Student Book page 246 7.

To calculate the diameter of the field of view

using the 40× objective, use the formula:

C1.1 Check and Reflect high-power field diameter

=
low-power field diameter
1. Hooke used a microscope with a compound,
three-lens system, where the specimen was low-power magnification
illuminated by a beam of light concentrated by high-power magnification
passage through a water-filled flask. Van
Leeuwenhoek used only a simple single-lens high-power field diameter 10 ×
microscope, but produced higher magnification
=
1500 µm 40 ×
because of the quality of the lens. Hooke observed
and recorded plants, animals, and non-living
things. He described empty air pockets, which he (10×/)(1500µm)
high-power field diameter =
called “cells” within thin slices of cork. He did 40 ×/
not realize that the tiny chambers were the = 375 µm
simplest units of life. Van Leeuwenhoek was able
to observe bacteria, sperm, and protozoa (single The field of view of the high-power objective has
cells) as free-living independent systems. a diameter of 375 µm.
2. Scientific inquiry involves a cause-and-effect 8. The measurement 2.5 cm = 25 mm
question that leads to a hypothesis, and then The scale of the drawing of an object that is
experimentation to test the hypothesis. However, 0.5 mm = 25.0 : 0.5
the scientist must first observe the system under = 50 : 1
study to know what questions to ask. Aristotle 9. Student answers will vary depending on their
made careful observations and set up a previous courses. They may include the points
classification system based on his observations, that: convex lenses focus a beam of light to a
but did not have the technology to understand the common point; a compound microscope uses
building blocks of life. Hooke and van more than one convex lens; and the image formed
Leeuwenhoek used the microscope technology is inverted when compared to the orientation of
that they were developing to make observations the object.
on a scale that was previously impossible. Their
methods were similar to modern scientific Student Book page 252
investigations in that they recorded their
observations precisely, and made them available
to others by publishing through the Royal Society C1.2 Check and Reflect
of London. 1. The improvements in lens technology that
3. A simple microscope has one lens. A compound occurred in the 1830s allowed scientists to make
microscope has more than one lens. more detailed observations of the structure of
4. The field of view is the area that can be observed cells. This new technology made it possible for
through a given lens. Brown to observe the nucleus in orchid cells.
5. To calculate total magnification using a Schleiden observed that all plants are composed
compound microscope, multiply the power of the of cells and suggested that the nucleus is
objective lens by the power of the eyepiece. For responsible for the development of the remainder
example, when using a low-power 4× objective of the cell. The microscope allowed Schwann to
lens and a 10× eyepiece lens, the total observe cells in animal tissue and to identify the
magnification of the system is 40×. nucleus in animal cells. These observations led to
6. Use the conversion 1 mm =1000 µm. the idea that all plants and animals are made of
x 1.50 mm cells, which are the basic units of life.
Therefore =
1000 µm 1.00 mm 2. Spontaneous generation is the idea that life could
emerge spontaneously from non-living matter.
1.50 m/m/ × 1000 µm This idea was widely accepted up until the middle
x=
1.00 m/m/ of the 19th century. An example is that the
maggots that appeared on rotting meat were
= 1500 µm thought to arise from the meat alone.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 1

3. The three components of the cell theory are: Spallanzani—suggested micro-organisms in the
– All living things are made up of one or more air were responsible for the moulds in Needham’s
cells and the materials produced by these cells. experiment. He drew off the air and no growth of
– All life functions take place in cells, making moulds happened. The suggestion was that air
them the smallest units of life. was necessary for mould growth.
– All cells are produced from pre-existing cells Pasteur—took boiled broth and allowed access to
through the process of cell division. air but used a shape of flask that prevented dust
4. Pasteur used a controlled experiment to refute the from reaching the broth. Under these conditions
idea of spontaneous generation. He boiled meat there was no growth of moulds.
broth in long-necked flasks and kept the type of 8. Student answers will vary but will likely include
flask, type of broth, and other conditions constant. appearance of micro-organisms from a mixture of
He used the possibility of access of dust to the straw and water as a “recipe” for the life force and
flasks as the manipulated variable in his therefore evidence for spontaneous generation. In
experiment. To do this he left the neck of one a statement against spontaneous generation,
flask completely open to the air. He bent the neck students may say that the organisms must have
of the other into an S-shape, making sure not to been in the straw but in a condition in which they
seal it. Micro-organisms grew in the flask that were not observable.
was completely open within a few days. In the 9. Student answers will vary but will likely include
flask with the S-shaped neck, nothing grew in the suggestions such as: living organisms show the
broth. Pasteur inferred that for micro-organisms to following life processes—intake of nutrients,
grow it was necessary for something in the dust to movement, growth, response to stimuli, exchange
come in contact with the broth; the micro- of gases, waste removal, and reproduction.
organisms could not arise from the broth itself. 10. Student answers will vary. One possible
5. Answers will vary but may include the following experiment would be to observe the rate of
points: movement of the organisms at five-minute
A scientific inquiry is based on careful intervals. As the time goes, on the small amount
observation of a situation, which leads to a of water on the slide will heat up as a result of the
question to be solved. The question leads to a heat from the light source and the effect on the
hypothesis, a suggestion of a relationship, which organisms can be observed.
can be tested by experiment. A scientific
experiment must be controlled in that only one Student Book page 260
variable, the manipulated variable, changes and
all other variables are held constant. There should
be an experimental control in which the C1.3 Check and Reflect
manipulated variable is not changed from its 1. Live organisms can be observed in light
normal state. The experiment should be microscopy, but the resolving power of the light
repeatable, so that a change in the manipulated microscope is limited by the wavelength of light.
variable should produce the same effect on the 2. Investigators need to stain cells in order to
responding variable if the experiment is repeated. improve contrast between internal structures and
The data should be collected and treated in a to produce better images.
standard way, which allows comparison of the 3. Electron microscopy is needed to view objects
inquiry with other inquiries investigating the same that are too small, or too close together to be
question. The report of the experiment should be viewed through a light microscope. The resolving
published in journals available to all the scientific power of the electron microscope for biological
community. specimens is one hundred times greater than that
6. Student answers will vary, and may take various of the light microscope.
formats, such as cartoon, mind map, etc. 4. A confocal microscope uses a laser to concentrate
7. Student answers will vary but should include the light onto the specimen, rather than a regular light
following: source. The magnified image is displayed on a
Redi—controlled access to meat; produced computer screen, rather than viewed directly by
evidence that access of flies to the meat was the observer’s eye. The pinhole arrangement
necessary for maggots to appear. allows an image to be formed of one specific thin
Needham—boiled chicken broth which still layer, which is exactly in focus, and the computer
produced moulds; suggested a life force. combines many of these thin layers to produce a
three-dimensional image.

