Architectural Structures
CEA 513
Reinforced Concrete
Design
Introduction to
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete-a mixture of water, cement, sand,
gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates.
Reinforced Concrete-a composite material in
which concrete's relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are counteracted by the
inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
strength or ductility.
Concrete Proportions
Proportions of materials for concrete shall be
established to provide the following:
❑Conformance with strength test requirement.
❑Resistance to special exposure.
Concrete Proportions
❑ Workability and consistency to permit
concrete to be worked readily into forms and
around reinforcement under conditions of
placement to be employed without
segregation or excessive bleeding.
Slump Test for Workability
Lightweight Concrete – used principally to
reduce dead load or for thermal insulation, or
fill.
Heavyweight Concrete – concrete weighing 60.5
kN/cu.m. Heavy concrete is used principally in
radiations shield and counterweights.
Modulus of Elasticity
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has
no definite modulus of elasticity. Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and
aggregates used, age of concrete and strengths.
Compressive Strength
Depending on the mix and the time and quality
of curing, compressive strengths of concrete can
be obtained up to 97 Mpa or more.
Compressive Strength Test
Compressive Stregth Testing Machine
Metal Reinforcement
Metal reinforcement in concrete shall be
deformed, except that plain reinforcement be
permitted for spirals or tendons; and
reinforcement consisting of structural steel,
steel pipe, or steel tubing.
Metal Reinforcement
• Deformed reinforcing bars shall conform to
the standards specified in Section 5.3.5.3 of
NSCP.
• Plain bars for spiral reinforcement shall
conform to the specification listed in Section
5.3.5.3.1 of NSCP.
Deformed Bars
Plain Round Bars
Spacing Limits for Reinforcement.
According to Section 5.7.6 of NSCP, the
minimum clear spacing between parallel
bars in a layer should be equal to the
diameter of the bar but not less than
25mm.
Bundled Bars. Groups of parallel
reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act
as a unit shall be limited to four in any one
bundle. Bundle bars shall be enclosed
within stirrups or ties and bars larger than
32mm shall not be bundled.
Loads
• Dead Load. Dead loads are loads of constant
magnitude that remain in one position. This
consist mainly of the weight of the weight of
the structure and other permanent
attachments.
Loads
• Live Load. Live loads are loads that may
change in magnitude and position. Live loads
that move under their own power are called
moving loads. Other live loads are those
caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils and
temperature changes. Wind and earthquake
loads are called lateral loads.
Load Factors
• Dead Load, DL………………………………………1.4
• Live Load, LL …………………………………………1.7
• Wind Load, W……………………………………….1.7
• Earthquake, E………………………………………..1.87
• Earth or Water pressure, H…………………….1.7
Stress-Strain Diagram
Required Strength
Structure and structural members should be
designed to have designed strength at all
sections at least equal to required strengths
calculated for the factored loads and forces in
any combinations of loads.
U=1.4DL and 1.7LL
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Beams
A beam is a structural element that primarily
resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The
loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points. The total effect
of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce shear forces and bending moments within
the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses,
strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are
characterized by their manner of support, profile
(shape of cross-section), length, and their material.
Beams
A statically determinate beam, bending
(sagging) under a uniformly distributed load.
Beam Failure
Column
A column or pillar is a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a
compression member.
Columns
Column Failure
Slab
A concrete slab is a common structural element
of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of
steel reinforced concrete, are most often used
to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
slabs are also used for exterior paving.
Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2
inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are
called mud slabs, particularly when used under
the main floor slabs or in crawl spaces.
Slab
One-way Slab
Two-way Slab
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