acts as capacitor relay goes to under reach condition [7-10].

In similar passion Series controller i.e. SSSC also changes the R-X plot of the distance relay which

in turn result in maloperation of relay.

2
 Now coming to distance relays operation, it basically measures the impedance between fault

locations to the point of relaying, and if it becomes less than a pre calculated measurement (known

as reach setting of relay) it will operate otherwise it won’t. Now if due to certain reason that

measured impedance increases or decreases then it directly affects the tripping of relay means relay

may mal operate. Distance relay can be simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink with the different

algorithm for various fault so that the characteristics can be observed [11].

Impact of UPFC on performance of distance relay for various fault condition like L-L fault,

L-G fault etc. has been analyzed for different position of UPFC i.e. in midpoint of or at beginning

[12-14]. The analysis involves calculation of measured impedance at relay point and analysis of

R-X plot of relay for different fault and UPFC location. Like other disturbances it is necessary to

analyze its effect during a power swing condition. Now second important point about distance

relay is it also maloperates during power swing condition as parameter variation during power

swing cause measured impedance to change such that it enter into operating characteristics of the

relay[15]. But the thing is it must not operate for such a condition because system should be given

some time to regain its synchronism, hence it should discriminate between such a disturbance and

system fault condition .Power swing Block (PSB) is used for this purpose it basically block

operation of distance relay at the power swing condition and also discriminate between system

fault and such disturbances. Several studies have been done to analyze the effect of power swing

on distance relay for the transmission line with UPFC compensation because like other

disturbances and fault during power swing also shunt and series part of UPFC adversely affect

performance of distance relay [16].

3
1.3 Research motivation

In order to improve control of flow of power and stability of power system FACTS devices are

widely used in transmission as well as a distribution system. Among all of FACTS controllers,

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is versatile facts device, as it has advantages of both series

and shunt controller. But the presence of UPFC has some adverse effect on distance relay used in

transmission line, it can cause changes in the measured impedance seen by distance relay which

may result in mal operation of distance relay in the form of either under reach or over reach which

depends upon the type of compensation technique. So there is a motivation to analyze the effect

of UPFC on distance protection so that suitable relay setting can be done accordingly. In proposing

study impact of UPFC on distance relay is considered during different fault condition. The

proposed study measured impedance to the fault point for three phase fault is considered with

variation in fault resistance and fault location.

1.4 Objectives

The proposed approach analyzes measured impedance of the relay to the fault point with variation

in fault resistance, fault location and for different fault condition.

The objectives of the research are:

Calculation of apparent impedance of distance relays analytically for various system faults and

location of faults in the presence of UPFC.

1. Design distance relay in MATLAB/ Simulink to get R-X characteristics of relay.

2. Analysis of impact of shunt and series controller individually and collectively on

performance of distance relay using MATLAB/Simulink.

4
1.5 Thesis Organization

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 gives a brief review of the problem associated with the operation of distance relay for

the transmission line with UPFC. The objectives of the research are also highlighted

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 gives information about the FACTS compensators used for analysis with their merits

in the the transmission line .This chapter also includes calculation of apparent impedance of

relay for the system with UPFC analytically for L-G fault and double line fault.

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 presents simulation of the distance relay and power system in MATLAB/Simulink. As

well as the analysis of result obtained from it.

Chapter 4

Chapter 4 presents comprehensive summary and conclusions of proposed research work as well

as the future scope of the work.

5
 CHAPTER 2

IMPACT OF FACTS DEVICES ON DISTANCE RELAY

2.1 FACTS Devices

2.1.1 Static Shunt Compensator (STATCOM)
STATCOM means static synchronous compensator which is similar to a basic rotating
synchronous motor (generally known as synchronous condenser) which provides reactive power
to system when it is over excited and absorb it when it is made to run under excited, in similar
passion voltage source converter based controller is made to exchange either absorb or deliver
reactive power with the system by suitable controlling technique. It can also be made to exchange
active power when a storage device is in use with the system. During operation if output voltage
of controller is greater than the bus voltage then controller provides reactive power to the system
and if output voltage is less than the bus voltage controller takes reactive power from system. Third
case is also possible of bus voltage and controller output voltage are same then there is reactive
power exchange with the system.