2 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

5. In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescent conditions, accidental acquiring of resistance by
substances are attached to molecules on the weed species, ownership and price of genetically
specimen’s surface or within the specimen. When modified seed, difficulty in choosing which
the specimen is exposed to ultraviolet light, the human abnormalities should be repaired, etc.
fluorescent molecules glow, allowing the 5. Student answers will vary, but positions must be
structures to be seen. An example of the use of supported.
fluorescent microscopy is Coons’ demonstration 6. Student answers may include questions about
of the presence of antigens on the surface of sources of funding for research, ownership of
human red blood cells. patents on genetically modified organisms, and
6. Both light and electron microscopes have a availability of the results, access of the developing
source of illumination (lamp/electron gun), a lens world to this technology, etc.
or lenses (curved glass/electromagnets), a 7. Student answers will vary, but students should
receiver (human eye/computer screen), and a identify the new knowledge or treatments and
focussing mechanism (up and down movement of their sources of information. Are the sources
lenses/adjustment of magnetic field). reliable? (Determining reliability of Internet
7. Student answers will vary. Examples might be: sources is also an ICT outcome.)
– The electron microscope provided detail of the 8. Student answers will vary, but could include
structure of mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. researcher, agricultural technologist, quality
– Fluorescence microscopy showed the location control technologist in food processing, and
of certain substances on the surface of cells. medical technologist.
8. Student answers may vary, but may include
examples of simple and compound light Student Book page 265
microscopes, confocal microscope
technology, electron microscopes, and C1.0 Section Review
contrast enhancing techniques such as
staining and fluorescence microscopy.
Answers should include how each Knowledge
microscope or technique is specialized for a 1. Aristotle used careful direct observation and
particular aspect of cell study. record making, followed by reasoning and
interpretation. Other intellectuals of the time
Student Book page 264 preferred to think out possible answers to
questions, without testing their ideas.
2. The Janssens’ microscope is considered a
C1.4 Check and Reflect compound microscope because it used two lenses
1. Student answers will vary, but could include one (an eyepiece and an objective lens) to magnify
of the following: gene mapping to manage objects.
disease-causing abnormalities, creation of pest- 3. Robert Hooke produced a three-lens microscope,
resistant crops through knowledge of the plant’s and used a water-filled glass flask to concentrate
genetic make-up, diagnosis of disease through the light illuminating the specimen. His greatest
knowledge of transport through the cell contribution may be that he observed and made
membrane, demonstration of the structure of a illustrations of plant, animal, and non-living
particular molecule such as DNA, use of GFP in objects, as well as of the cells in thin sections of
genetic studies. cork, and made these accessible to others through
2. X-ray crystallography uses X-rays, special sensors publication of his Micrographia. He was the first
that analyze the patterns of X-ray scattering, and scientist to use the term “cell.”
computer technology. 4. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery are that
3. One advantage of using GFP is that it allows patients generally lose less blood, experience less
comparison between diseased and healthy living pain, have a faster recovery time, and have less
cells. scarring, because the incisions are so tiny. Heart
4. Student answers will vary but will likely include surgery can also be performed without the need to
benefits such as production of different types of open the chest cavity. The surgeon relies on
resistance in crop plants, increase in yields and microscope technology through the use of an
nutritional value, treatment and cure of disease, instrument fitted with a magnifying eyepiece that
etc. Risks may include reduction of biodiversity, is inserted in the laparoscope. This provides a
susceptibility of monocultures to new disease or
Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 3
 magnified view of the site of the operation, shown 12. X-ray crystallography uses X-rays and other
on a TV screen. technology to allow scientists to view details of
5. A control in an experiment is the situation where molecular structure to help them understand how
the manipulated variable is not altered. This result molecules work. This technique is used in cell
is compared to the result found when the research to show the structure of different
manipulated variable is altered (manipulated) in a molecules and in this way to provide insight into
particular way. function. The model of the DNA molecule is a
6. Student sketches will be similar to the flasks in famous example of the contribution of X-ray
Figure C1.8. Pasteur’s experiment provided crystallography to cell research.
evidence against spontaneous generation by 13. GFP is Green Fluorescent Protein. This protein
showing that when meat broth was not exposed to was discovered in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria,
air-borne dust, organisms did not appear in the in which it provides luminescence that occurs in a
broth, even when air could easily pass into the ring within the animal. Scientists are able to
flask. The inference was that life could not appear attach this fluorescent protein to parts of cells that
from air alone, but had to be contained in some they wish to study. In genetics it is used in the
part of the dust. study of degenerative diseases of the nervous
7. Student answers will vary depending on the system, where abnormal proteins clump together
observations made in Activity C3 but may include to prevent or slow down normal cell functioning.
similar or different modes of locomotion and GFP allows scientists to compare the structure
differences in size and the structures present. and activity of normal proteins and proteins in
8. To make a wet mount slide, take a sample of the cells affected by the disease.
material you wish to examine. Place a glass slide
in front of you, holding it by the edges. Place two Applications
drops of the sample on the slide. Pick up the
14. 400 µm.
coverslip by the edges and place one edge of the
coverslip at the edge of the drop. Using a Solution: HP field diameter
toothpick, slowly lower the coverslip onto the (100×/)(1800µm)
drop, being careful not to trap air bubbles under =
(450×/)
the coverslip.
9. The main points of the cell theory are:
= 400 µm
– All living things are made up of one or more
cells and the materials produced by these cells. 15. The minimum magnification needed is ×100.
(Schleiden and Schwann) Solution: The minimum size a human eye can
– All life functions take place in cells, making detect = 0.1 mm = 100 µm. Therefore, for the
them the smallest units of life. (Schleiden and eye to see 1µm would require a magnification of
Schwann) at least 100×.
– All cells are produced from pre-existing cells 16. The magnification of objectives is inversely
through the process of cell division (Virchow). proportional to the field size. If the size of the
10. Staining and fluorescence microscopy are two low-power field diameter is known, the following
methods for improving contrast within a ratio can be used to calculate the diameter of the
specimen. Stains bind to particular parts of the medium-power lens:
cell depending on the chemical make-up of each medium-power field diameter
part. In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescent
molecules attached to particular parts of the cell low-power field diameter
emit light of a different wavelength when the low-power magnification
=
specimen is subjected to ultraviolet light. The medium-power magnification
fluorescent glow shows the location of the
molecules. 17. Air-borne dust must not be allowed to enter the
11. Confocal laser technology allows an observer to food before or during canning.
view specific sections of a living specimen, by 18. a) light microscope
using a pinhole to exclude the light travelling b) light microscope
through other layers. Once images of various c) electron microscope
layers have been collected in a computer, the d) fluorescence or confocal microscope or
images can be put together to show a 3-D image scanning electron microscope
of the specimen. The advantages are that more
detail can be seen and the specimen is alive.

4 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

19. Student answers will vary but could include 3. Students’ drawings will vary, but should include
knowledge of diseases caused by micro- the structures shown in Figure C2.10(b). The
organisms and availability of vaccines and other functions listed should be similar to those given in
treatments for these diseases. Tables C2.1.
20. Student answers will vary. 4. Student answers will vary. Examples of
appropriate answers follow.
Extensions a) The cell membrane appears as a fluid mosaic
structure with proteins embedded in it. The
21. Student Research.
fluid part is a double layer of phospholipids.
22. Student answers will vary but may include the
The cell membrane functions as a protective
following:
barrier around the cell that allows transport
– The first simple microscopes (microscopes
into and out of the cell. It is important for cell
with a single lens) began to be used following
interaction and recognition of molecules
the development of the theory of optics and
b) Vacuoles are simple, membrane-bound
the discovery of the magnifying properties of
structures in the cell that store substances
lenses. Micro-organisms were observed by
(nutrients, secretion products, fats, and water
van Leeuwenhoek.
in plants).
– Compound microscopes were developed
c) Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures with
following the discovery that combining
double membranes that are the sites where
various lenses can increase the magnification
cellular respiration takes place. Energy stored
available. Early compound microscopes were
in sugars is converted into usable energy for
less efficient than simple microscopes because
the cell.
as the light passed through the various lenses,
d) Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis,
it became scattered and the image of the
which uses solar energy to convert carbon
specimen tended to become blurred. In the
dioxide and water into sugar for the plant’s
1700s, achromatic lens technology was
use. In the light microscope, chloroplasts
developed.
appear as oval, green organelles. They are
– These improvements in lenses controlled the
found only in plants and some protists.
scatter of the light and increased the amount of
5. The associated organelles are:
detail that could be seen.
intake of nutrients – the cell membrane
Staining techniques.
exchange of gases – cell membrane
– These techniques resulted in improvement in
removal of wastes – lysosomes and cell membrane
contrast and therefore in detail of what can be
Note: The identification of the cell membrane as
seen.
being associated with each of the processes
Fluorescence microscopy
should bring students’ attention to the important
– This technique led to identification of cell
role the membrane plays in cell functioning.
surface molecules.
6. Trace elements are substances that are essential to
Confocal technology
the cell, but needed only in tiny amounts. Some
– This technology provides a three-dimensional
trace elements in the cell are magnesium, zinc,
view within cells. Along with GFP technology
manganese, and iron.
confocal technology allows scientists to
7. Student answers will vary. One possible answer
follow molecules in cells.
follows.
23. Student Research.
Three similarities in the chemical composition of
plant and animal cells are:
Student Book Page 273
Both contain DNA; both have a cell membrane;
both have an internal cytoskeleton made up of
C2.1 Check and Reflect proteins and lipids.
Three differences are:
1. A system is a unit or structure that has many parts Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose,
that work together for a particular goal. animal cells do not; plant cells contain
2. The cell is an open system because it exchanges chlorophyll for photosynthesis; plant cells store
energy and matter with its surrounding energy in the form of starch or oils, whereas
environment. animal cells store energy in glycogen, or lipids.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 5

8. Particles have spaces between them that are
Cell Structure Body Organ smallest in solids, except for ice, and greatest
Cell membrane Skin/lungs in gases. The spaces may be occupied by the
Nucleus Brain particles of another substance.
Vacuole No equivalent organ; fat storage 2. Diffusion occurs when particles move from an
tissues area of high concentration to an area of low
Lysosome Stomach/digestive system concentration until all areas are at the same
Endoplasmic reticulum Digestive system/circulatory concentration and equilibrium is reached.
system Diffusion does not require energy to be added to
Ribosomes No equivalent organ move the particles. In facilitated diffusion,
Golgi apparatus Digestive system proteins in the cell membrane allow molecules
Mitochondrion Muscles that are not lipid-soluble to pass across the lipid
Note: Students may need some help with this bilayer. Channel proteins create channels for the
question, but the activity is designed to check smaller molecules to move through. Carrier
their understanding of organelle function. Class proteins transport the larger molecules by
discussion may be useful. changing shape and physically moving the
9. Student answers will vary. They may point out the molecule across the membrane and into the cell.
negative effects of: cell membrane breakdown No added energy is required to move the
with the cell being swamped by substances it molecules, because they are still moving from an
doesn’t need; mitochondrial breakdown with no area of high concentration to an area of low
energy being produced; ribosome/rough concentration. Active transport uses carrier
endoplasmic reticulum breakdown with no protein proteins to move particles across the cell
being produced, etc. membrane from an area of low concentration to
10. Student answers will vary. Some points may be as an area of high concentration, which requires
follows. energy input.
Both plant and animal cells have cell membranes, 3. A concentration gradient exists when there is a
a nucleus and cytoplasm, mitochondria, difference in the concentration of a substance in
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles two areas. In cells it is usually the difference
or vesicles. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall between the concentrations of a solute on either
enclosing the contents of the cell and giving side of the membrane. Equilibrium occurs when
support, and chloroplasts to perform there is no net movement of particles. In the case
photosynthesis. Animal cells need support from of simple diffusion, equilibrium occurs when all
other structures and cannot make their own areas are at the same concentration, with particles
nutrients. Plant cells have a large central vacuole; still moving, but evenly distributed.
animal cells tend to have smaller vacuoles or 4. To keep the celery crisp, immerse the bottom of
vesicles. the stem in water. Water will be drawn into the
11. Student answers will vary. stem by osmosis, and the celery will not wilt.
12. Student answers will vary. 5. Passive transport moves particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
Student Book page 283 and does not require energy to be added. Active
transport moves particles from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration and
C2.2 Check and Reflect requires energy to be added.
6. Student diagrams will vary but should show the
1. The four points of the particle model of matter are similarity of the membrane re-forming in each
as follows: process and the difference in the direction of the
All matter is made of particles but the particles activities, with endocytosis bringing substances
in different substances may be different in size into the cell and exocytosis removing substances
and composition. from the cell.
The particles of matter are constantly moving 7. In Beaker A, the cell will shrink and the contents
or vibrating: particles move least in solids and of the cell will move away from the cell
most in gases. Adding or taking away energy membrane because more water will be moving
will affect the movement of particles. out of the cell than into the cell. In Beaker B, the
The particles of matter are attracted to one cell will swell because more water is moving into
another or are bonded together. the cell than out of the cell. If the process

