Chapter 12 Problems find the total internal energy of the gas.

(Hint: See Problem 1.)

1, 2, 3 = straightforward, intermediate,
challenging 4. A 40.0-g projectile is launched by the
= full solution available in Student expansion of hot gas in an arrangement
Solutions Manual/Study Guide shown in Figure P12.4a. The cross-sectional
= coached solution with area of the launch tube is 1.0 cm2, and the
hints available at www.cp7e.com length that the projectile travels down the
= biomedical application tube after starting from rest is 32 cm. As the
gas expands, the pressure varies as shown
Section 12.1 Work in Thermodynamic in Figure P12.4b. The values for the initial
Processes pressure and volume are Pi = 11 × 105 Pa
and Vi = 8.0 cm3 while the final values are Pf
1. The only form of = 1.0 × 105 Pa and Vf = 40.0 cm3. Friction
energy possessed by between the projectile and the launch tube
molecules of a monatomic ideal gas is is negligible. (a) If the projectile is launched
translational kinetic energy. Using the into a vacuum, what is the speed of the
results from the discussion of kinetic theory projectile as it leaves the launch tube? (b) If
in Section 10.5, show that the internal instead the projectile is launched into air at
energy of a monatomic ideal gas at pressure a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa, what fraction of
P and occupying volume V may be written the work done by the expanding gas in the
as U = 3/2 PV. tube is spent by the projectile pushing air
out of the way as it proceeds down the
2. Sketch a PV diagram and find the tube?
work done by the gas during the following
stages: (a) A gas is expanded from a volume
of 1.0 L to 3.0 L at a constant pressure of 3.0
atm. (b) The gas is then cooled at constant
volume until the pressure falls to 2.0 atm.
(c) The gas is then compressed at a constant
pressure of 2.0 atm from a volume of 3.0 L
to 1.0 L. (Note: Be careful of signs.) (d) The
gas is heated until its pressure increases
from 2.0 atm to 3.0 atm at a constant
volume. (e) Find the net work done during
the complete cycle.

3. A container of volume 0.40 m3

contains 3.0 mol of argon gas at 30°C.
Assuming argon behaves as an ideal gas,
 expanded at constant pressure P2 to a final
volume V2. (c) In which of the processes is
more work done by the gas? Why?

7. Gas in a container is at a pressure of

1.5 atm and a volume of 4.0 m3. What is the
work done on the gas (a) if it expands at
constant pressure to twice its initial
volume? (b) if it is compressed at constant
pressure to one-quarter its initial volume?

8. A movable piston having a mass of

Figure P12.4
8.00 kg and a cross-sectional area of 5.00
cm2 traps 0.200 moles of an ideal gas in a
5. A gas expands from I to F along the
vertical cylinder. If the piston slides without
three paths indicated in Figure P12.5.
friction in the cylinder, how much work is
Calculate the work done on the gas along
done on the gas when its temperature is
paths (a) IAF, (b) IF, and (c) IBF.
increased from 20°C to 300°C?

9. One mole of an ideal gas initially at a

temperature of Ti = 0°C undergoes an
expansion at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm
to four times its original volume. (a)
Calculate the new temperature Tf of the gas.
(b) Calculate the work done on the gas
during the expansion.

10. (a) Determine the work done on a

fluid that expands from i to f as indicated in
Figure P12.10. (b) How much work is done
on the fluid if it is compressed from f to i
Figure P12.5 (Problems 5 and 15) along the same path?

