Chapter 6
PowerPoint® Lectures for
Work and Kinetic Energy
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by James Pazun
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Figure 6.5
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by James Pazun
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Goals for Chapter 6
– To understand and calculate work done
by a force
– To study and apply kinetic energy
– To learn and use the work-energy
theorem
– To calculate work done by a varying
force along a curved path
– To add time to the calculation and
determine the power in a physical
situation
Work, a force applied through a distance
As in the illustration, pushing in the same direction
that the object move
Work done by a constant force:
direction matters
Work done by a constant force on an object is
r r
W by F F s Fscos Fs
Force on object Displacement of the object
•The maximum work (efficiency) done by a force is achieved when the force is
in the direction of the displacement (it can be positive or negative)
•If the force is perpendicular to the displacement then it does not work (e.g.
Normal forces do no work)
Sign of work: positive, negative or zero
What is the work done by the force of gravity?
v0
θ
r r
W mg Fmg s (mg ˆj ) (R iˆ h ˆj )
h
0 (mg)(h) mgh
It will be POSITIVE if the object goes downward
and NEGATIVE if it goes up. The work DOES
vf? NOT depend on the x-displacement!!
Stepwise solution of work done by several forces
Example 6.2
WT FT scos (5000N)(20m)cos(36.9 o ) 80kJ
W f F f scos (3500N)(20m)cos(180 o ) 70kJ
W mg Fmg scos mgscos(90 o ) 0
W N FN scos FN scos(90 o ) 0
W tot W FT W f W mg W N 10kJ
Relation between Kinetic energy and the TOTAL work
done on an object: the work-energy theorem
The next idea couples kinematics (changes in velocity of an object) and
Netwon’s second law of motion (total force on an object leading to an
acceleration) to the total work done on an object.
The work done by the net (total) force on an object is
equal to the change in the objects kinetic energy
1
W total KE final KE initial where KE m v
2
2
We first show this for constant forces but we will see later that this is true for any
type of forces (that is why we call it a theorem)
According to Newton’s 2nd law Fnet ma (here the forces are constant and
we take the x-direction to point along the direction of the net force (sum of all
forces) on the object. Then we can use the 1-D kinematic equation
1 1
v 2f v 2i 2a(x f x i ) m v 2f m v 2i Fnet s
2 2
v 2f v 2i 2as 1 1
Fnet s m v 2f m v 2i
Fnet 2 2
v 2f v 2i 2 s
m W net KE f KE i
Work and energy with varying forces
What is the work done when the force
changes with distance (e.g. spring)?
x2
W Fax x a Fbx x b L F(x)dx
x1
Integral is geometrically the area under the
curve (in this case the area of a F(x) vs. x
graph has dimensions of work and it IS the
work done by that force).
Some indefinite integrals (no limits):
1 n 1
xn x
n 1
Some definite integrals (with limits):
b
1 n 1 1 n 1
x dx
n
b a
a n 1 n 1
The stretch of a spring and the force that caused it
– The force applied to an
ideal spring will be
proportional to its stretch.
– The graph of force on
the y axis versus stretch
on the x axis will yield a
slope of k, the spring
constant.
Force due to a spring is: x is positive
for stress and
Fspring kx negative for
compression
b
(kx )dx kb ka
1 2 1 2
W spring
a 2 2
Stepping on a scale—Example 6.6
A woman weighting 600N steps onto a scale and
compresses it 1 cm. What is the k of the spring and
the work done ON the spring during compression?
Power: rate of making work
Average power Instant power
W dW
Pave
t
P
dt
If the force creating such a power is constant then dW=F ds so
r r
F ds r r
P F v
dt
Heart power
Each day the heart takes in and out 7500 L of blood. Assume that the work
done by the heart is equal to the work required to lift this amount of blood a
height equal to the average height of a person (1.63 m). The density (mass
per unit volume) of blood is 1.05x 103 kg/m3.
(a)How much work does the heart do in a day?
(b)What is the power output of the heart in watts?
The mass that is lifted is m=ρV=7.5m3 x 1.05 x 103 kg/m3=7.88 x103 kg
The work done by against gravity to lift it is mgh=1.26 x 105 J
The average power is this work divided by the time
P=(1.26 x 105 J)/(24x3600 s)=1.46 Watts
Stopping a block with a spring
Find the maximum distance the spring will
compress (using the work-energy theorem)
The key idea is that the kinetic energy changes to zero by the work done by the spring
a
(kx )dx ka k(0) 2 KE f KE i
1 2 1
W spring
0 2 2
1 2 1 m v 20
ka 0 m v 20 a
2 2 k
Connected blocks and final speeds using energy methods
If the table has a kinetic coefficient of friction of 0.250, what is the final
speed of the blocks after they have moved a distance s=1.50 m?
FN
T
Ff=μKFN
One has to take into account all the work done in
T the whole system by external forces (Newton’s 3rd
m1g law pairs do no work on the whole system)
m2g
Wnet1=KEf1-KEi1
Wnet1+Wnet 2=KEf 1 and 2-KEi 1 and 2
Wnet 2=KEf2-KEi2
1 1
k FN s Ts Ts m2 gs m1 v 2 m2 v 2 0
2 2
2(k m1 m 2 )gs
v
(m1 m2 )