6 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 continues for a time, the animal cell may rupture. difference, and so no tendency for the substance
In Beaker C, no visible change will occur, to leave the blood.
because water will be moving into and out of the 2. Student diagrams should be similar to Figure
cell at the same rate. The cell will be at C2.25. Liposomes are used in HIV and cancer
equilibrium. treatment to allow medication to stay in the blood
8. a) Brine solution or syrups would be hypertonic stream for a longer time, and in some cases to
to micro-organisms; water would leave the deliver medication directly to the diseased tissues.
micro-organism by the process of osmosis. In some cancers, liposomes are also used to inject
b) The effect of the solutions on the micro- DNA into tumour cells (gene therapy).
organisms would be that so much water would 3. a) Membranes purify water through reverse
leave the cell that the cell would dry out (and osmosis. Water is pumped through semi-
die). permeable membranes against the
9. Diffusion depends on the constant movement of concentration gradient. The membranes retain
particles and the energy involved in collisions other molecules and micro-organisms, but
between the particles. Larger particles may be allow the water to be forced through. The
expected to have amounts of energy associated larger a molecule is, or the more charge it has,
with them different from small particles, to the less likely it is to be passed through the
require more energy for movement, and to have membrane.
fewer collisions than small particles. All of these b) In peritoneal dialysis, toxins and wastes pass
factors would tend to make the rate of diffusion of across the peritoneal membrane into the
large particles slower than that of small particles. dialysate by diffusion, leaving the blood clean.
10. The cell tends to maintain equilibrium through the c) Gene therapy uses manufactured sacs of lipid
physical processes of osmosis and diffusion. membrane (liposomes) identical to human cell
Examples of an attempt to maintain equilibrium membranes to deliver medication to diseased
may vary. Students may mention examples like body tissues. The liposomes can attach to
the movement of carbon dioxide out of cells and infected cells because they have exactly the
oxygen into cells, or the movement of water out same composition as the cell membranes and
of cells placed in a hypertonic environment. can deliver DNA directly into infected cells.
11. Student answers will vary. Some possible topics 4. Student answers may vary, but should include
are the movement of sodium and potassium ions some of the following: peritoneal dialysis uses a
during a nerve impulse; the movement of products natural membrane; can be performed at home;
of digestion into cells of the small intestine; allows the patient to move around during the
sodium and/or chloride movement in the process; and cleaning takes place inside the
operation of the human kidney; movement of patient’s body. Hemodialysis uses a synthetic
water into the contractile vacuole in Paramecium. membrane; must be performed in a medical
12. Student answers and diagrams will vary. facility; does not allow patients to move around;
and requires blood to be removed from the
Student Book page 288 patient’s body for the cleaning process to take
place.
5. In osmosis, water moves from an area of high
C2.3 Check and Reflect concentration of water to an area of low
1. Dialysis is a way to remove wastes from the blood concentration of water, and the movement does
when a person’s kidneys are not functioning. It not require energy. In reverse osmosis, water
works on the principles of the particle model that moves from an area of low concentration of water
molecules are in continuous movement and will to an area of high concentration of water, and the
move along their concentration gradients, from a movement requires the force of pressure of a
higher concentration to a lower one. The particles pump.
will move through the cell membrane. Any 6. Insulin binds to the cell membrane of the target
substance that is in a high concentration in the cell and the binding stimulates a number of
blood and a low concentration in the dialysate will reactions including an increase in movement of
tend to move out of the blood. Wastes are glucose into the cell.
removed in this way. Any substance or ion that is 7. Student research.
essential must be kept in the blood; this is 8. Student answers will vary. They may include
achieved by having a concentration of the ideas such as: the lock and key scenario for
essential substance or ion in the dialysate high protection against a virus like HIV may not be
enough so that there is no concentration specific and may prevent needed substances

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 7

 getting into the cell; in cancer or HIV treatment, if Student Book page 293
the recognition proteins were not completely
specific to the cancer cells or the HIV-infected
cells, healthy cells might be killed as well (as C2.4 Check and Reflect
happens in common treatments of cancer today); 1. a) The surface area of an object is the area of
liposomes might target healthy cells as well as material in square measure needed to cover the
cancer cells and so delivery of medication as well surface of the object.
as gene therapy might not be able to be controlled. b) The volume of an object is the amount of
With kidney diseases there are problems of long- space in cubic measure that is occupied by, or
term use of dialysis that include keeping the contained in, the object.
balance of the fluids constant at the right level, c) The surface area to volume ratio is the ratio
and not losing or gaining water. between the amount of surface area of an
9. Student answers will vary. object or cell, and the volume contained
10. Student answers will vary. Encourage students to within the object or cell.
present ideas clearly and have a logical approach 2. The surface area to volume ratio decreases.
to connecting the different parts of the Web site in 3. The efficiency of the cell’s transport system is the
sequence. factor that limits the size of cells. It is related to
the amount of surface area available for transport
Student Book page 289
of substances.
4. As the cell grows larger, it will need more cell
Practice Problems membrane to survive, because more nutrients will
be needed for functioning inside the cell, and
more toxins will need to be removed. Many of the
Example Problem C2.1 processes involved rely on molecules in the cell
membrane.
1. a) Cube s = 3.5 cm; Surface area = 6s2;
5. Diffusion depends on the amount of cell
Volume = s3
membrane available for substances to pass
6s 2 6 6 through by the different mechanisms. Diffusion of
Surface to volume ratio = 3
= = = 1.7
s s 3.5 materials across the cell’s surface can occur more
b) Cube s = 5.5 cm rapidly in smaller cells, because the surface area
6 to volume ratio is larger, meaning there is
Surface to volume ratio = = 1.1 relatively more cell membrane available.
5.5
6. The function of any cell is a primary factor in
2. Rectangular prism l = 2.5 cm; w = 2.0 cm;
determining its size and shape.
h = 1.0 cm
7. Because both cells contain the same volume, the
Surface area = 2(lw + lh + wh) = 19 cm 2
more efficient cell would be the one that had the
Volume = lwh = 5.0 cm3
larger surface area. A calculation can be done
2(lw + lh + wh) 19 based on the radius of the sphere and the radius
Surface to volume ratio = = = 3.8
lwh 5.0 and height of the cylinder. Surface area of a
3. a) Sphere d = 4.3 cm sphere A=4πr2;
r = 2.15 cm – Surface area of a cylinder A=2πrh + 2πr2
Surface area = 4 πr2 8. For a perfect cube of side 4 cm:
Volume = 4/3 πr3 a) The surface area of the cube is 96 cm2.
Surface to volume ratio A = (4 cm)(4 cm)(6) = 96 cm2
4πr 2 3 3 b) The volume of the cube is 64 cm3.
= = = =1.4 v = (4 cm)(4 cm)(4 cm) = 64 cm3
4 / 3πr 3
r 2.15 c) Each rectangular prism is 4 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm
b) Sphere d = 8.6 cm The surface area of each is 64 cm2.
r = 4.3 cm A = 2[(4)(4) + (4)(2) +(2)(4)]= 64 cm2
3 3 d) The combined surface area is 128 cm2.
Surface to volume ratio = = = 0.70
r 4.3 e) The volume of each new piece is 32 cm3.
v = (4 cm)(4 cm)(2 cm) = 32 cm3.
The combined volume is 64 cm3.
f) Cutting the cube in half to make two identical
rectangular prisms increases the total surface
area from 96 cm2 to 128 cm2, but the total
8 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual
 volume remains the same. Therefore, the 8. Energy use determines whether transport is active
surface area to volume ratio increases (from or passive. If energy is used the transport is
1.5 to 2.0). active. If energy is not used the transport is
passive.
Student Book pages 294–295 9. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are similar in
that neither requires additional energy to be
added, but facilitated diffusion requires membrane
C2.0 Section Review proteins. Facilitated diffusion and active transport
are similar in that they both use proteins in the
Knowledge cell membrane to transport larger molecules into
the cell, but they are different in that active
1. The processes necessary for an organism to transport uses energy, and facilitated diffusion
survive are intake of nutrients, exchange of gases, does not.
and removal of wastes. 10. Student answers may vary. Some examples are: a
2. a) The cell membrane is a protective barrier that cell would use endocytosis in the case of an
allows transport into and out of the cell, amoeba taking in a large food particle and in the
communication with other cells, and case of a cell taking in a virus or bacterium; a cell
recognition of molecules. would use exocytosis in the case of secreting a
b) Mitochondria perform cellular respiration substance like insulin to the outside, or removing
(convert chemical energy from sugars into waste particles.
energy that the cell can use). 11. A hormone is a molecule secreted at one location,
c) Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, which binds with membrane receptors at another
converting carbon dioxide and water into location at a distance from the point of secretion.
sugars for the plant’s use. Insulin is an example of a hormone.
3. The four main types of organic compounds found 12. Recognition proteins are proteins embedded in the
in the cell are lipids like stored fat, carbohydrates cell membrane that allow cells to recognize one
like starch or glucose, proteins like insulin or another. Recognition proteins help cells of the
muscle fibre, and nucleic acids like DNA. human immune system to identify particular
4. Student diagrams will vary, but should resemble bacteria, and help sperm and egg cells recognize
Figure C2.12(b). each other and link together.
5. The four points of the particle theory of matter are 13. One drawback to using liposomes is that healthy
as follows: cells may also be susceptible to the medications or
• All matter is made of particles but the particles genes that the liposomes transport.
in different substances may be different in size 14. A model is a working representation of a concept,
and composition. object, or process, to help in the visualization of
• The particles of matter are constantly moving abstract concepts. Example: a globe as a model of
or vibrating: particles move least in solids and Earth.
most in gases. Adding or taking away energy 15. Surface area is the area of surface, in square units,
will affect the movement of particles. exposed to the environment. Volume is the
• The particles of matter are attracted to one measure in cubic units of the space occupied or
another or are bonded together. contained by an object. The ratio is the amount of
• Particles have spaces between them that are surface area per unit volume. For a cube:
smallest in solids, except for ice, and greatest surface area, A = 6s2; volume v = s3;
in gases. The spaces may be occupied by the surface area to volume ratio A/v = 6 s2/s3 = 6/s
particles of another substance. 16.
6. Semi-permeable means that certain substances Cell Length Width Height Surface Volume Surface
can pass through, and other substances cannot. # (cm) (cm) (cm) Area (v) Area to
2
7. Isotonic: a solution that has the same amount of (A) cm
cm
3 Volume
ratio
water and solutes when compared with another (A/v)
specific solution.
1 5 3 2 62 30 2.1
Hypotonic: a solution that has more water and less
2 12 5 1 154 60 2.6
solutes when compared with another specific
solution. 3 40 27 20 4840 21 600 0.22