6. Sketch a PV diagram of the following

processes: (a) A gas expands at constant
pressure P1 from volume V1 to volume V2. It
is then kept at constant volume while the
pressure is reduced to P2. (b) A gas is
reduced in pressure from P1 to P2 while its
volume is held constant at V1. It is then
 Figure P12.10

Section 12.2 The First Law of

Figure P12.12
Thermodynamics

13. A gas is compressed at a constant

11. A container is placed in a water bath
pressure of 0.800 atm from 9.00 L to 2.00 L.
and held at constant volume as a mixture of
In the process, 400 J of energy leaves the gas
fuel and oxygen is burned inside it. The
by heat. (a) What is the work done on the
temperature of the water is observed to rise
gas? (b) What is the change in its internal
during the burning. (The water is also held
energy?
at constant volume. (a) Consider the
burning mixture to be the system. What are
14. A monatomic ideal gas undergoes
the signs of Q, ΔU, and W? (b) What are the
the thermodynamic process shown in the
signs of these quantities if the water bath is
PV diagram of Figure P12.14. Determine
considered to be the system?
whether each of the values ΔU, Q, and W
for the gas is positive, negative, or zero.
12. A quantity of a monatomic ideal gas
(Hint: See Problem 1.)
undergoes a process in which both its
pressure and volume are doubled as shown
in Figure P12.12. What is the energy
absorbed by heat into the gas during this
process? (Hint: See Problem 1.)

Figure P12.14
 (b) If the internal energy of the gas
15. A gas expands from decreases by 8.00 J, find the amount of heat
I to F in Figure P12.5. removed from the system by heat during
The energy added to the gas by heat is 418 J the compression.
when the gas goes from I to F along the
diagonal path. (a) What is the change in 18. Consider the cyclic process described
internal energy of the gas? (b) How much by Figure P12.16. If Q is negative for the
energy must be added to the gas by heat for process BC and ΔU is negative for the
the indirect path IAF to give the same process CA, determine the signs of Q, W,
change in internal energy? and ΔU associated with each process.

16. A gas is taken through the cyclic 19. One gram of water changes to ice at
process described by Figure P12.16. (a) Find a constant pressure of 1.00 atm and a
the net energy transferred to the system by constant temperature of 0°C. In the process,
heat during one complete cycle. (b) If the the volume changes from 1.00 cm3 to 1.09
cycle is reversed—that is, the process cm3. (a) Find the work done on the water
follows the path ACBA—what is the net and (b) the change in the internal energy of
energy transferred by heat per cycle? the water.

20. A thermodynamic system undergoes

a process in which its internal energy
decreases by 500 J. If at the same time 220 J
of work is done on the system, find the
energy transferred to or from it by heat.

21. A 5.0-kg block of aluminum is

heated from 20°C to 90°C at atmospheric
pressure. Find (a) the work done by the
aluminum, (b) the amount of energy
transferred to it by heat, and (c) the increase
in its internal energy.

22. One mole of gas initially at a

Figure P12.16 (Problems 16 and 18)
pressure of 2.00 atm and a volume of 0.300
L has an internal energy equal to 91.0 J. In
17. A gas is enclosed in a container fitted
its final state, the gas is at a pressure of 1.50
with a piston of cross-sectional area 0.150
atm and a volume of 0.800 L, and its
m2. The pressure of the gas is maintained at
internal energy equals 180 J. For the paths
6 000 Pa as the piston moves inward 20.0
IAF, IBF, and IF in Figure P12.22, calculate
cm. (a) Calculate the work done by the gas.
(a) the work done on the gas and (b) the net 25.0%. If the engine expels 8 000 J of energy
energy transferred to the gas by heat in the in each cycle, find (a) the energy absorbed
process. in each cycle and (b) the time required to
complete each cycle.

27. One of the most efficient engines

ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine
engine in the Ohio River valley, driving an
electric generator as it operates between 1
870°C and 430°C. (a) What is its maximum
theoretical efficiency? (b) Its actual
efficiency is 42.0%. How much mechanical
power does the engine deliver if it absorbs
1.40 × 105 J of energy each second from the
hot reservoir?