Figure 2.1 schematic diagram of STATCOM

6
2.1.2 Static Series Compensator (SSSC)

As we have seen that STATCOM has so many merits but it cannot be used to control the flow of

power in the transmission line at a system voltage. The main factors affects flow of power in

transmission line are Series impedance of line and load angle i.e. angle between voltages of two

sides. Hence for such a case Series controllers are used. Through series controller we basically

vary the series impedance of line in order to control the power flow. In the case of series

compensation amount of active power flow directly depends on the percentage of series

compensation used.

Some basic features of SSSC

1. It is best way to control the flow of power

2. It is also use for damping of oscillation.

3. It also improves stability of system.

Figure 2.2 schematic diagram of SSSC

7
2.1.3 UPFC: A Review
Among the all fact devices UPFC is the most useful and powerful facts controller which is applied

to improve stability of the power system as well as for better voltage regulation and for better

control over power flow. Unified Power Flow Controller, UPFC, basically comprises of two

controller, i.e. Series and shunt controller and both the controllers which are connected through a

common DC link with a deck storage capacitor, refer Fig. 2.1. Converter 1 i.e. VSC1 is the shunt

controller, which could supply or absorb reactive power as per requirement and at the same time

it can fulfill the demand of active power which is done by series controller and flow of active

power take place through dc link only. Converter 2 i.e. VSC2 is the series controller; purpose of

which is to supplements an AC voltage in series with line with controllable value of phase angle

and magnitude. And important feature of UPFC is that both converters operates freely independent

of each other in the view of reactive power, and the active power acquired of series controller

i.e. Converter 2, and the losses of converters, are provided by shunt controller through common

dc link.

Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of UPFC

8
Advantage of UPFC

The UPFC is combination of Series and Shunt controller hence it can serve as STATCOM, SSSC

as well as phase angle regulator. Hence UPFC can be used for better voltage regulation and at

same time it can control power flow along transmission line. It can be also used to damp out system

oscillation and to provide stability to the applied system.

The UPFC can lead to improve the controllability over the flow of power and at the same time the

UPFC also improves the system security by improving transient stability limit of system. The

UPFC also diminish demand of reactive power by system. And will provide optimal flow of active

power flow along the transmission line.

2.2 Distance Relay

2.2.1 Distance Relay Basic

Unlike other protective relay operation of distance relay depends upon the ratio of voltage and

current measured by PT and CT respectively. The ratio is none other than the measured

impedance of the relay. Now whenever this ratio i.e. measured impedance falls below a certain

point, known as reach setting of relay it will operate. In other words relay will trip only when the

measured impedance become less than the reach point impedance. As occurrence of the fault

leads to rise in the value of current, ratio of voltage to current will be always less than the reach

value and causing relay to operate for any fault condition as the impedance of line is proportional

to the line length. We can say that relay is going to trip only in the case when fault occurs within

a predetermined distance or inside its protection zone.

9
Hence distance relay will trip whenever

Zapp< ZF

Where

ZF : reach setting of distance relay

Zapp : apparent impedance seen by relay

Figure 2.4 The schematic diagram of distance relay

Over reach and under reach of distance relay

 Over reaching of distance relay is case in which relay situated at any terminal operates for

fault beyond its operating zone.

 Under reaching of distance relay is case in which relay situated at any terminal does not

operate even for fault inside protective zone.

10
2.2.2 Effect of Power Swing on distance relay
Power swing condition is basically occurs when mechanical input of generator either grater or less

than the electrical output of generator that means in the below equation Pa has some positive or

negative value. Power swing occurs basically due to power system disturbances such as system

fault, sudden load change etc.

