2 Network Model
Course Outcome 2
At the end of the lesson the studens
must be able to:
● Illustrate and describe what is a
network model, the TCP/IP and OSI 7-
layer communication network models
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
● Describe the ● Enumerate and
concept of protocol discuss the
layering different layers of
● Describe the layered
the Internet Model
architecture ● Compare and
network model contrast the OSI
● Enumerate and
network model
discuss the with that of the
different layers of Internet
OSI Model
Overview
● Protocol Layering
● OSI Model
● Internet Model
B. Forouzan, Chp 2 “Network Models”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 31-50,
2012
What is a Protocol?
● Set of rules that govern data communications.
● Determines what is communicated, how it is communicated and
when it is communicated
Elements
● Syntax
Structure or format of the data
Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
● Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Knows which fields define what action
● Timing / Synchronization
When data should be sent and what
Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.
2.4
Protocol Layering (Two Scenarios)
(1) (2)
Single Layer Multiple Layers
Logical Connection Between Layers
2.5
Protocol Layering (Two Principles)
First Principle Second Principle
Each layer is able to The two objects under
perform two each layer at both
opposite tasks, one sites should be
in each direction identical
e.g. the object under layer 3 at
e.g the third layer task is to both sites should be a plaintext
listen (in one direction) and letter
talk (in the other direction). The object under layer 2 at both
The second layer needs to be sites should be a ciphertext
able to encrypt and decrypt letter
The first layer needs to send The object under layer 1 at both
and receive mail. sites should be a piece of mail
2.6
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.7
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.8
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.9
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
D7 D7
2.10
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2.11
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.12
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Other concerns of the physical layer include:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
2.14
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Other services provided by the data link layer include:
Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow Control
Error Control
Access Control
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
2.16
Figure 2.8 Network layer
2.17
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
Other services provided by the Network Layer include:
Logical Addressing
Routing
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery
2.19
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.20
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Other services provided by the Transport Layer include:
Service-point addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection Control
Flow Control
Error Control
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
2.22
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.23
Session Layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Services provided by the Session Layer include:
Dialog Control
Synchronization
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.25
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
Services provided by the Presentation Layer include:
Translation
Compression
Encryption
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.27
Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
Services provided by the Application Layer include:
Network Virtual Terminal
File Transfer Access Management
Mail Services
Directory Services
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.29
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.30
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.31
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
2.32
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.33
Thank you!
Activity 3
Describe the concept of protocol layering using
an illustration. Include in the discussion the two
required principles for protocol layering
Describe what is a network model. Use
illustrations
Enumerate and discuss the different layers of
OSI. Draw an illustration
Enumerate and discuss the different layers of the
Internet Model. Draw an Illustration
Using an illustration, compare and contrast the
OSI network model with that of the Internet.