28. A gun is a heat engine. In particular,

Figure P12.22
it is an internal combustion piston engine
that does not operate in a cycle, but comes
Section 12.3 Heat Engines and the Second
apart during its adiabatic expansion
Law of Thermodynamics
process. A certain gun consists of 1.80 kg of
iron. It fires one 2.40-g bullet at 320 m/s
23. A heat engine operates between two
with an energy efficiency of 1.10%. Assume
reservoirs at temperatures of 20°C and
that the body of the gun absorbs all of the
300°C. What is the maximum efficiency
energy exhaust and increases uniformly in
possible for this engine?
temperature for a short time before it loses
any energy by heat into the environment.
24. A steam engine has a boiler that
Find its temperature increase.
operates at 300°F, and the temperature of
the exhaust is 150°F. Find the maximum
29. An engine absorbs 1 700 J from a hot
efficiency of this engine.
reservoir and expels 1 200 J to a cold
reservoir in each cycle. (a) What is the
25. The energy absorbed by an engine is
engine’s efficiency? (b) How much work is
three times greater than the work it
done in each cycle? (c) What is the power
performs. (a) What is its thermal efficiency?
output of the engine if each cycle lasts for
(b) What fraction of the energy absorbed is
0.300 s?
expelled to the cold reservoir?

30. A power plant has been proposed

26. A particular engine has a power
that would make use of the temperature
output of 5.00 kW and an efficiency of
gradient in the ocean. The system is to using the same cold and hot reservoirs
operate between 20.0°C (surface water would accelerate the same train from rest to
temperature) and 5.00°C (water a speed of 6.50 m/s using the same amount
temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) of fuel. If the engines use air at 300 K as a
What is the maximum efficiency of such a cold reservoir, find the temperature of the
system? (b) If the useful power output of steam serving as the hot reservoir.
the plant is 75.0 MW, how much energy is
absorbed per hour? (c) In view of your Section 12.4 Entropy
answer to (a), do you think such a system is
worthwhile (considering that there is no 35. A freezer is used to
charge for fuel)? freeze 1.0 L of water
completely into ice. The water and the
31. In one cycle, a heat engine absorbs freezer remain at a constant temperature of
500 J from a high-temperature reservoir and T = 0°C. Determine (a) the change in the
expels 300 J to a low-temperature reservoir. entropy of the water and (b) the change in
If the efficiency of this engine is 60% of the the entropy of the freezer.
efficiency of a Carnot engine, what is the
ratio of the low temperature to the high 36. What is the change in entropy of 1.00
temperature in the Carnot engine? kg of liquid water at 100°C as it changes to
steam at 100°C?
32. A heat engine operates in a Carnot
cycle between 80.0°C and 350°C. It absorbs 37. A 70-kg log falls from a height of 25
21 000 J of energy per cycle from the hot m into a lake. If the log, the lake, and the air
reservoir. The duration of each cycle is 1.00 are all at 300 K, find the change in entropy
s. (a) What is the mechanical power output of the Universe during this process.
of this engine? (b) How much energy does
it expel in each cycle by heat? 38. Two 2 000-kg cars, both traveling at
20 m/s, undergo a head-on collision and
33. A nuclear power plant has an stick together. Find the change in entropy
electrical power output of 1 000 MW and of the Universe resulting from the collision
operates with an efficiency of 33%. If excess if the temperature is 23°C.
energy is carried away from the plant by a
river with a flow rate of 1.0 × 106 kg/s, what 39. The surface of the Sun is
is the rise in temperature of the flowing approximately at 5 700 K, and the
water? temperature of the Earth’s surface is
approximately 290 K. What entropy change
34. A 20.0%-efficient real engine is used occurs when 1 000 J of energy is transferred
to speed up a train from rest to 5.00 m/s. It by heat from the Sun to the Earth?
is known that an ideal (Carnot) engine
40. Repeat the procedure used to
construct Table 12.3 (a) for the case in which 45. A Carnot heat engine extracts energy
you draw three marbles rather than four Qh from a hot reservoir at constant
from your bag and (b) for the case in which temperature Th and rejects energy Qc to a
you draw five rather than four. cold reservoir at constant temperature Tc.
Find the entropy changes of (a) the hot
41. Prepare a table like Table 12.3 for the reservoir, (b) the cold reservoir, (c) the
following occurrence: You toss four coins engine, and (d) the complete system.
into the air simultaneously and record all
the possible results of the toss in terms of 46. One end of a copper rod is in
the numbers of heads and tails that can thermal contact with a hot reservoir at T =
result. (For example, HHTH and HTHH are 500 K, and the other end is in thermal
two possible ways in which three heads and contact with a cooler reservoir at T = 300 K.
one tail can be achieved.) (a) On the basis of If 8 000 J of energy is transferred from one
your table, what is the most probable result end of the rod to the other, with no change
of a toss? In terms of entropy, (b) what is in the temperature distribution, find the
the most ordered state, and (c) what is the entropy change of each reservoir and the
most disordered? total entropy change of the Universe.