Pa = P m - P e

Distance relays must not operate for such a disturbance or power swing, and permit the

system to regain its stable operating condition. A Power Swing Block (PSB) function is there in

modern relays to avoid such undesired tripping of distance relay during power swing condition.

The key function of the PSB function is to discriminate between system faults and power swing

condition and block distance to trip in such a condition. However, faults that usually takes place

at the time of power swing must be should be identified and cleared with a better selectivity.

Figure 2.5 False tripping of distance relay due to power swing

11
2.3 Impact of UPFC on Distance Protection
2.3.1 Apparent Impedance Calculation

Figure 2.6 Sample network for apparent impedance calculation

Fig.2.6. is schematic diagram of transmission line with UPFC for different location of faults in

order to calculate apparent impedance. Measurement of this impedance is basically done by

symmetrical component analysis.

2.3.2 Fault before UPFC

Whenever fault occurs in power system before the UPFC i.e. at point b (fault fb), upfc does not

affect the measured impedance as upfc will not be present in fault loop.

2.3.3 L-G fault

Now suppose line to ground fault occurs after the upfc and distance is n*l from the point of

relaying. Positive, zero and negative sequence network of the system are given in Fig 2.7,2.8 and

2.9 respectively.

12
 V1s  I1s 0.5Z1  V1 pq  I1line  n  0.5  Z1  R f I1 f (2.1)

V2 s  I 2 s 0.5Z1  V2 pq  I 2line  n  0.5  Z1  R f I 2 f (2.2)

V0s  I0s 0.5Z0  V0 pq  I0line  n  0.5  Z0  R f I0 f (2.3)

I1line  I1s  I1sh (2.4)

I2line  I2s  I 2sh (2.5)

I0line  I0s  I0sh (2.6)

Figure 2.7 positive sequence network

Figure 2.8 negative sequence network

13
 Figure 2.9 zero sequence network

From (2.1) , (2.2) and (2.3) the voltage at the point of relaying can be written as

Vs  nI s Z1  nI0s  Z0  Z1   I sh  n  o.5 Z1   n  .5 I0sh  Z0  Z1   Vpq  I f R f (2.7)

Vs  V1s  V2s  V0s (2.8)

I s  I1s  I 2s  I1s (2.9)

I sh  I1sh  I2sh  I0s (2.10)

Vpq  V1 pq  V2 pq  V0 pq (2.11)

For the transmission line without UPFC, for L-G fault the impedance seen by distance relay can
be obtained from

VR V
Z  R (2.12)
Z Z
IR  0 1  IR0 IRelay
Z1

Hence, if the distance relay is used in transmission line in the presence of UPFC, the measured
impedance will be

14
 VR V
Z  R
Z Z (2.13)
IR  0 1  IR0 IRelay
Z1

I sh I V I
Z  nZ1   n  0.5 Z1  0sh  n  0.5 Z0  Z1   pq  f R f (2.14)
I relay I relay I relay I relay

BUT as we know generally one side of the shunt transformer is delta connected, so there will be

no zero sequence current injection by STATCOM part of UPFC then the equation (2.14) can be

modified as

I sh V I
Z  nZ1   n  0.5 Z1  pq  f R f (2.15)
I relay I relay I relay

2.3.4 For LL Fault

Now consider the case of LL fault occurs in transmission line after UPFC as per Fig 2.10 .The

impedance seen by relay can be written as

Va1  Va2 Vb  Vc
Z  (2.16)
Ia1  Ia2 I b  Ic

Hence measured impedance will be

I bsh  I csh V V I I
Z  nZ1   n  0.5 Z1  bpq cpq  bf  cf R f (2.17)
Ib  Ic Ib  Ic Ib  Ic

15
 Figure 2.10 sequence network for L-L fault

From the Equation (2.15) and (2.17) it is clear that when the conventional distance relay is used in

the transmission system in presence of UPFC during the Line to ground (LG fault) and double

line fault (LL fault), the measured impedance has three parts: positive sequence impedance from

the relay point to fault point, which is actual impedance to be measured by relay, the 2nd part is

because of the UPFC present in fault loop, which can be classified as current injected by the Shunt

controller and effect of the variable voltage provided by series controller and the third and last

portion of the measured impedance is present because of the fault resistance Rf.

