Advanced Calculus
TOPICS IN VECTOR
CALCULUS
Imam Jauhari Maknun
Agustus 2017
LEARNING OUTCOME MATA KULIAH - 1
Mampu menurunkan dan menggunakan konsep dari vector calculus
dalam memecahkan masalah terapannya
TOPICS IN VECTORCALCULUS
1. VECTOR FIELDS
2. LINE INTEGRALS
3. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH; CONSERVATIVE
VECTOR FIELDS
4. GREEN’S THEOREM
5. SURFACE INTEGRALS
6. APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE INTEGRALS; FLUX
7. THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
8. STOKES’ THEOREM
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the
Earth exerts an attractive force on the mass that is directed
toward the center of the Earth and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
mass to the Earth’s center.
This association of force vectors with points in space is called
the Earth’s gravitational field.
VECTOR FIELDS
Imagine a stream in which the water flows horizontally at
every level, and consider the layer of water at a specific depth.
At each point of the layer, the water has a certain velocity,
which we can represent by a vector at that point.
This association of velocity vectors with points in the two-
dimensional layer is called the velocity field at that layer
VECTOR FIELDS
Velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind
patterns
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
In a plane xy
In 3-space with an xyz-coordinate system
VECTOR FIELDS
Vector field on R2 Vector field on R3
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF VECTOR
FIELDS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
VECTOR FIELDS
A COMPACT NOTATION FOR VECTOR
FIELDS
Sometimes it is helpful to denote the vector fields F(x, y) and
F(x, y, z) entirely in vector notation by identifying (x, y) with
the radius vector r = x i + y j and (x, y, z) with the radius
vector r = x i + y j + z k.
With this notation a vector field in either 2-space or 3- space
can be written as F(r).
When no confusion is likely to arise, we will sometimes omit
the r altogether and denote the vector field as F.
GRADIENT FIELDS
An important class of vector fields arises from the process of
finding gradients.
Recall that if ϕ is a function of three variables, then the
gradient of ϕ is defined as :
This formula defines a vector field in 3-space called the
gradient field of ϕ.
Similarly, the gradient of a function of two variables defines a
gradient field in 2-space
GRADIENT FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Find the gradient field of ϕ (x, y) = x + y.
Solution
The gradient of ϕ is
EXERCISE 1.1
Find the gradient field of :
1. f x, y 5 y x3 y 2
2. f x, y x 2 x3 y 2 y 4
3. f x, y x 1 2 y 1
xy 2
4. f x, y, z 3
z
5. f x, y, z xy 3x z pada (2,-1,4)
2 2 3
6. f x, y, z x2 z 2 sin 4 y pada (-2,π/3,1)
CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
If F(r) is an arbitrary vector field in 2-space or 3-space, we can
ask whether it is the gradient field of some function ϕ, and if so,
how we can find ϕ.
CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Confirm that ϕ is a potential function for F(r)
Solution
x, y, z 2 xi 6 yj 8 zk
F
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Divergence
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Curl (Rotational)
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the divergence of the vector field
Solution
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the curl of the vector field
Solution
THE ∇ OPERATOR
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
THE LAPLACIAN ∇2
Laplacian operator
When applied to φ(x, y, z) the Laplacian operator produces the
function
Note that ∇2 ϕ can also be expressed as div (∇ ϕ).
EXERCISE 1.2
Find the divergence and the curl of the vector field
1 . F x, y, z xz i yz j xy k
2. F x, y , z 4 xy i 2 x 2
2 yz
j 3 z 2
y 2
k
3. F x, y, z x 2 y3 z 4 i 4 x5 y 2 z j - y 4 z 6 k
4. F x, y, z xe z i 4 yz 2 j + 3 y 4 e z k
LINE INTEGRALS
LINE INTEGRALS
The first goal of this section is to define what it means to
integrate a function along a curve.
LINE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
For a curve C in the xy-plane that is given by parametric equations
x = x(t), y = y(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)
If C is a curve in 3-space that is parametrized by x = x(t), y = y(t), z
= z(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral
from (1, 0, 0) to (−1, 0, π) along the helix C that is represented by
the parametric equations x = cos t, y = sin t, z =t (0 ≤ t ≤ π)
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
Solution
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
We now describe a second type of line integral in which we
replace the “ds” in the integral by dx, dy, or dz.
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
along the circular arc C given by x = cos t, y = sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2)
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Evaluate 2 xy dx ; 2 xy dy ; 2 xy ds on the curve C defined
C C C
by x 5 cos t ; y 5 sin t ; 0 t
4
2. Evaluate z dx ; z dy ; z dz ; z ds on the curve C defined
C C C C
by x cos t ; y sin t ; z t ; 0 t
2
3. Evaluate xy dx x 2 dy , where C is given by y x3 ; 1 x 2
C
4. Evaluate y dx x dy z dz ,
C
where C is the helix x 2 cos t ; y 2 sin t ; z t ; 0 t
4
