Chapter 1 : Part 3
Noise
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Noise, interference and distortion
Noise
unwanted signals that coincide with the desired signals.
Two type of noise: internal and external noise.
Internal noise
Caused by internal devices/components in the circuits.
External noise
noise that is generated outside the circuit.
E.g. atmospheric noise, solar noise, cosmic noise, man made
noise.
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External Noise
Atmospheric noise:
Caused by lightning discharges in thunderstorms and
other natural electric disturbances occurring in the
atmosphere
Solar Noise:
Normal condition, there is a constant noise radiation from
the sun, simply because large body at a very high frequency.
Radiates over a very broad frequency spectrum.
Cosmic Noise:
Stars radiate RF noise in the same manner of sun.
The noise received is called thermal noise and distributed
fairly uniformly over the entire sky.
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Noise, interference and distortion (Cont’d)
• Interference
Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources.
E.g. from other transmitters, power lines and machineries.
Occurs most often in radio systems whose receiving antennas
usually intercept several signals at the same time
One type of noise.
• Distortion
Signals or waves perturbation caused by imperfect response of
the system to the desired signal itself.
May be corrected or reduced with the help of equalizers.
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Noise Temperature & Equivalent noise
Temperature
• Thermal noise directly proportional to temperature ~ can be
expressed in degrees, watts or volts.
P =kTB
n
Where
Pn @ N = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzman constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = environmental temperature (K) [Add 273 to C]
B = Bandwidth of system (Hz)
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Cont’d…
• Equivalent noise temperature, (Te)
Te = T(F-1)
Where T = environmental temperature
(kelvin)
F = Noise factor
• Te often used in low noise, sophisticated radio
receivers rather than noise figure.
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NOISE VOLTAGE
Noise Source
• Figure 1 shows the equivalent
VN/2
circuit for a thermal noise source.
RI
• Internal resistance RI in series VN 4 RkTB
VN R VN/2
with the rms noise voltage VN.
• For the worst condition, the load
resistance R = RI , noise voltage
dropped across R = half the noise Figure 1: Noise source equivalent circuit
source (VR=VN/2) and
The mathematical expression :
• From the final equation The
noise power PN , developed across
N KTB
VN / 2
2
VN2
the load resistor = KTB R 4R
VN2 4 RKTB
VN 4 RKTB
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Example 1
• Calculate the thermal noise power available
from any resistor at room temperature (290K)
for a bandwidth of 1 MHz. Calculate also the
corresponding noise voltage, given that R =
50.
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Solution example1
23 15
PN kTB (1.38x10 )(290)(1M ) 4 x10
VN 4kTBR 4(4 x10 15 )(50) 8.95x10 7
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Example 2
• A domestic television receives antenna
delivers a sky noise power of -105 dBm to a
matched coaxial feeder in a radio frequency
bandwidth of 8 MHz. Find the antenna noise
temperature.
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Solution example 2
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Example 3
For an electronic device operating at
temperature of 17oC with a bandwidth of 10
kHz, determine
a) Thermal noise power in watts and dBm
b) rms noise noise voltage for a 100 internal
resistance and 100 load resistance.
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Solution example 3
PN kTB (1.38x10 23 )(17 273)(10k ) 4 x10 17
kTB 4 x10 17
PN (dBm) 10 log 3 10 log 3
-133.98dBm
10 10
VN 4kTBR 4(4 x10 17 )(100) 1.265x10 7
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Example 4
• Calculate the input signal-to –noise ratio for
an amplifier with an output signal-to-noise
ratio of 16dB and noise figure of 5.4dB.
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Solution example 4
NF (dB) SNRin (dB) SNRout (dB)
SNRin (dB) NF (dB) SNRout (dB)
SNRin (dB) 5.4dB 16dB 21.4dB
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Insertion loss
• IL is a parameter associated with the frequencies
that fall within the passband of a filter.
• The ratio of the power transferred to a load with a
filter in the circuit to the power transferred to a load
without the filter.
IL (dB) = 10 log (Pout /Pin)
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Signal to Noise Ratio (1)
SNR is ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.
S
SNR 10 log dB
N
Noise Factor, F (unitless) Si N i
F
So N o
Noise Figure, NF (dB)
NF 10 log F
Si N i
10 log (dB)
So N o
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Signal to Noise Ratio (2)
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Noise Factor (Fn) for cascaded system
using Friss Formula
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Example 5
For a nonideal amplifier with the following parameters:
Table 1
Determine the following:
1) Input Signal-to-Noise ratio (dB).
2) Output Signal-to-Noise ratio (dB).
3) Noise factor and noise figure.
4) Equivalent noise temperature
.
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Solution example 5
(a) Input Signal-to-Noise ratio (dB).
S/N (dB) = 10 log (2.5 x 10-10 / 3 x 10-18) =79.2 dB
(b) Output Signal-to-Noise ratio (dB).
Nout = 1,000,000 (3 x 10-18) + 4.5 x 10-12 = 7.5 x 10-12 W
Pout = 1,000,000 (2.5 x 10-10) = 2.5 x 10-4 W
S/N (dB) = 10 log (2.5 x 10-4 / 7.5 x 10-12) = 75.2 dB
(c) Noise factor and noise figure.
Noise factor = input signal-to-noise ratio/output signal-to-noise ratio
= 83.33x106 / 33.33x106= 2.5
Noise figure = 10 log 2.5 = 3.979 dB
(d) Equivalent noise temperature.
Assume T0 = 290 K
Noise temperature = 290 (2.5 – 1) = 435 Kelvin.
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Example 6
• Calculate the noise figure of the following
system:
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,
Solution example 6
1 1
F1 10 10
1.26 G1 10 10
0.79
,
2 20
F2 10 10
1.58 G2 10 10
100
12
F3 10 10
15.84
,
F2 1 F3 1
FT F1
G1 G1G2
1.58 1 15.84 1
FT 1.26 1.26 0.74 0.1878 2.1878
0.79 (0.79)(100)
NFT 10 log FT 10 log(2.188) 3.4dB
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