Now if UPFC will be installed at beginning of line with same calculation of apparent impedance

Equation (2.15) and (2.17) changes as

I sh V I
Z  nZ1   n  Z1  pq  f R f (2.18)
I relay I relay I relay

16
 Ibsh  I csh V V I I
Z  nZ1   n  Z1  bpq cpq  bf  cf R f (2.19)
Ib  Ic Ib  Ic Ib  Ic

From Equation (2.15),(2.17) and (2.18), (2.19 ) it it can be concluded that impact of UPFC at

beginning of line is greater than it is installed at middle of line.

From Equation (2.15) and (2.17) we can say that,

Z  nZ1  Z (2.20)

Where ∆Z =0 for transmission system without UPFC

If ∆Z is capacitive then apparent impedance will be less than the actual impedance whereas if ∆Z

is inductive then apparent impedance will be more than actual value thus relay will either over

reach or under reach .

17
 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Simulation of distance relay

3.1.1 Distance Relay model

Transmission line and Distance relay can be modelled using Matlab/Simulink. The Apparent

impedance measurement needs the post-fault three phase voltage and current phasors. The three

phase current and voltage waveforms taken from the CT and VT respectively are filtered first

which is done by the Low Pass Filter (LPF) block. Then, the remaining fundamental voltage and

current phasors are passed through Fourier Transform (FFT) block of Simulink. The function of

FFT block set is to get the magnitudes and phase angles of fundamental three phase current and

voltage phasors. These magnitudes and phase angles then are applied to distance relay algorithm

given in Table 3.1 to obtain the apparent impedance. The outputs of distance relay block are the

values of resistances and the values of reactance. And simultaneously we can measure impedance

with impedance angle. Figure 3.1 shows step by step procedure of how distance relay is built in

MATLAB simulink and desired values are obtained.

Figure 3.1 Distance relay model

18
3.1.2 Distance Relay algorithm
There are two types of Faults in power system first is symmetrical and other is unsymmetrical

faults. Three phase fault can be defined as fault in which all phases will be contact with each other.

Line to ground fault (LG fault), Line to line fault (LL) fault, double line to ground (LLG) comes

under symmetrical fault. Whenever a fault occurs in a transmission line , Distance protection

basically measures impedance between faulty phase to ground in case of LG fault and in case of

LL fault it will be impedance between phases in which fault occurred.Table 3.1 shows the relay

algorithm for the analysis.

Table 3.1 Fault impedance calculation for Distance relay

Type of fault fault Relay Algorithm

Line to ground fault X-G VX
I X  3k0 I 0
Y-G VY
IY  3k0 I 0
Z-G VZ
I Z  3k0 I 0
Line to Line fault X-Y VX  VY
I X  IY
YZ VY  VZ
IY  I Z
ZX VZ  VX
IZ  I X
Three phase fault XYZ VX
IX

19
3.2 Simulation of Power System

Simulation of power system with UPFC is done in MATLAB/Simulink using simpower system

toolbox. The Simulink model comprises of two 100km transmission line with distributed

parameters and UPFC is installed at midpoint of line. STATCOM and SSSC are made by a PWM

controlled VSC placing at proper place whereas UPFC is obtained by combination of both with a

dc storage capacitor between them and complete analysis has been done for the three phase fault

on the line.other system parameters are given in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Simulation parameter for power system

Power system element parameter

Line Length L1,L2 100km
Voltage 500kv
Nominal frequency 60Hz
Line resistance(R1, R2) 0.0254Ω/km
Line resistance (R0) 0.3864 Ω/km
Line inductance(L1, L2) 0.9337e-3 H/km
Line capacitance(C1, C2) 4.1264e-3 H/km
Line inductance(L0) 12.74e-9 F/km
Line capacitance(C0) 7.751e-9 F/km
Generator Ga 6500 MVA , 500kv
Generator Gb 9000 MVA , 500kv

20
3.3 Effect of Shunt compensator (STATCOM)

Figure 3.2 STATCOM installed at midpoint of the line

Operation of UPFC can be classified into three ways; first one is when only Shunt Compensator

is connected in the transmission line. Such is mode has basic function of improving the voltage

profile along the line by proper exchange of reactive power with line.

