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SPA6311 Physical Cosmology, Spring 2017: Exercise Sheet 4 Dr. K. Malik

This document contains a physical cosmology exercise sheet with 3 questions: 1. Calculate the deceleration parameter for a fluid with equation of state P=wρc^2 and determine when the universe accelerates based on values of w. 2. Derive expressions for how the angular size of an object changes with redshift z in a matter-dominated universe, showing it is proportional to 1/z for z<1 and z for z>1, with a minimum at z=5/4. 3. Derive an expression for luminosity distance as a function of redshift z for a flat universe with matter and a cosmological constant, showing it is proportional to z for z<1 to first order

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43 views2 pages

SPA6311 Physical Cosmology, Spring 2017: Exercise Sheet 4 Dr. K. Malik

This document contains a physical cosmology exercise sheet with 3 questions: 1. Calculate the deceleration parameter for a fluid with equation of state P=wρc^2 and determine when the universe accelerates based on values of w. 2. Derive expressions for how the angular size of an object changes with redshift z in a matter-dominated universe, showing it is proportional to 1/z for z<1 and z for z>1, with a minimum at z=5/4. 3. Derive an expression for luminosity distance as a function of redshift z for a flat universe with matter and a cosmological constant, showing it is proportional to z for z<1 to first order

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zcap excel
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SPA6311 Physical Cosmology, Spring 2017

Exercise sheet 4 Dr. K. Malik

These questions are designed to help you understand the material covered in the lectures.
Exercise sheets will typically be made available online on Wednesday. Please hand the
solutions in by the following Thursday, 1400. Put your full name and student number on
the top of your solutions.

1. Show that in a flat universe dominated by a fluid with equation of state P = wρc2
the decceleration parameter is given by
1
q = (1 + 3w) .
2
For what values of w does the universe accelerate?
[30 pts.]

2. We showed in the lectures that the angular extent of an object of physical length l
at a redshift z in a flat matter-dominated universe is given by

l(1 + z) l (1 + z)3/2
θ= = √ .
rem 3ct0 1 + z − 1

Show that:

• θ ∝ 1/z for z  1.
• θ ∝ z for z  1.
• the object appears smallest (i.e. θ is minimized) for z=5/4.

[40 pts.]

3. Using cH0−1 = 3000h−1 Mpc and dlum = r0 (1 + z) show that for a flat universe
containing matter and a cosmological constant for z  1 the luminosity distance
has the form:
 
−1 2 3 3
dlum = 3000h (Mpc) z + z (1 − Ωm,0 ) + O(z ) .
4

[30 pts.]
Talking points:
• How old are CMB photons?
• What impact does a cosmological constant have on astronomers in the future?

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