WEEK 2
Networking Model
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CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction 2.3 Internet
2.2 OSI Models Models
2.2.2 Physical 2.3.1 An exchange using the
TCP/IP model
2.2.3 Data link
2.3.2 Summary of duties
2.2.4 Network
2.3.3 Comparison
2.2.5 Transport
2.2.6 Session
2.2.7 Presentation
2.2.8 Application
2.2.9 Summary of duties
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, you should be
able to
Elaborate the OSI layer
Elaborate the TCP/IP layer
2.1 Introduction
Analogy :
Sending a
letter
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7. writing a English? 7. read a letter
letter
Cryptographic
6. translator 6. translator
language agreed on
5. secretary ACK 5. secretary
4. postmaster postmaster 4. postmaster
3. addressing 3. addressing 3. addressing 3. addressing
2. check 2. check 2. check 2. check
1. transport 1. transport 1. transport 1. transport
van car
Johor KL a/plane Bejing Shanghai
post office post office post office post office5
2.2 OSI Model Application
Established in 1947
Presentation
The International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational Session
body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international
Transport
standards.
An ISO standard that covers all Network
aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection
Data link
(OSI) model.
It was first introduced in the late
Physical
1970s.
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PDU & Encapsulation
Sender (Computer 1) Receiver (Computer 2)
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The interaction between
layers in the OSI model
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2.2.1 Function
Application Data H7 www, FTP chat Application
Presentation Data H6 mpeg, jpeg, doc Presentation
Session Data H5 Open a telnet, do something in Session
between, close
Transport Data H4 TCP, UDP Transport
Network Data H3 IP,HDLC, IPX Network
ATM, PPP, NIC, Ring
Data link T2 Data H2
token, Bus Data link
Physical 01101101101101 Cable, Hub Physical
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2.2.2 Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.
Duties
Physical characteristic of interface &
media
Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
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Transmission of bits on the
physical hardware
2.2.3 Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for
transmitting frames from one node to
the next.
Duties
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control Framing of units of
information and error checking
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2.2.3 Data link layer:
Node-to-node delivery
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2.2.3 Data link layer:
Node-to-node delivery
EXAMPLE: A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a
node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link. At the data link level this frame contains physical
addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed.
The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for
error detection
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2.2.4 Network layer
The network layer is responsible for
the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final
destination
Duties
Logical addressing
Routing
Packet delivery, including
routing 14
2.2.4 Network layer:
Source-to-destination delivery
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2.2.4 Network layer:
Source-to-destination delivery
EXAMPLE: Let say we want to
send data from a node with network
address A and physical address 10,
located on one LAN, to a node with
a network address P and physical
address 95, located on another LAN.
Because the two devices are located
on different networks, we cannot use
physical addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local
jurisdiction. What we need here are
universal addresses that can pass
through the LAN boundaries. The
network (logical) addresses have this
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characteristic
2.2.5 Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for
delivery of a message from one
process to another.
Duties
Port addressing
Segmentation & reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control Provision of reliable and
unreliable end-to-end delivery
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2.2.6 Session layer
The session layer is responsible for
maintains, establishes and synchronizes the
interaction between communicating
systems.
Dialog control
allows two systems to enter into a dialog
(communication between two process.)
Synchronization
allow a process to add checkpoints into a
stream of data
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2.2.7 Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible
for syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two
systems
Translation
the running programs must be
changed to bit streams before being
transmitted.
Encryption / Decryption
to carry sensitive information, a
system must be able to ensure
privacy.
Compression
reduces the number of bits
contained in the information.
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2.2.8 Application layer
The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.
Duties
Mail services
File transfer and access
Remote log in
Accessing WWW
Provide network
application such as file
transfer
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2.2.9 Summary of duties
Application – to allow access to network resource
Presentation – to translate, encrypt and compress data
Session – to establish, manage and terminate session
Transport – to provide reliable process-to-process message delivery and
error recovery
Network – to move packets from source to destination, to provide
internetworking
Data Link – to organize bit into frames; to provide hop-to-hop delivery
Physical – to transmit bits over a medium; to provide mechanical and
electrical specifications
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2.3 TCP/IP Model
The layers in the TCP/IP Model do not exactly match
those in the OSI model.
The original TCP/IP model was defined as having four
layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and
application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP Model is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
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2.3 TCP/IP Model (cont.)
Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data link
Network Access
Physical
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2.3.1 An exchange using the
TCP/IP model
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2.3.2 Summary of duties
Application – to allow access to network resource
Transport – to provide reliable process-to-process message delivery and
error recovery
Network – to move packets from source to destination, to provide
internetworking
Data Link – to organize bit into frames; to provide hop-to-hop delivery
Physical – to transmit bits over a medium; to provide mechanical and
electrical specifications
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2.3.3 Comparison
Application
Application
Presentation
Session Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data link
Data link
Physical Physical
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2.3.3 Comparison
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Any
Questions?