For only shunt part acting at a time from equation (2.15) for the apparent impedance during

L-G fault can be modified as

I sh
Z  nZ1   n  0.5 Z1 (3.1)
I relay

So it can be seen that when only STATCOM is connected with the transmission line the main

contribution in the extra apparent impedance is given by shunt current injected by STATCOM i.e.

by Ish .

Now from the simulation R-X characteristics of distance relay with STATCOM at

midpoint and in absence of STATCOM can be obtained as shown in Figure 3.3. It can be seen that

the two plots are different from each other and Distance relay characteristics with STATCOM has

smaller operating region showing under reaching of distance relay. Let us consider fault at location

21
any location with impedance seen by relay will be such that it will be at operating point A, then

relay will operate independent of the presence of STATCOM. Similar for point C, it will not trip

in both conditions, but if location is such that it comes at point B then relay will not trip even it is

inside the protective zone because of the presence of STATCOM, means we can say that the relay

will under reach in this case because of the presence of STATCOM, which shows that STATCOM

is operating in Capacitive mode delivering reactive power to the system.

1500
Apparent Reactance

1000
C

B
500

0
Without STATCOM
With STATCOM
-500
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Apparent Resistance

Figure 3.3 R-X plot of Distance Relay

3.3.1 Effect of Fault Location

The apparent and actual impedance obtained from simulation of power system for the STATCOM

at midpoint is given in the Table 3.3 which shows that for the three phase fault fault before

STATCOM, apparent impedance seen by distance relay is approximately same as actual

impedance but for fault after STATCOM it has some higher value than actual impedance.

22
 Table 3.3 Comparison of Actual and apparent impedance

Fault location Actual impedance Apparent impedance

20 0.620+j7.678 0.620+j7.674

40 1.236+j15.33 1.236+j15.31

60 1.848+j22.97 1.841+j22.93

80 2.460+j30.61 2.466+j30.53

100 3.074+j38.26 3.060+j38.14

120 3.690+j45.92 3.829+j46.83

140 4.310+j53.61 4.637+j55.61

160 4.936+j61.34 5.496+j64.48

180 5.573+j69.12 6.441+j73.69

Figure 3.4nand figure 3.5 shows the variation of resistance and reactance with the fault location

when STATCOM is installed at midpoint of the line.

8
Apparent Resistance
Actual Resistance
6
Resistance

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault location(km)

Figure 3.4 Variation of resistance with fault location

23
 80
Apparent reactance
Actual Reactance
60

Reactance
40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
fault location (km)

Figure 3.5 Variation of reactance with fault location

Fault location below 100 km shows that the fault occurs before STATCOM’s installation point

and as we know that when a fault occurs before STATCOM it doesn’t affect the performance of

relay hence both the curve has the same slope up to that point. But for the fault location resistance

and reactance with STATCOM has value higher than that of without STATCOM which is due to

STATCOM is inside the fault loop and delievering reactive power to the system and it can be

concluded that relay will under reach reach in this case in the presence of STATCOM.

3.3.2 Effect of STATCOM location

Installation point of STATCOM is also an important point for analysis of performance of relay

and it has significant effect on the measured impedance of the distance relay. To analyze its effect

we placed STATCOM at beginning say at 10 km away from the generator G A and there is a three

phase fault at location of 160 km then the measured impedance is 7.576+j72.89 Ω which is greater

as compared to the value for STATCOM at the midpoint which was 5.496+j64.48Ω while actual

impedance to be measured by relay is 4.936+j61.34 Ω .Hence we can say that STATCOM has

greater impact on performance of relay when it is connected at the beginning of line.