Hypertonic: a solution that has less water and

more solutes when compared with another
specific solution.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 9

17. Cell #2 should have the fastest rate of diffusion Plant Both Animal
across the surface. It has the greatest surface to
volume ratio.
18. Student answers will vary, but could be similar to
nucleus
the following: When the packet of coffee (or cell membrane
popcorn) was opened in the class room, the smell cytoplasm
mitochondria
cell wall
of coffee (or popcorn) moved through the room chloroplasts
vacuole
endoplasmic many small
from the place where it was opened and where the one large vacuole reticulum
Golgi
vacuoles/vesicles
photosynthesis
coffee (or popcorn) smell was strong, to places apparatus
lysosome
where there was no smell of coffee (or popcorn), respiration
until the entire room smelled a little bit like coffee
(or popcorn) and no part smelled more like coffee
(or popcorn) than any other part.
19. A concentration gradient is the relationship
between two areas when one area has a higher
concentration of a substance than another. 25. A cell’s plasma membrane regulates what
20. a) Ions and water will cross the permeable substances enter or leave the cell. Diffusion of
membrane; there will be a net movement of small, lipid-soluble particles occurs; osmosis
ions from the solution of 12 g/L NaCl to the occurs when there are concentration differences
10 g/L NaCl solution and a net movement of across the membrane. Proteins in the membrane
water from the solution of 10 g/L NaCl to the may facilitate the movement of particles that
12 g/L NaCl solution until both solutions are cannot move by diffusion and move them
at approximately 11g/L NaCl. passively from high concentration to low
b) Student diagrams will vary. concentration. Other proteins may use energy to
21. Osmosis is the movement of water by diffusion move particles against their concentration
along its concentration gradient. gradients.
22. In reverse osmosis, water is moved from an area 26. The rate of diffusion is affected by size, charge on
of low concentration of water to an area of high the particle, concentration, and the distance the
concentration of water, and the movement particle has to travel. Each factor affects the
requires the force of pressure of a pump. Reverse movement of the particles and the likelihood of
osmosis requires added energy, while osmosis is a collisions, and so will affect how quickly the
passive process. particles move along the concentration gradient.
27. The basis of peritoneal dialysis is that diffusion
Applications will occur through the cell membrane along the
23. Student answers will vary. They should include concentration gradient and may be at different
all parts shown in Figure C2.10(b). Some rates for different substances. Student reports may
comparisons may include: the nucleus being like describe criteria for patient selection for each
city hall in a community; the lysosomes being like procedure.
garbage disposal; the mitochondria being like 28. The purpose of a hypothesis is to identify the
power companies; the endoplasmic reticulum question under investigation and to make a
being like roadways or canals, the ribosomes reasonable suggestion of an answer.
being like small factories; the Golgi apparatus 29. Grocery store owners spray vegetables with water
being like companies that market products; and so that water will not evaporate causing them to
the vacuoles being like storage warehouses. wilt. This is a bad idea for vegetables that cannot
24. Diagrams will vary. The overlap should include take in water and that are waxed or in plastic
presence of cell membrane, organelles, and most bags. If more water is given than can be absorbed
characteristics. The differences should be in the the vegetables begin to rot.
cell wall, chloroplasts, and ability to perform 30. Student answers will vary. One example is:
photosynthesis. recognition proteins could be used in cancer
treatment if they could be identified and attached
to medications so that the medication would have
an effect only on the cancer cells.
31. The advantage of having a large surface area is
that diffusion can occur more quickly.

10 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

32. In Situation (a) it might be expected that glucose 43. They would probably not survive because their
would penetrate the membrane, and enter the surface to volume ratio would be low. Insects
solution. This hypothesis could be tested by need diffusion of gases through their spiracles for
performing a test for glucose on water from gas exchange. It would be unlikely that they could
outside the tubing. In Situation (b) it might be obtain sufficient oxygen. Also, insects depend on
expected that the starch molecules would be too the hard outer skeleton for support, and the
large to penetrate the membrane. This hypothesis number of outer cells present would probably not
could be tested by performing the iodine test for be enough to support the large volume.
starch on water from outside the membrane.
33. a) It would be expected that the group with the Student Book page 302
fine salt would be able to dissolve the 10 g
more quickly than the group with the rock salt.
b) The fine salt will dissolve more quickly C3.1 Check and Reflect
because the surface area to volume ratio is 1. a) unicellular: consisting of one cell
larger in small particles than large ones, so b) multicellular: consisting of more than one cell
there will be more places for the dissolving c) tissue: a group of cells performing the same
process to go on. function
34. The students who have been given coarse rock d) organ: tissues involved in the same function at
salt could swirl the solution around the beaker to one location
speed up the rate of diffusion. They might also e) organ systems: a group of organs that work
crush the particles into smaller pieces or heat the together to perform a specific function
mixture to increase movement of particles. f) meristem: in plants, the areas of maximum cell
division; different meristems act as growth
Extensions centres for different parts of the plant
35. High salt in the blood will result in the loss of 2. There are two main organ systems in plants, the
water from the body cells by osmosis. root system and the shoot system. The shoot
The crew will probably die because the system in plants consists of everything above
concentration of salt in the water is high enough ground, leaves, stem, flowers, and fruits and also
to upset the body’s sodium-potassium balance. modified stems such as tubers. It is primarily
36. The lipid part of the membrane allows lipid- responsible for gas exchange of carbon dioxide
soluble substances and very small particles to and oxygen and for photosynthesis. The root
enter easily. The channel proteins function to system is everything that is below ground, and
form channels for small non-lipid-soluble aerial roots in some species. It is responsible for
substances to enter and receptor proteins may the uptake of water and mineral salts from the soil
facilitate movement of larger molecules by and for storage of some products. Student
passive or active means. The ability of the diagrams will vary but should resemble
phospholipid bilayer to re-form in different ways Figure C3.3.
makes endo- and exocytosis possible. 3. Students’ charts may vary but should show the
37. Student models will vary. Possible examples to following: The advantage of being multicellular is
start students off are the clothespins and gummy that different groups of specialized cells can
candies model or the gelatin plus puzzle pieces perform different functions for the benefit of the
model described in this resource in the teaching whole. This allows the organism to increase in
suggestions at the beginning of the section. size. The disadvantage is that cells cannot survive
38. Student answers will vary but could be similar to alone because they have to rely on other cells to
the following: Proteins in the cell membrane act perform certain tasks.
like a person standing in front of the sensor for an 4. Student examples may vary but may include the
automatic “Out” door at a grocery store. Without following:
exerting any energy, the person allows other Root hairs absorb water from the soil; epidermal
people to enter the store. If the person were not cells of the shoot system produce a waxy coating
there to keep the door open, the other people to protect the cells from water loss; lower
would not be able to enter through that door. epidermal surfaces of leaves develop guard cells
39. Student answers will vary. to control gas exchange; and cells that are part of
40. Student research. the xylem are able to conduct water to adjacent
41. Student research. cells.
42. Student answers will vary.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 11