42. Consider a standard deck of 52 47. Find the change in temperature of a

playing cards that has been thoroughly river due to the exhausted energy from a
shuffled. (a) What is the probability of nuclear power plant. Assume that the input
drawing the ace of spades in one draw? (b) power to the boiler in the plant is 25 × 108
What is the probability of drawing any ace? W, the efficiency of use of this power is
(c) What is the probability of drawing any 30%, and the river flow rate is 9.0 × 106
spade? kg/min.

Additional Problems 48. A Carnot engine operates between

100°C and 20°C. How much ice can the
43. A student claims that she has engine melt from its exhaust after it has
constructed a heat engine that operates done 5.0 × 104 J of work?
between the temperatures of 200 K and 100
K with 60% efficiency. The professor does 49. A 1500-kW heat engine operates at
not give her credit for the project. Why not? 25% efficiency. The heat energy expelled at
the low temperature is absorbed by a
44. A Carnot engine operates between stream of water that enters the cooling coils
the temperatures Th = 100°C and Tc = 20°C. at 20°C. If 60 L flows across the coils per
By what factor does the theoretical second, determine the increase in
efficiency increase if the temperature of the temperature of the water.
hot reservoir is increased to 550°C?
 during process BC? (c) What is the net
50. When a gas follows path 123 on the energy input Q during this cycle?
PV diagram in Figure P12.50, 418 J of
energy flows into the system by heat and
–167 J of work is done on the gas. (a) What is
the change in the internal energy of the
system? (b) How much energy Q flows into
the system if the gas follows path 143? The
work done on the gas along this path is
–63.0 J. What net work would be done on or
by the system if the system followed (c)
path 12341? (d) path 14321? (e) What is the
change in internal energy of the system in
the processes described in parts (c) and (d)?
Figure P12.51

52. A power plant having a Carnot

efficiency produces 1 000 MW of electrical
power from turbines that take in steam at
500 K and eject water at 300 K into a
flowing river. The water downstream is 6.00
K warmer due to the output of the plant.
Determine the flow rate of the river.

53. A 100-kg steel support rod in a

building has a length of 2.0 m at a
temperature of 20°C. The rod supports a
hanging load of 6 000 kg. Find (a) the work
Figure P12.50
done on the rod as the temperature
increases to 40°C, (b) the energy Q added to
51. A substance undergoes the cyclic
the rod (assume the specific heat of steel is
process shown in Figure P12.51. Work
the same as that for iron), and (c) the
output occurs along path AB while work
change in internal energy of the rod.
input is required along path BC, and no
work is involved in the constant volume
54. An ideal gas initially at pressure P0,
process CA. Energy transfers by heat occur
volume V0, and temperature T0 is taken
during each process involved in the cycle.
through the cycle described in Figure
(a) What is the work output during process
P12.54. (a) Find the net work done by the
AB? (b) How much work input is required
gas per cycle in terms of P0 and V0. (b) What
is the net energy Q added to the system per
cycle? (c) Obtain a numerical value for the 57. Suppose a heat
net work done per cycle for 1.00 mol of gas engine is connected to two energy
initially at 0°C. (Hint: Recall that the work reservoirs, one a pool of molten aluminum
done by the system equals the area under a at 660°C and the other a block of solid
PV curve.) mercury at –38.9°C. The engine runs by
freezing 1.00 g of aluminum and melting
15.0 g of mercury during each cycle. The
latent heat of fusion of aluminum is 3.97 ×
105 J/kg, and that of mercury is 1.18 × 104
J/kg. (a) What is the efficiency of this
engine? (b) How does the efficiency
compare with that of a Carnot engine?