24
3.3.3 Effect of Degree of Compensation
All above calculation are made for the STATCOM operating in capacitive mode, now if we control

the modulation of the PWM generator such that STATCOM starts to take reactive power from the

system then its effect on the distance relay will be completely different. For such a condition it

basically lowers the value of apparent impedance seen by relay as location and may cause relay to

over reach.Figure 3.6 and 3.7 shows the variation of resistance and reactance of relay with different

fault location, it shows that with fault location apparent impedance decreases which may cause

relay to over reach, it also shows that its effect dominates for the greater values of fault location,

this is because influence ration Ish/Irelay increases with the location of fault.

6
Apparent resistance
Actual Resistance
5

4
Resistance (Ohm)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault location (km)

Figure 3.6 Variation of resistance with fault location

70
Apparent reactance
Actual reactance
60

50
Reactance

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault location(km)

Figure 3.7 Variation of reactance with fault location

25
3.4 Effect of Series compensator (SSSC)
Now consider the case when only SSSC is connected in the midpoint of transmission line.SSSC

is like a variable series capacitor or reactor which control power flow along the line. Hence its

operation cause performance degradation of distance relay. Figure 3.8 shows the power system

with SSSC at the midpoint of line.

Figure 3.8 SSSC installed at midpoint of line

Now from the simulation R-X characteristics of distance relay with SSSC at midpoint with and

without SSSC can be obtained as shown in Figure 3.9.It can be seen from the plot that the

characteristics with SSSC has lesser operating region compared to the curve without SSSC.Which

means distance relay may not operate for the fault inside the protection zone because of the

presence of SSSC in the line.

1500
Without SSSC
With SSSC
Apparent reactnce

1000

500

-500
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Apparent resistance

Figure 3.9 R-X plot of Distance Relay

26
Effect of Fault Location

The apparent and actual impedance obtained from simulation of power system for the SSSC at

midpoint is given in the Table 3.4 which shows that for the fault before SSSC, apparent impedance

seen by distance relay is approximately same as actual impedance but for fault after SSSC it has

some higher value than actual impedance as it is operating in inductive compensation mode.

As the fault location is increasing the series compensator influence ratio V pq/Irelay is

increasing which is causing apparent impedance of relay to rise.

Table 3.4 Comparison of apparent and actual impedance

Fault location Actual impedance Apparent impedance

20 0.620+j7.678 0.621+j7.629

40 1.236+j15.33 1.236+j15.33

60 1.848+j22.97 1.849+j22.98

80 2.460+j30.61 2.462+j30.62

100 3.074+j38.26 3.076+j38.27

120 3.690+j45.92 4.025+j51.82

140 4.310+j53.61 4.668+j59.76

160 4.936+j61.34 5.320+j67.75

180 5.573+j69.12 5.982+j75.78

27
3.5 Effect of UPFC on relay

Figure 3.10 UPFC installed at midpoint of line

Now if we connect series compensator i.e. SSSC in series with the line such that it is connected

with STATCOM via dc link with a capacitor i.e. UPFC is now in operation with the transmission

line. R-X characteristics of distance relay without compensation and with facts devices is shown

in fig. 3.11 . We have considered UPFC and STATCOM under the FACTS device. It can be seen

that the these curves are completely different from each other.

 Compared to STATCOM ,UPFC has greater influence on the apparent resistance seen by
relay because of active power consumption of both Series and Shunt devices.
 UPFC has greater impact on apparent reactance of relay because of reactive power
exchange by both SSSC and STATCOM.

Hence Presence of UPFC cause trip boundary of relay to change which can be lead to mal operation

of the distance relay.iIn this case UPFC is causing under reaching of distance relay.