5. Plant stems and leaves have a layer of cuticle to 8. Plants are key elements in the carbon cycle and
reduce the amount of water that is lost by can be used to produce valuable oils, waxes, bio-
evaporation. There is usually more water in the fuels, fibres, and polymers. Students explored
plant than in the surrounding environment. Plant these varied uses in grade 7 “Plants for Food and
roots do not need to be covered by cuticle because Fibre.” Some of these substances can be produced
there is usually more water in the soil than in the and used with less environmental impact, such as
plant, so water will not be lost through the roots; reduced greenhouses gases, and/or less damage to
in fact water is taken into the plant through the air, soil, and water, and can be cleaned using
root epidermis. biological means. The inference is that the new
6. Students’ diagrams may vary, but should show processes may contribute to addressing the
the three tissues types preferably in both root and concerns regarding climate change and
shoot systems. Their description should include environmental degradation. This discussion can
the following points: There are three basic tissues be used as foreshadowing for Unit D.
in plants, dermal tissue, ground tissue, and
vascular tissue. Dermal tissue is the outer layer of Student Book page 308
cells. It is responsible for gas exchange and
provides protection of other layers through the
presence of the cuticle. Ground tissue provides C3.2 Check and Reflect
strength and support in the stem, stores food and 1. Plants convert carbon dioxide and water into
water in the roots, and is the site of glucose and oxygen when chloroplasts absorb
photosynthesis in the leaves. Ground tissue cells light energy.
are loosely packed together and the spaces allow The word equation for photosynthesis is:
gases to diffuse rapidly within the tissue. Vascular l +light
tissue is responsible for the transport of materials water + carbon dioxide chlorophyl
 
→ glucose +
throughout the plant. Xylem tissue moves water oxygen
and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem The balanced chemical equation for
to the leaves. Phloem tissue transports sucrose photosynthesis is:
l +light
and other sugars from the leaves to the rest of the 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g) chlorophyl
 
→ C6H12O6(aq) +
plant. Phloem is composed of sieve tube cells and 6O2(g)
companion cells. 2. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy that is
7. a) By understanding plant structure as well as the necessary for photosynthesis to occur.
ways plants develop and function, scientists 3. In sunlight, the plant carries out both
will be able to develop environmentally sound photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In the
and sustainable agricultural practices. dark, photosynthesis stops, but cellular respiration
Research will be needed to find ways to continues.
understand and use the physical characteristics 4. Students may suggest ideas such as that knowing
of plants to improve resistance to pests and the size helps scientists to understand the function
adverse environmental conditions such as frost of the cell or organelle and its relationship with
and drought. The nutritional value of crops other cells or organelles.
may need to be enhanced, for example through 5. Students will agree with this statement because
fertilizers, because the reduced land available the chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and
for agriculture will become overused. This produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
discussion may lead to a debate on the value according to the following equation:
of genetically modified food as it relates to 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g) chlorophyl
 l +light
→ C6H12O6(aq) +
research and understanding of plant structure. 6O2(g)
b) Deeper understanding of plant structure and while the mitochondria are the sites of cellular
function allows scientists to develop better respiration and break down glucose to carbon
practices for maintaining and enhancing dioxide and water, according to the following
biological diversity. Understanding this equation:
diversity could also lead to increased C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) +
productivity through the choice of optimal energy
varieties of species. The best way to solve 6. a) cotton shirt __1__ cotton plant
existing and emerging problems and b) ham __1__ pig ___2___plants as pig food
challenges is through knowledge of how and cheese___1___cows___2___plants as cow
why things work as they do. food
bread___1___ grain, plant material

12 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 c) coal___1___prehistoric plants became 3. Stomata regulate the amount of water that is lost
compressed by the plant into the surrounding environment.
d) Students should be able to defend their own They also allow for gas exchange.
answers. 4. Over time, a hot dry climate and/or a lack of
7. a) Students may suggest that if more carbon carbon dioxide in the air could affect the number
dioxide were available, photosynthesis would of stomata. This would be a response to provide
continue at a faster rate or for a longer time. carbon dioxide and reduce water loss. Note:
The situation is complex, depending on time Thinking about this question in some detail may
and light intensity as well as carbon dioxide help students to be prepared for the Unit C
concentration. project: The Impact of Environmental Factors on
b) Students may suggest that the rate of Plant Function.
photosynthesis would increase with the light 5. Palisade cells are tightly compacted to increase
intensity because there would be more light the number of cells exposed to the Sun’s rays and
energy available for the process. This is true so that the sugars that are produced within them
for low light intensities, but at higher light can be transported across the cell membrane.
intensities the situation is more complex and Spongy mesophyll cells are more loosely
depends on temperature and carbon dioxide organized because their primary function is gas
concentration. exchange throughout the leaf; space allows gas to
8. Student answers may vary. One possible diffuse.
explanation is: The warmer temperature within 6. Heat and dryness would cause stomata to close.
the greenhouse will cause more water to The closure of the stomata in both cases would
evaporate through the leaves, which will keep avoid excess evaporation of water from the
water and nutrients flowing up through the plant leaves.
at a faster rate. Students may not have been 7. When the palisade cells are directly below the
introduced to the concept of Q10, the doubling in epidermis there is maximum exposure of the cells
rate of reactions for every 10-degree rise in to light energy from the Sun. This means
temperature. maximum possible photosynthesis.
9. The chloroplasts drift through the cell with the 8. Student answers will vary but should include a
movement of cytoplasmic streaming. Students’ reference to the evaporation caused by direct
models will vary. sunlight on the leaf’s upper surface.
9. Student paragraphs will vary but should include a
Student Book page 314 statement that lenticels operate in a similar way to
stomata, allowing for gas exchange, but that they
do not have a control mechanism like the guard
C3.3 Check and Reflect cells to moderate the gas exchange.
1. Student diagrams will vary, but should resemble 10. Greenhouse plants may have more trouble
Figure C3.15. surviving in a natural environment because they
2. a) The epidermis allows exchange of gases with are used to higher temperatures and therefore
the environment and protects the inner cells of more rapid chemical reactions. They are also used
the leaf. It produces cuticle that prevents water to controlled humidity, which is not the case in
loss. nature.
b) Guard cells swell and shrink in response to 11. Student models will vary.
sunlight and other conditions and regulate size 12. a) Stomatal density, being less in needles of
of the stomata in a leaf. coniferous trees than in deciduous trees,
c) Palisade tissue cells contain many chloroplasts allows the conifers to minimize water loss in
and are responsible for photosynthesis. the drier atmospheres at high elevations. The
d) Spongy mesophyll conducts gas exchange by structure of the needles, with the stomata
diffusion throughout the leaf, moving oxygen recessed and the epidermis covered with a
towards the stomata, and carbon dioxide thick cuticle, also minimizes water loss.
toward the palisade cells. b) Student answers will vary. One possibility for
e) Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved a long-term experiment would be to grow two
salts from the roots to the leaf. sets of the same plants under controlled
f) Phloem tissue transports the sugar conditions. The only difference in the plant’s
manufactured in photosynthesis to the rest of environment would be the concentration of
the plant. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the plant.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 13

 The effect on stomatal density could then be leads to root pressure, which forces water through
investigated. the cells or along cell walls into the xylem. Once
c) Student answers will vary. the water is in the xylem, it moves upward
i) One possibility is as follows: If stomatal through the rest of the plant because of
density in fossil trees is different from the transpiration pull. Transpiration pull is caused by
stomatal density found in similar types of each water molecule’s attraction to the water
modern trees, a level of CO2 different molecule next to it, so that as water evaporates
from the level present today, or a more or through the stomata in the leaves, the water
less humid environment, might be molecules are drawn up the xylem. The processes
inferred. occur more rapidly if the temperature is warmer.
ii) The research of paleobotanists might be 8. Sugars from photosynthesis are transported from
used to associate certain growth the leaves to other parts of the plant through the
conditions like stomatal density with phloem. At the source (i.e., the leaves)
conditions of the atmosphere that are companion cells take in sugar molecules by active
known from measures made by other transport. Water then moves into the cells by
scientists. osmosis. The pressure of the water pushes the
Note: The issues addressed in this question water and sugars through the phloem to the other
provide foreshadowing for Unit D. parts of the plant (root, tuber, fruit, etc.).
9. Student concept maps will vary.
Student Book page 322
Student Book page 328