58. One mole of an ideal gas is taken

through the cycle shown in Figure P12.58.
At point A, the pressure, volume, and
temperature are P0, V0, and T0. In terms of R
and T0, find (a) the total energy entering the
system by heat per cycle, (b) the total
energy leaving the system by heat per cycle,
Figure P12.54 (c) the efficiency of an engine operating in
this cycle, and (d) the efficiency of an
55. One mole of neon gas is heated from engine operating in a Carnot cycle between
300 K to 420 K at constant pressure. the temperature extremes for this process.
Calculate (a) the energy Q transferred to the (Hint: Recall that work done on the gas is
gas, (b) the change in the internal energy of the negative of the area under a PV curve.)
the gas, and (c) the work done on the gas.
Note that neon has a molar specific heat of
c = 20.79 J/mol ∙ K for a constant-pressure
process.

56. A 1.0-kg block of aluminum is

heated at atmospheric pressure so that its
temperature increases from 22°C to 40°C.
Find (a) the work done on the aluminum,
(b) the energy Q added to the aluminum,
and (c) the change in internal energy of the
aluminum.
 the boiling point. (b)When the water is
boiled, it becomes 1 671 cm3 of steam.
Calculate the change in internal energy for
this process. Assume the steam vapor
doesn’t mix with the surrounding air and
that it expands at atmospheric pressure.

61. A gas is enclosed in a container fitted

with a piston of cross-sectional area 0.10 m2.
The pressure of the gas is maintained at 8
000 Pa while energy is slowly added by
heat; as a result, the piston is pushed up a
distance of 4.0 cm. (Recall that any process
in which the pressure remains constant is
an isobaric process.) (a) If 42 J of energy is
Figure P12.58
added to the system by heat during the
expansion, what is the change in internal
59. An electrical power plant has an
energy of the system? (b) If 42 J of energy is
overall efficiency of 15%. The plant is to
added by heat to the system with the piston
deliver 150 MW of electrical power to a city,
clamped in a fixed position, what is the
and its turbines use coal as fuel. The
work done by the gas? What is the change
burning coal produces steam at 190°C,
in its internal energy?
which drives the turbines. The steam is
condensed into water at 25°C by passing
62. Hydrothermal vents deep on the
through coils that are in contact with river
ocean floor spout water at temperatures as
water. (a) How many metric tons of coal
high as 570°C. This temperature is below
does the plant consume each day (1 metric
the boiling point of water because of the
ton = 1 × 103 kg)? (b) What is the total cost of
immense pressure at that depth. Since the
the fuel per year if the delivery price is $8
surrounding ocean temperature is at 4.0°C,
per metric ton? (c) If the river water is
an organism could use the temperature
delivered at 20°C, at what minimum rate
gradient as a source of energy. (a)
must it flow over the cooling coils in order
Assuming the specific heat of water under
that its temperature not exceed 25°C? (Note:
these conditions is 1.0 cal/g ∙ °C, how much
The heat of combustion of coal is 7.8 × 103
energy is released when 1.0 liter of water is
cal/g.)
cooled from 570°C to 4.0°C? (b) What is the
maximum useable energy an organism can
60. At atmospheric pressure (1.013 × 105
extract from this energy source? (Assume
Pa) and 20.0°C, 1.00 g of water occupies a
that the organism has some internal type of
volume of 1.00 cm3. (a) Find the change in
heat engine acting between the two
internal energy when the water is heated to
temperature extremes.) (c) Water from these
vents contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at a of 90.0 steps per minute, with each step 8.00
concentration of 0.90 mmole/liter. inches high. If you weigh 150 lb and the
Oxidation of one mole of H2S produces 310 machine reports that 600 kcal have been
kJ of energy. How much energy is available burned at the end of the workout, what
through H2S oxidation of 1.0 L of water? efficiency is the machine using in obtaining
this result? If your actual efficiency is 0.18,
63. Suppose you spend 30.0 minutes on how many kcal did you really burn?
a stair-climbing machine, climbing at a rate

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