PHYSICS LAB REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP A-1

 ALI HASSAN (291284)

 EHSAN JABBAR
 UMAIR ZAHID
 ABDUL SAMAD
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this lab is to familiarize with basic electronics circuit variables and their uses. In the
following experiment resistance is measured by DMM and by color coding both in series and parallel
.Equivalent resistance in series and parallel formation of resistances is measured by DMM and then by
color coding method .Verification of OHM’s law is done by plotting a graph b/w Current & Resistance
which is a straight line. Voltage and current shows different behavior in series and parallel, In series
current remains same and potential is divided while in parallel formation , potential remains same while
current is divided .
EXPERIMENT #1
MEASURING RESISTENCE OF A RESISTOR BY COLOUR CODING AND THEN
VERIFYING BY DMM.

APPARATUS

Unknown resistances ,Digital multimeter ,Circuit Board, connecting wires ,D- cell battery

THEORY

In series combination of resistance, equivalent resistor is the sum of all resistances, current remains
same while potential is divided.
: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….

In parallel combination, equivalent resistance is the sum of reciprocal of resistances ,potential remains
same while current is divided .
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

In series combination, resistors are connected side to side.

In Parallel combination, resistors are connected end to end .

CALCULATING VALUE OF RESISTANCE

Every resistor has some value of resistance and can be calculated by the labelled color of the resistor.

Rules to calculate unknown resistance are as follows :

1. First color shows digit

2. Second color shows second digit.

3. Third color shows number of zero’s.

4. Fourth band shows tolerance.

Table for color values of a resistor is shown in the following table :

Band Color Numerical Value

Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
 Voilet 7
Grey 8
White 9

TOLERANCE

Gold=5%

Silver =10%

No color=20%

COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

In SERIES COMBINATION THE RESISTORS ARE CONNRCTED SIDE TO SIDE WHILE IN PARALLEL
COMBINATION THEY ARE CONNECTED END TO END.

DATA EXPERIMANT #1

S Col Col Col Col R(Codde R(Calculate % Toleran

r. or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 d)Ω d)Ω Err ce
# or
1 Red Green Orang Gold 25k 25k 0% 5%
e
2 Brown Black Red Gold 1k .993k 0.7% 5%
3 Orang Blue Orang Gold 36k 36k 0% 5%
e e

% Error=(Measured – coded/Coded)100%
SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION

The value of resistance obtained in across various resistors and their combination is measured and this
also suggests that in series

: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….

While in parallel combination of resistances ,

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

RESISTANCE SERIES(Ω) PARALLEL(Ω) RRCORDED

R12 26K .96K
R23 37K .97K
R31 61k 14.75K
R123 62K 0.93K
DISCUSSION

➀ How does the % error compare to the coded tolerance for your resistors?

A:The error calculated is very negligible as seen from the data .

➁ What is the apparent rule for combining equal resistances in series circuits? In parallel

circuits?

A: In series, it is ‘n’ times the resistance i.e; nR. In parallel resistance is divided by ‘n’ i.e; R/n.

➂ What is the apparent rule for combining unequal resistances in series circuits? In parallel

circuits? Cite evidence from your data to support your conclusions.

A: In series , equivalent resistance seems to be the algebraic sum of all the resistances while in parallel,
it is the sum of reciprocal of all the resistances.

CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT# 1

In parallel combination ,resultant resistance is less than the individual resistance. While in series ,
equivalent resistance is added up.
EXPERIMENT # 2

VARIATION OF CURRENT AND POTENTIAL IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES

Potential and current vary in case the arrangement is changed based on the fact that in series total
resistance is larger than the individual resistance while in parallel ,total resistance is less than the
individual resistance.

DATA EXPERIMENT #2

In the following experiment we analyzed the relation of current and potential in series and parallel
circuit and the result obtained is

SERIES COMBINATION

V=1.487v I=0.02mA

RESISTANCE( Ω) POTENTIAL(v) CURRENT(mA)

25K 0.865 0.02
1k 0.0624 0.02
36k 0.597 0.02

V(total)=

This shows that In series combination, Current remains same while potential is divided.

PARALLEL COMBINATION

V= I=

RESISTANCE(Ω) POTENTIAL(v) CURRENT(mA)

25k 1.487 1.47
1k 1.487 0.06
36k 1.487 0.04
 Current(total)=

This pattern of values obtained for potential and current shows that shows that in Parallel
combination, Potential remains same while current is divided.

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT #2

In parallel combination, potential remains same while in series combination potential is divided. Current
remains same in series while divided in parallel

EXPERIMENT # 3
OHM’S LAW

This law states that current flowing in a circuit is propotional to the potential applied across its ends.

Mathematically, V=IR

Where R is the propotionality constant .

In the following experiment we analyze the variables in Ohm’s law and view their relationship with one
another by plotting a graph b/w V&I.

APPARATUS

Resistor, Connecting wires, multimeter ,AC/DC Electronics Board, D-Cell Battery ,Graph Paper.

DATA ANALYSIS

RESISTOR(Ω) VOLTAGE(v) CURRENT(mA) VOTAGE/RESISTANCE(mA)

36K 1.487 0.04 0.04
1K 1.487 1.48 1.48
 25K 1.487 0.06 0.06

CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT #3

The value of resistance and current when plotted on graph gives a straight line which verifies Ohm’s
Law.

QUESTIONS

➀ From your graph, what is the mathematical relationship between Current and Resistance?

A: A straight line is obtained showing a direct relation b/w current and resistance.

➁ Ohm’s Law states that current is given by the ratio of voltage/resistance. Does your data

concur with this?

A:Yes.the ratio obtained is same as calculated by DMM.

➂ What were possible sources of experimental error in this lab? Would you expect each to

make your results larger or to make them smaller?