C3.4 Check and Reflect

1. The properties of adhesion and cohesion aid in
C3.5 Check and Reflect
water transport in plants. 1. Tropisms are responses of a plant to stimuli and
2. When a plant cell is placed in a solution that is are important control mechanisms to ensure
hypertonic to the cell contents, the vacuole survival of the plant. Tropisms are ways for the
shrinks and the contents of the cell move away plant to meet its needs.
from the cell wall as water moves down the 2. Positive phototropism means that the plant reacts
concentration gradient and out of the cell. In a toward the direction of the stimulus of the Sun
hypotonic solution, the vacuole will increase in and so the shoot grows toward light. Negative
size and there will be pressure against the cell gravitropism means that the plant reacts in the
wall, until the cell is turgid, because water moves opposite direction to the stimulus of gravity. This
into the cell from the surrounding solution. also results in the shoot growing up away from
3. Plants that have access to the air use stomata to the ground.
control the amount of water that is lost. Stomata 3. Phototropism ensures that the plant receives
close in response to external conditions and water enough light to perform photosynthesis.
loss is reduced. Stomata are located mainly on the Gravitropism ensures that the roots of the plant
lower surface of the leaf away from the direct rays can find soil, nutrients, and water.
of the Sun. 4. Charles and Francis Darwin found that seedlings
4. The two types of vascular tissues are the xylem with the tips covered did not respond to light, but
and the phloem. The xylem transports water and seedlings with the tips uncovered, but with all
minerals from the root to the leaf. The phloem other parts covered, did respond to light. They
transports sugars from the leaf to other parts of concluded that the tip of the stem was the area
the plant. responsible for the detection of the light stimulus,
5. Turgidity keeps the stems straight and the leaves but was not the place where the bending response
exposed to the maximum amount of light, which was carried out. They inferred that the cells of the
allows photosynthesis to occur. tip were somehow communicating with the area
6. Only certain of the cells were stained because of bending. These observations led to further
they were the cells in which water with dye was studies on movement of substances in plants.
left for long enough for the dye to deposit. These 5. The work of Boysen-Jensen is an example of
are cells of the xylem. scientific inquiry because he used manipulated
7. To move water from the roots to the leaves, the and responding variables to test effects on plants.
root hairs absorb minerals from the soil by active His manipulated variable was the possibility for
transport and water enters by osmosis because of movement from the tip to the area of elongation;
the high concentration of solutes in the roots. This his responding variable was the bending of the
14 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual
 plant towards the light. He had a control in the Tissues in the shoot system are designed to
normally growing plants and another in the plants conduct photosynthesis, and transport the
in which the tip was completely removed. products throughout the plant. Tissues in the root
6. Tropisms are the plant’s control mechanisms system are designed to absorb water and nutrients
because the way in which plants respond to from the soil and in some cases to store
various stimuli determines the way in which the substances.
plants develop. 4. a) Dermal tissue is the outer layer of cells
7. It was important to ensure that the Petri dish was responsible for the exchange of oxygen and
not exposed to light in order to make sure that the carbon dioxide in plants. This layer also helps
effect on the growth of the seedlings was due to reduce the amount of water lost by the
entirely to the effect of gravitropism. plant, and protects it from disease.
8. Student answers will vary, but could include the b) Ground tissue makes up the majority of the
use of various synthetic hormones to speed up and plant and is found as a layer beneath the
synchronize the ripening of tomatoes, cherries, dermal tissue. In the stem it provides strength
and other fruits, to slow the growth of and support to the plant, in the roots it is
commercially produced potted plants, and to involved in food and water storage, and in the
discourage growth of weeds among crops. leaves it is the location where photosynthesis
9. Students’ lists will vary but should be logically takes place.
arranged with regard to long day, short day, and c) Vascular tissues transport materials through
day neutral plants. These terms have not been the plant.
included in the text, so students are not required to d) Xylem tissue moves water and dissolved
use them but should suggest similar categories. minerals from the roots up the stem to the
10. Student responses will vary but should include a leaves.
logical sequence of data collection, including lists e) Phloem tissue transports sugars from the
of species selected for study, bloom dates, and leaves to other parts of the plant.
temperature. 5. The cuticle serves to reduce water loss from the
plant and also to protect it against infection.
Student Book page 330 6. Cells in the meristems are much more active in
cell division than cells in other areas of the plant.
They are also less specialized.
C3.0 Section Review 7. Chloroplasts are almost spherical organelles in
plant cells. They are green in colour because of
Knowledge the presence of chlorophyll. They are found
mainly in the ground tissue of stems and leaves.
1. The benefits of being multicellular are that The function of chloroplasts is to carry out
different functions can be performed by photosynthesis, by converting carbon dioxide and
specialized groups of cells. Each cell is not water in the presence of chlorophyll and light
responsible for carrying out all the life processes. energy to glucose and oxygen.
This allows organisms to grow to an increased 8. The word equation for photosynthesis is
size. water + carbon dioxide chlorophyl l +light

→ glucose
2. Individual cells take on a particular job within an + oxygen
organism. A red blood cell, which is specially The balanced chemical equation is
designed to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide chlorophyll +light
through the body, is a good example. Tissues are 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)     → C6H12O6(aq)
made up of a group of cells all specialized to +6O2(g)
perform the same function. An example of a 9. Movement of chloroplasts within the cell gives us
tissue is connective tissue, which is designed to evidence of cytoplasmic streaming. It is indirect
provide structural support to vessels, nerves, and evidence because we are not observing the
other body parts. An organ is a group of tissues streaming itself, but rather its effects on other cell
that work together for the same function. The components.
heart, which functions to pump blood throughout 10. Another sequence of reactions that produces a gas
the body, is an example of an organ. in cells is called cellular respiration.
3. The two main plant systems are the shoot system 11. Student diagrams will vary but should resemble
and the root system. Generally speaking, the shoot Figure C3.15.
system is made up of everything above ground,
and the root system of everything below ground.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 15

12. Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of 21. The major force for the movement of water from
water. Adhesion is the attraction between roots to leaves is transpiration pull. As water
molecules of water and molecules of some other molecules evaporate through the stomata in
substance. The two forces of attraction work to transpiration, a pressure difference exists between
draw water up through the plant stem as water water at the leaf and water at the root. The
evaporates from the leaves. cohesion between the evaporating molecule and
13. Plants can be divided into those which require adjacent molecules of water causes a pull on the
more than 12 hours of darkness to flower molecules in the xylem tubes in response to the
(chrysanthemums, pointsettias, Christmas cactus), pressure difference. This causes the water to rise
those which require more than 12 hours of through the plant. This is transpiration pull.
daylight to flower (coneflowers, lettuce, spinach, Adhesion of the water molecules to molecules of
potatoes), and those for which flowering is other substances on the way up the xylem also
unaffected by length of daylight (tomatoes, helps the water to rise.
strawberries, corn). 22. If a strong light were placed below the shoot, the
14. During the formation of the xylem, the cells fuse shoot would begin to bend downwards towards
together and end walls become perforated. The the light because of positive phototropism.
cytoplasm then breaks down and the cells die 23. Water movement is stimulated by transpiration
leaving the non-living cell walls attached like a pull and by the use of water in photosynthesis.
long straw. The rate of transpiration depends in great part on
15. Sieve tube cells transport sugars through the plant temperature and humidity. In most cases,
from the source where they are produced to the temperature drops at night, so transpiration
sink where they are stored. Companion cells use decreases and the need for water movement also
active transport to move sugars into and out of the decreases. Photosynthesis does not take place at
sieve tube cells. They also supply other needs of night, so this stimulus to water movement is also
the sieve tube cells. absent. For these reasons, although there may still
be root pressure forcing water upward, you would
Applications not expect significant water movement at night.
24. Sugars from photosynthesis are transported from
16. Animals are not able to manufacture their own
the leaves to other parts of the plant through the
food because they lack chloroplasts, which plants
phloem. At the source (leaves), companion cells
use to convert solar energy into useable chemical
take in sugar molecules by active transport. Water
energy.
then moves into the cells by osmosis. In turn,
17. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
these substances move into the sieve tube cells.
opposite processes. In photosynthesis, the plant
The pressure of the water pushes the water and
uses water and carbon dioxide in the presence of
sugars through the phloem to the other parts of the
light energy and chlorophyll to produce glucose
plant (root, tuber, fruit, etc.): that is, from source
and oxygen. In cellular respiration, the plant takes
to sink.
glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
25. The epidermis regulates gas exchange through the
and water and release energy.
opening and closing of the stomata, because the
18. If a human red blood cell were placed in a
remainder of the epidermis is covered by cuticle,
hypotonic solution, water from the solution would
which prevents water loss. The epidermis also
enter the cell by osmosis. Because animal cells
regulates water movement through the opening
lack a cell wall to hold in the contents, the cell
and closing of the stomata. The two processes are
would continue to increase in size until it
opposed because for increased gas transport the
exploded through rupture of the membrane.
stomata should be open, but this means increased
19. Student diagrams will vary, but should show the
water loss.
opening of the stomata as turgor pressure in the
guard cells increases, causing the cell to become
Extensions
crescent-shaped, and the closing of the stomata
due to the flattening of the limp cells when turgor 26. Student experimental designs will vary, but
pressure decreases. should use principles of scientific investigation,
20. The air spaces between the mesophyll allow gas and the use of controlled, manipulated, and
exchange to occur more easily, because diffusion responding variables.
occurs more rapidly in a gas than in a liquid. 27. Student answers will vary.