1500

Without FACTS device

Apparent Reactance

1000 With STATCOM

With UPFC

500

-500
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Apparent Resistance

Figure 3.11 R-X plot of Distance Relay

28
3.5.1 Effect of Fault Location

The apparent and actual impedance obtained from simulation of power system for the UPFC at

midpoint is given in the Table 3.5 which shows that for the fault before UPFC, apparent impedance

seen by distance relay is approximately same as actual impedance but for fault after UPFC it has

some higher value than actual impedance as both STATCOM and SSSC are contributing in the

same manner.

Table 3.5 comparison of apparent and actual impedance

Fault location Actual impedance Apparent impedance

20 0.620+j7.678 0.620+j7.674

40 1.236+j15.33 1.232+j15.32

60 1.848+j22.97 1.841+j23.00

80 2.460+j30.61 2.448+j30.67

100 3.074+j38.26 3.053+j38.33

120 3.690+j45.92 4.596+j53.26

140 4.310+j53.61 5.601+j62.50

160 4.936+j61.34 6.650+j71.77

180 5.573+j69.12 7.841+j81.43

Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13 shows the variation of impedance with the fault location when UPFC

is installed at midpoint of the line and can be compared with effect of STATCOM on relay on the

same plot. Fault location below 100 km shows that the fault occurs before UPFC installation point

and as we know that when a fault occurs before UPFC it doesn’t affect the performance of relay

hence both the curve has the same slope up to that point. But after 100 km resistance and reactance

29
increases for the system with UPFC with increase in fault location .And as mentioned before effect

of UPFC is greater than that of STATCOM for the fault after 100km of the line.

8
Rapparent (UPFC)
Rapparent (STATCOM)
6 Ractual
Resistance (ohm)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault location (km)

Figure 3.12 Variation of resistance with fault location

100
Xapprent (UPFC)
Xapprent (STATCOM)
80 Xactual
Reactance

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault location (km)

Figure 3.13 Variation of reactance with fault location

3.5.2 Effect of UPFC location

Installation point of UPFC is also an important point for analysis of performance of relay and it

has significant effect on the measured impedance of the distance relay.From eq (2.18) and (2.19)

we have concluded that UPFC has greater impact on distance relay operation it it is installed at

beginning of the line ,which can be proved simulation also,for that we kept UPFC at starting of

line say at 10 km and there is a three phase fault at location of 160 km then the measured impedance

30
is 9.329+j78.65 Ω which is greater as compared to the value for STATCOM at the midpoint which

was 5.645+j67.09 Ω.

Fig. 3.14 shows R-X plot of the distance relay for the system with at without FACTS devices to

analyse its effect and FACTS device is considered for two differet location first at midpoint of line

and other one at starting of line (at 100km of line). We can observe that UPFC has greater influence

when it is installed at starting of the line.

1500
Without FACTS device
With UPFC
With UPFC at start
Apparent Reactance

1000

500

-500
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Apparent Resistance

Figure 3.14 R-X plot of Distance Relay

31
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 Conclusion
In the study performance of distance relay is analyzed for the ransmission line with various fault

and its location in presence of STATCOM and UPFC .When fault occurs in the system before the

installation point of the FACTS compensator whether it is STATCOM or UPFC it doesn’t have

any impact on the performance of distance relay as value of measured impedance is same for both

case.

Now if fault occurs beyond the installation point of the FACTS device relay may over reach

or under reach depending upon the fault location and degree of compensation. When we observed

system with STATCOM it is clear that when it operates as a inductor taking reactive power from

the system it may cause relay to over reach and vice versa.Similarily for the SSSC in operation, if

it acts as series capacitor means it reduces the impedance of the line leads to lower value of

apparent impedance and in turn can cause over reach of the relay and vice versa. Now coming to

combine operation of STATCOM and SSSC i.e. UPFC is connected in the line it depends upon

the location of fault and compensation of the both devices.

4.2 Future Scope

The proposed work can be extended for the analysis of the relay performance in presence of UPFC

with various fault condition which are not included in the this study .Analysis can also be done for

the different FACTS devices other than UPFC with wide variation in system parameter.Based on

the analysis of impact approach for new setting principle of distance relay can be studied.

32
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34