Lecture 5 – ISO OSI Model
2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Topics discussed in this section:
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
2.3
Each layer at the sending site uses the
services of the layer immediately below it.
The sender at the higher layer uses the
services of the middle layer.
The middle layer uses the services of the
lower layer.
The lower layer uses the services of the
carrier.
2.4
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.5
Note
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
2.6
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
An open system is a set of protocols
allows any two different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.
How to facilitate communication between different systems
without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying
hardware and software?
Flexible, robust, and interoperable model.
Layered framework for the design of network systems that
allows communication between all types of computer systems.
2.7
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.8
OSI Layered Architecture
Each layer - family of functions distinct from those of the other
layers.
Comprehensive and flexible Architecture.
Allows complete interoperability between incompatible systems.
Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of the
layer just below it.
Peer-to-peer processes
Each interface defines the information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.
Well-defined interfaces and layer functions
provide modularity to a network.
Specific implementation of its functions can be modified or replaced
without requiring changes to the surrounding layers.
2.9
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.10
2.11
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model (ENCAPSULATION)
User Support Layers
Network Support
Layers
2.12
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2.13
Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
2.14
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.15
Physical Layer
Coordinates the functions required to
carry a bit stream over a physical medium
Physical characteristics of interfaces and transmission medium.
Representation of bits
To be transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals- electrical or
optical.
Data rate
The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second
Synchronization of bits
sender and receiver (same bit rate) - clocks
Line configuration
Connection of devices to the media (Point to Point, Multipoint)
Physical topology
How devices are connected to make a network
Transmission mode
Direction of transmission between two devices (Simplex, Half/Full
2.16 Duplex)
Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
2.17
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
Hop to Hop (Node to Node) delivery
2.18
Data-Link Layer
Makes physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer
Reliable Link
Framing
divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units
Physical addressing
adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
Flow control
Flow of data must not be allowed to overwhelm receiver ; rate of absorption by RX
less than rate at which data produced by TX
Error control
adds reliability to the physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames
Trailer added to the end of the frame
Access control
Two or more devices are connected to the same link ?
2.19
2.20
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
2.21
Figure 2.8 Network layer
End-to-end delivery
2.22
Note
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
2.23
Network Layer
Source-to-destination delivery of a packet across
multiple networks (links).
Logical addressing
Routing
2.24
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery
2.25
Note
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
2.26
Transport Layer
Process-to-process delivery of the entire message
Relationship between packets
Ensures whole message arrives intact and in order
Error control and Flow control at the source-to-
destination level
Entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer without error
(damage, loss, or duplication).
Error correction - retransmission
Service-point Addressing (or Port address)
Segmentation and Reassembly
Gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer
2.27
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.28
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
2.29
Session Layer
Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems.
Dialog control
Allows two systems (processes) to enter into a dialog.
Allows communication – Half or Full-Duplex
Synchronization
Allows a process to add checkpoints or synchronization points to
data stream
Acknowledge – retransmission – insert checkpoints
2.30
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.31
Note
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
2.32
Presentation Layer
Syntax and Semantics of the information exchanged
between two systems.
Translation
Interoperability between these different encoding methods
Sender-dependent format –> common format
Common format -> receiver-dependent format
Encryption
Ensure privacy
Encrypt data for security purposes. For ex, password encryption.
Decryption – reverse process
Compression
Reduces the number of bits contained in the information
Transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video
2.33
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.34
Note
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
2.35
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
Explain that applications provide the means for generating and
receiving data that can be transported on the network
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
Explain the role of applications, services and protocols in
converting communication to data that can be transferred across
the data network
Note
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
2.38
Application Layer
Enables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network.
Provides user interfaces and support for services
Electronic mail,
Remote file access and transfer,
Shared database management,
Network virtual terminal
Allows a user to log on to a remote host.
Application creates a software emulation of a terminal
File transfer, access, and management.
Mail & Directory services
2.39
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.40
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.42
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.43
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
Define the separate roles applications, services and protocols play
in transporting data through networks
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
Describe the role protocols play in networking and be able to
identify several message properties that can be defined by a
protocol
The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication
Describe the roles of client and server processes in data networks
The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication
List common Application Layers services and protocols
The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication
Compare and contrast client server networking with peer-to-peer
networking and peer-to-peer applications
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
Describe the features of the DNS protocol and how this protocol
supports DNS services
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
Describe the features of the HTTP protocol and how this protocol
supports the delivery of web pages to the client
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
Describe the features of the Telnet protocol and identify several
of its uses in examining and managing networks
Internetworking Protocol (IP)
Unreliable and connectionless protocol.
Best Effort Delivery Service
Transports data in packets – Datagrams
No Reordering
No Error Checking
No tracking of routes
2.52
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
Network protocol useful in IP network management and
administration
Control protocol
Errors in the underlying communications of network applications
Availability of Remote hosts, Network congestion
Overall round-trip time of the probe messages (PING)
Internet
Group Message Protocol
Facilitate simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of
(IGMP)
recipients.
2.53
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Associate Logical address with Physical address
To find the physical address of the node when its
Internet address is known
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP)
Allows host to discover its Internet address when
physical address is only known.
Used when computer is connected to network for first
time.
2.54
Transport Layer
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) vs Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP)
Process-to-process protocol
TCP
Reliable stream transport protocol (connection-oriented)
UDP
Connection less protocol
Packet delay is more serious than packet loss.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Voice over the Internet
Combines the best features of UDP and TCP
2.55
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
2.56
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
2.57
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.58
Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.
2.59
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses
2.60
Example 2.2
As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks
use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
2.61
Figure 2.8: Encapsulation / Decapsulation
2.62
Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
2.63
Figure 2.20 IP addresses
2.64
Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
2.65
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
2.66
Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
2.67
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
2.68
Note
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
2.69
Port 110 POP3
Description 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
Number
118 SQL Services
TCP Port Service Multiplexer 119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
1
(TCPMUX)
137 NetBIOS Name Service
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)
139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
7 ECHO
143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20 FTP -- Data 150 NetBIOS Session Service
21 FTP -- Control 156 SQL Server
22 SSH Remote Login Protocol 161 SNMP
23 Telnet 179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
25
(SMTP) 194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
29 MSG ICP 197 Directory Location Service (DLS)
37 Time Lightweight Directory Access
389
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv) Protocol (LDAP)
43 WhoIs 396 Novell Netware over IP
49 Login Host Protocol (Login) 443 HTTPS
53 Domain Name System (DNS) 444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 445 Microsoft-DS
70 Gopher Services 458 Apple QuickTime
79 Finger 546 DHCP Client
80 HTTP 547 DHCP Server
103 X.400 Standard 563 SNEWS
108 SNA Gateway Access Server 569 MSN
109 POP2 1080 Sock
2.70