16 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 Student Book pages 334–337 6. a) Brown was the first scientist who in observing
the nucleus (in orchid cells) suggested that it
must have some importance in cell function.
Unit C Review b) Schleiden observed that all plants were
composed of cells and proposed that the
nucleus was the structure responsible for the
Vocabulary
development of the rest of the cell.
1. The vocabulary items should be defined in a c) Schwann identified both cells and nuclei in
similar way to the definition of terms in the animal tissue.
glossary. d) Virchow made the statement that all cells arise
only from pre-existing cells.
Knowledge 7. Resolving power is the ability to distinguish
between two structures that are very close
together. The wavelength of light limits the
C1.0
resolving power of light microscopes.
2. Hooke’s microscope used a three-lens system; 8. The advantage of using an electron microscope is
that is, it was a compound microscope, whereas that the resolution of the system is many times
van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope used only one greater than that of a light microscope, so the
hand-held lens. Hooke used light directed onto the detail that can be seen in images is much greater.
specimen through a water-filled glass. Van Surface structures can be examined.
Leeuwenhoek used only bright daylight. Disadvantages are that specimens must be fixed in
3. Blurry images seen through early compound light the TEM, and therefore living specimens cannot
microscopes were associated with problems in be examined and also that building up a three-
lens technology. These problem were overcome dimensional picture from thin sections is difficult
by using achromatic lenses to control the halo of because the area covered by each image is very
light around the specimen, and the amount of small.
detail seen. 9. The advantages of conducting cell research at the
4. Francesco Redi’s investigation was a controlled molecular level are that new information and
experiment in the sense that he manipulated one understanding are gained about the way that
variable (the access of flies to the meat) in order molecules function in cells. This increases our
to see the response in another variable understanding of the cell as a whole and may
(development of maggots in the meat) and he held allow applications to medicine and other subjects.
all other variables, such as the type and amount of For example, research into the structure and
meat and the type of container, constant. function of DNA has led to an understanding of
5. Redi observed the development of maggots in the function of genes and therefore to gene
covered and uncovered meat in an attempt to therapy and fetal diagnosis.
disprove the theory. John Needham heated 10. One advantage of staining a specimen is that it
chicken broth in a flask, and then observed the allows us to see the structures of the specimen
development of micro-organisms. It was accepted more clearly. One disadvantage is that stains “fix”
that heating the liquid would have killed any the cells, so they are no longer alive.
micro-organisms present in the broth, so it 11. Fluorescence microscopy allows us to observe the
appeared that spontaneous generation was location of specific structures in the cell and may
supported. Spallanzani repeated Needham’s allow study of differences in protein structure
experiment, but removed the air from the flask, between healthy and diseased tissues.
and nothing grew in the broth. Pasteur finally 12. The micrometre is the unit of measurement most
ended the debate with his experiment, in which he commonly used to measure the cell and its parts.
placed meat broth into flasks and heated them to 1 µm = 10-6 m
boiling point. One flask was left open to the air
completely. The neck of the other was bent into C2.0
an S shape, which would allow air to pass into the
13. An open system is a system that can exchange
flask, but would trap air-borne particles in the S
energy and matter with its surrounding
bend. In this way he showed that the air-borne
environment. A cell is considered to be an open
particles were necessary for the growth of the
system because it takes in nutrients and energy
mould.
and puts out waste products, as well as
exchanging gases with its environment.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 17

14. a) The nucleus directs all cell activities and forms around a particle and pinches off from the
contains the genetic material of the cell. cell membrane, to encompass the particle within
b) The central vacuole is a structure in plant cells the cell. In exocytosis the vesicle surrounds the
that stores water and nutrients for the cell’s particle, moves to the cell membrane and fuses
use. The vacuole swells when fluids enter, and with it. At that point, the vesicle ruptures and
causes the cell to become firm or rigid. This releases its contents into the surrounding
condition is called turgidity. environment.
c) The cell wall is a structure found in plants, 23. Liposomes can transport water-soluble
bacteria, protists, and fungi. It provides medications in the water trapped on the inside of
strength and support to the cell. the sac and fat-soluble medications in the
15. The rate of diffusion decreases as the ratio of phospholipid membrane.
surface area to volume decreases. 24. To desalinate water at the McMurdo Research
16. The cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, Station, the water is first warmed slightly, then it
and chloroplasts are visible through a light is pumped through a 25 µm filter to eliminate
microscope. coarse materials. The water is then filtered
17. Diffusion is the natural movement of particles through smaller and smaller semi-permeable
from an area of high concentration to an area of membranes using reverse osmosis. As the water is
low concentration, with the end result being a forced through the filters, more and more particles
state of equilibrium. Osmosis is the term used to are filtered out, and the solute concentration in the
describe the diffusion of water. unfiltered volume builds up, meaning that more
18. Cells must be able to take in nutrients, grow, energy is required to push the water through the
respond to stimuli, exchange gases, and remove filter.
wastes. 25. Student answers will depend on the size of the
19. The particle model is useful in understanding the published text. The book “cell” would be efficient
movement of matter because knowledge of in the transport of materials because it has a large
concentration gradients and membranes within the surface area to volume ratio.
body can be used to understand how substances
are transported around the body. C3.0
20. The term concentration gradient refers to a
difference in the proportions of solute and solvent 26. a) Meristem: an area in the plant in which growth
in two different areas. A concentration gradient occurs, due to a high rate of mitosis (cell
may exist across a membrane. If the membrane is division).
permeable, both the solute and the solvent will b) Shoot system: all those parts of the plant that
diffuse across the membrane until the solution on are above the level of the ground and also any
either side of the membrane is at the same modified stems like tubers.
concentration. If the membrane is semi- 27. Some examples of cell specialization are root
permeable, and permits only the passage of water, cells with root hairs, epidermal tissues with
only water molecules will be able to cross the cuticle and guard cells, and the long hollow tubes
membrane, by osmosis, to bring the two solutions formed by the dead cells of the xylem. Root hairs
to equilibrium. increase the surface area for absorption of water
21. In Activity C8, starch was placed inside a sac and therefore the amount of water that can be
made of a zipper lock bag, which was then placed taken in by the root cell. The cuticle and guard
in a beaker of water containing iodine tincture. cells within the epidermal layer act to reduce the
Students tested the colour of iodine in water and amount of water lost by the plant. Xylem tubes
iodine in starch solution. After 20–30 minutes, conduct water through the plant.
students observed a colour change in the starch 28. The three main types of plant tissues are dermal
solution inside the bag, but no colour change in tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal
the water surrounding the bag. They also observed tissue is responsible for the exchange of matter
an increase in the “tightness” of the bag due to the and gases with the environment. Depending on its
entry of water by osmosis. They can infer that location within the plant, ground tissue provides
iodine ions passed through the membrane but strength and support, stores food and water, and
starch did not. They may explain this by the performs photosynthesis. Vascular tissues move
difference in size of the two particles. materials through the plant; xylem moves water
22. A vesicle is a sac formed from a section of the and dissolved minerals, phloem moves sugars and
cell membrane that pinches off to surround and water.
contain a large particle. In endocytosis, a vesicle

18 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

29. Light and chlorophyll are not considered reactants Applications
or products because they are not produced or used
38. Conducting controlled experiments, maintaining
up during the chemical reaction.
30. Turgor pressure is the pressure applied by water detailed records of observations, and connecting
against the cell wall in plants, when water enters results to conclusions are important because they
allow the experiment to be tested and recreated by
the cell due to concentration differences. It is
other experimenters. Student answers will vary.
important to the plant cells because it gives
Example of a controlled experiment: Activity
rigidity to the plant as a whole and helps to keep
C13. In the comparison of effects of light and
the leaves spread out for exposure to light energy
from the Sun. dark on the evidence of carbon dioxide
31. Transpiration is the process of water leaving the production, the vial size, length of Elodea frond,
and other conditions of the experiment were kept
leaf through stomata. Transpiration has the effect
the same for the dark treatment and the light
of drawing water upwards through the plant from
treatment. Observations of the colour of the
the roots, due to the cohesion between water
molecules. solution in the vials were made at the same time
32. A vascular bundle is made up of grouped xylem and in the same way. Control vials of water in
both light and dark treatments were part of the
and phloem tissues. Xylem transports water and
experiment. Conclusions were drawn from the
salts; phloem transports sugars.
results and future experiments were suggested.
33. Root pressure works to move water up a plant
stem through a combination of active transport 39. 16 protists fit across 4800 µm.
and diffusion. Minerals are transported actively Therefore the dimensions of one protist are:
into the root cells. Because the concentration in 4800 µm
1 protist = = 300 µm
the cells becomes higher, water then diffuses into 16
the root cells, creating a positive pressure that 40. Student examples will vary. A possible answer is
forces fluid up the xylem. as follows:
34. Xylem and phloem are the same in that they are The development of the light microscope led to
the pathways for transportation within the plants the initial discovery of cells, as well as structures
and both the xylem tubes and the sieve cell tubes within the cell, like the nucleus, cell membrane,
of the phloem result from development involving and chloroplasts. Fluorescence microscopy has
many cells. They are different in that the cells of allowed the study of antigens on the surface of
the xylem tubes are dead by the time they are cells. Antigens on blood cells determine human
mature while the sieve tube cells of the phloem blood groups. Electron microscopy allows thin
are still living. Also, xylem carries water and salts sections of tissue to be studied in much greater
from the roots to the other parts of the plant. detail than is possible in other forms of
Phloem carries sugars from the leaves (source) to microscopy. This study revealed details of known
the sink (other parts of the plants). structures like the Golgi apparatus and structures
35. Xylem is composed of dead cells. As cylindrical that had never been seen before, like the two
xylem cells mature, they fuse together and the layers making up the cell membrane.
walls at each end become perforated. The contents 41. The processes of diffusion and osmosis in the cell
of the cytoplasm break down and the cells die, take place according to the principles of the
leaving the non-living cell walls attached together particle model. The higher the concentration of a
like a straw. Although phloem cells also have substance, the more particles will be present and
perforated end walls, and lack a nucleus, the faster they will move through the cell or the
cytoplasmic streaming between cells ensures that cell membrane, providing the membrane is
the cells remain alive. permeable to the substance.
36. A tropism is a plant’s response to a stimulus. If the membrane is not permeable to a substance,
Phototropism is growth movement in response to the proteins present in the membrane, according
light. Gravitropism is growth movement in to the fluid mosaic model, may move the
response to gravity. substance by facilitated diffusion or by active
37. One method to determine the presence of carbon transport. Substances that cannot be moved by
dioxide in water is to add bromothymol blue, any of the above methods may be enclosed in a
which changes colour from blue to green to portion of cell membrane called a vesicle. The
yellow with increasing concentration of carbon vesicle forms due to rearrangement of the
dioxide in water. components of the fluid phospholipid part of the
membrane.

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 19

42. Student diagrams will vary, but should show an of cells exposed to sunlight, the more
area with higher concentration and an area with photosynthesis can be performed in the leaf.
lower concentration of solutes and an arrow to 50. The experiment that we performed tested the
indicate the movement of water. effect of gravitropism and phototropism on oat
43. The strawberries will be covered with juice and corn seed germination. In the first part of the
because the sugar on the outside of the fruit will experiment, seeds were placed in Petri dishes at
cause water to move out of surface cells by 12, 3, 6, and 9 o’clock positions, covered with
osmosis. with wet paper towel, and kept in place with
44. Facilitated diffusion occurs when carrier proteins cotton batting. The Petri dish was attached to the
allow particles that are too large to pass the cell inside of a cupboard door that was in the dark and
membrane on their own to move along the the seeds were allowed to germinate. The roots of
concentration gradient from areas of high all the seeds grew towards the floor of the
concentration to areas of low concentration. An cupboard, even in the dark. This showed that it is
example of facilitated diffusion is movement of a reaction to gravity (positive gravitropism),
glucose. rather than to light (negative phototropism) that
45. The climate in the desert is very dry, which can causes roots to grow downwards. In the second
easily lead to dehydration, so desert plants need to part of the experiment, oat seeds were allowed to
conserve water as much as they can. For this germinate in a tray that was lit only from one side.
reason, it is preferable for cacti to have large thick One third of the seedlings were then transplanted
stems, and few or no leaves so that the surface more deeply, so that only their tips were exposed
area to volume ratio is small and less water is lost to the light, one third of the seedlings had just
through evaporation. In the rain forest, the climate their tips covered, and the final third were left
is very humid, so evaporation of water from the unaltered. All three trays of seedlings were placed
leaves occurs more slowly. Rain forest plants back in their initial position relative to the light
need to have many large flat leaves so that the source. Where the seedlings were planted more
surface area to volume ratio is high and deeply, they still bent towards the light. Where the
evaporation can keep water moving through the tips of the seedlings were covered, they did not
plant efficiently. bend towards the light. The unaltered (control)
46. Nerve cells are long and slender, which helps group of seedlings bent towards the light. This
them to transport impulses over a distance. Blood experiment seemed to show that the tip of the
cells are “donut” shaped in a biconcave disc, to seedling is the part that controls the growth
provide the greatest possible surface area in towards light (positive phototropism) in plants.
relation to the volume, in order to provide more 51. During plasmolysis in plant cells, water leaves the
efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. cell through osmosis, and the central vacuole
Root hair cells increase the surface area for shrinks. The cell membrane around the cytoplasm
absorption of water, so that the amount of water also shrinks away from the cell wall. The cell wall
that is able to enter the root by osmosis is is rigid, so the shape of the cell is maintained, but
maximized. it loses some of its firmness. The plant wilts
47. Cytoplasmic streaming allows the products of because of this loss of firmness. This process can
photosynthesis to move more quickly throughout be reversed by watering the plant, so that the root
the cell because the cytoplasm carries with it the hairs in the root cells absorb water, which is then
chloroplasts that perform the process. transferred to the rest of the plant and the cells
48. Plants can maintain firm cells due to the cell become turgid again.
structure called the cell wall, which exists in 52. The pressure-flow theory describes the movement
plants but not in animal cells. When water rushes of sugar molecules through the phloem from the
into the cell, pressure is exerted against the cell sites of photosynthesis. Carrier proteins in the
wall, which makes the plant stand up firmly. It is companion cells use active transport to move
the ground tissue in the stems that maintains that sugars into the sieve tube cells. Water follows by
firmness. osmosis, and also enters the sieve tube cells. As
49. The advantage to having the palisade mesophyll the pressure increases in the cells, the water and
cells arranged in a fence-like pattern is that they the sugars get pushed along through the phloem to
are packed tightly together and a greater number a sink (root, tuber, fruit, etc.). The pressure
of cells are exposed to the Sun. The palisade differences drive the movement of substances
mesophyll cells contain the bulk of the through the phloem.
chloroplasts in the leaf, so the greater the number

20 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

53. Agree. The two gas exchange functions in plants water to be taken in through the root hairs on
are photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In roots. Water loss in air is another problem that
cellular respiration, plants use glucose and oxygen aquatic plants do not have. Land plants must
and produce carbon dioxide, just like animals do, develop a system of stomata to control access to
but at much lower levels than in animals. At air and to control water loss. In some places,
night, plants cannot continue with photosynthesis, temperature may be a problem for all cellular
and so they conduct only cellular respiration. In reactions as well as for its tendency to increase
this way, plants act more like animals at night. evaporation and so loss of water.
54. Water transport occurs in the xylem and 60. Student answers may vary. The answer may
transports substances from roots to leaves. Sugar depend on the conditions, time of year, etc.
transport occurs in the phloem and transports Students should point out that since water
sugars from the site of photosynthesis at the transport involves active transport of minerals into
leaves to other parts of the plant, which may be the roots which is then followed by osmosis, the
the roots, shoot, or fruits. Water transport depends process does requires some energy. However,
mainly on the transpiration pull exerted as a result phloem transport involves first the loading of the
of loss of water through stomata, whereas sugar companion cells with sugars by active transport,
transport depends on pressure differences followed by osmosis, so it too is an energy-
resulting from active transport of sugars into the requiring process.
companion cells of the phloem followed by 61. Students may need to research the meaning of
movement of water by osmosis. hydroponic. Since the make-up of a hydroponic
55. Turgidity is important particularly in the stem solution can be known exactly, experiments could
because it makes the plant rigid and able to stand be carried out in which some plants received the
upright. Pea plants have a response to touch that mineral being tested but others did not. This
results in tendrils coiling around structures; this would show if the mineral was necessary or not.
supplements turgidity in holding the plant up. 62. Student answers will vary. Plants respond quickly
Students may not know that the term for this to environmental change in defined ways. The
tropism is thigmotropism. response of the plant to different levels of
56. Students’ examples may vary. One possibility is greenhouse gases could be tested under controlled
to discuss gas exchange. Gas exchange occurs in a conditions. The number of chloroplasts, their
single cell by diffusion. In the multicellular plant activity in producing oxygen, which is one of the
the actual exchange is by diffusion but there are products of photosynthesis, or their consumption
specialized cells that channel the gases to each of carbon dioxide, could be regarded as a measure
individual cell. These specialized cells are the of the plant’s photosynthetic activity.
guard cells that form the stomata. When the 63. Student answers will vary. Students may suggest
stomata are open, gases enter the leaf very easily. that having stomata on the undersurface of the
Once in the leaf, the arrangement of the spongy leaf is a mechanism to conserve water because the
mesophyll cells with many air spaces between stomata will be out of the direct rays of the Sun.
them allows the gases to circulate easily to all With regard to conditions that could affect the
parts of the plant. placement of stomata, water plants are excellent
57. The cell theory replaced the concept of examples. Plants on the surface of the water, such
spontaneous generation in the time that as water lilies, will have their stomata on the
discoveries of the presence of cells in all types of upper surface of the leaf because this is the
organisms, both plant and animal, were being location that gives access to the air. Completely
made. As well as these observations, experiments submerged plants like Elodea do not have
such as those of Redi, Spallazani, and Pasteur stomata. These plants obtain carbon dioxide and
provided evidence that went against the concept oxygen by diffusion of these gases dissolved in
of spontaneous generation. the water.
58. Students study sheets will vary, but they should 64. Student answers will vary.
include the material provided in Student 65. Student answers will vary.
Reference 8: The Compound Light Microscope. 66. The sphere is the shape with the smallest surface
area to volume ratio for any particular volume, so
Extensions there will be a tendency for this shape to be
avoided.
59. Student answers may vary. There are a number of
67. Leaving the cut stem out of water will adversely
problems that land-plants may face that water-
affect its ability to transport water, because the
plants do not. The first is an adequate supply of
xylem cells at the cut surface will lose water and

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems 21

 therefore air will be introduced into the tubes.
When the stem is placed in water again, the air
gap prevents attraction between the water
molecules in the stem and in the container, so
transpiration pull cannot happen. The stem must
be cut above the air pocket and inserted into water
right away (or preferably cut under water) to
restore the continuous “chain” of water
molecules.
68. Student answers will vary.
69. Student answers and presentations will vary, but
will probably include the central role of the
microscope in the discovery of the cellular nature
of life and the development of cellular biology,
which has led to scientists’ understanding of the
transport processes at the cellular level and
systems level.
70. Student answers will vary. One possible answer
would be to have plant type and initial size, pot
type, soil type, and growing conditions of light,
temperature, and humidity as controlled variables.
The manipulated variable would be the amount of
fertilizer. The concentration of the fertilizer
should range from zero, similar to fresh water, by
a series of increments.
71. Student reports will vary, but should include a
statement of the purpose of the project, and a brief
description of the methods used.

Skills Practice
72. Student answers will vary but should include all
points in Student Reference 8: The Compound
Light Microscope, that have to do with wet
mounts.
73. A hypothesis provides an explanation or answer
to the question, which can then be tested by
further experiments.
74. Objects chosen will vary.
75. Students will begin by measuring the actual
diameter of the field of view under low power.
They will then use inverse proportion to calculate
the diameter of the field of view on high power.
Once the diameter is known, an estimate of the
size of the object can be made.

Self Assessment
76. Student answers will vary, but will probably
include the ideas that technology applies scientific
knowledge in a practical way, and technology
allows for scientific investigation. Students may
use spontaneous generation as an example of the
difficulty in getting people to modify or reject a
theory that is widely accepted.
77. Student answers will vary.
78. Student answers will vary.

22 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual