.

Antenna

Wave length
( )
5%

. 0.66 (velocity factor) RG-58

300 000 Km/s
.

=C, =F :
=

120
 Impedance

)
. (

.
( )
50 .
, ( )
. 50
( )
. 50

VSWR and Reflected Power

SWR VSWR
VSWR
. ( )
2:1 ( Voltage Standing Wave Ratio ) VSWR
) 1.5:1
1.5:1 VSWR 100 Watt ( 1:1
4 Watt 96 Watt
. 4.2

Band Width

. SWR

, ,

,
.

121
 .
:
150 MHz
. 825 MHz 450 MHz

: Band Width

( 150 – 156MHz ) ( )
. 3.9%

BW = 100 X Fh – Fl
Fc

BW = 100 X 156 150 = 3.9 %

153

Decibel
( )
. .

122
 A
.
B
.

( gain ) B A
( loss ) B A

( Isotropic ) dBi -1
.

dBd -2
. 2.14 dBi = 0 dBd

dBq -3
.

, dBc -4

. ( side band peak power)

dBm -5
. 50

v dB v -6
0dB v 50 1 v
.

dB(old) -7
0 dB 500 6mv
600 mv1 VU
.

123
 dBm dBw -8
- 30dBw = 0 0dBw = +30dBm . 1
.

0.775 V VRMS dBu -9

1 V dBv -10

, Milivolt dBmv -11

0dBmv 1mv 75
1mv
. ( snow )

(Sound Pressure Level) dB(spl) -12

20 micropascals
. 1 µPa .( )

(Sound Intensity level) dB(sil) -13

) / 10^ -12
.(

(Sound Power Level) dBswl -14

. 10^ -12

dB(C) / dB(B) / dB(A) -15

. 20 µPa dB(spl)
dB(C).

/ 1= 1 dBj -16
. 0dBj =0dBw/Hz ( Noise Density )

1 µv / m dBµ -17
. .( / 1)

. 1 femtowatt dBf -18

124
. 1Kilowatt dBk -19

0dBfs , dBfs -20

. Digital system 1

( overload ) dBo -21

. analog system dBfs

1 bandwidth dB-Hz -22

. 20dB-Hz = 100Hz , Link budget calculation

( isometric circular ) dBic -23

. .

. ( reference noise ) dBrn -24

Directivity and Gain

.
,
100 ,
100
.
.
,
G= x D

G =
=
D =

125
 Gain measurement

( )
.( )
VHF
{ 2.15 dBi = 0dBd } )
(
2 1 5
( )
.
SHF UHF
. Standard ( Horn )

( )
.
.

5W
10 dB 144 MHz ( 37 dBm )
– 95 dB 4 dBi
5dBi ,
8dB
. – 67 dBm
cable losses
http://www.ocarc.ca/coax.htm calculation
free space losses
http://www.terabeam.com/support/calculations/free-space-loss.php#calc

126
 10 Km

4 dBi 5 dBi
antenna antenna

10 dB 8 dB
losses losses
Free space losses
37 dBm - 95 dB - 67 dBm
TX cable cable RX
transmiter receiver

Tx power = 37 dBm = 5 watt

Tx Cable losses = 10 dB
Tx antenna Gain = 4 dBi
Free space losses = 20 * Log10 (frequency in MHz) + 20 * Log10 (Distance in
Miles) + 36.6 = -95 dB
Rx antenna Gain = 5 dBi
Rx cable losses = 8 dB
Rx power = - 67 dBm according to the equation below :-

37 dBm 10 dB + 4 dBi 95 dB + 5 dBi 8 dB = - 67 dBm

This equation is used to calculate the losses power

From transmitter to receiver through cable & antenna

( 6-1 )

( System Gain )

receiver )
( ) (sensitivity
,
( output power )
. .

System Gain = output power + receiver sensitivity

127
 -113 dBm @ BER 10-6 -:
37 + 113 = 150 dB 37 dB

Fade margin

, 20 dB
.
Fade Margin = received power - receiver sensitivity

– 67 dBm -:
- 67 – ( - 113 ) = 46 dBm : -113dBm

:
(Vertical omni direction) -1
( dipole ) -2
. ( yagi ) -3

( UHF VHF )
.
.

0.95 / 300000
%5 ( )
. / 285000

.
VE3SQB

. (ELEMENT )

128
 Vertical omni direction :
( )
.
Vertical antenna with ground plane -1
5 /8 -2
Multi bands antenna -3
j pole -4
Supper j pole -5
Slim Jim antenna 1 1\4 -6
Collener -7
Discone -8
Marconi vertical antenna -9
Bazooka antenna -10

dipole

) isotropic
.(

Dipole antenna /2 -1
Multy dipole antenna -2
Inverted V dipole antenna -3
Trap dipole antenna -4
Circular dipole antenna -6
Folded dipole antenna -7
Loop Skye wire antenna -8
Egg Beater antenna -9
Liquid metal antenna -10

129
 SHF HF

yagi antenna -1
Cubical quad antenna -2
Log periodic antenna -3
Helical antenna -4
horn antenna -5
Dish antenna -6
Sectoral antenna -7
Moxon antenna -8
Curtain Quad antenna -9

Vertical antenna :

-1
( element )
( Ground plane )
50 45°
/4= 2.14 dBi 0 dBd
145MHz
http://www.iraqi-ars.org
. VHF & UHF ( project )
Radiation

49
300,000,000 X 0.95
cm
= = 196 cm
145,000,000
49

Hold
cm

45
er

= 49 cm coxil
°
4 Groun
d
/ 4 Antenna
y
plane
4 Ground plane

( 6-2 )

130
 5 /8 -2
( Matching coil )
ground )
( plane
y
5/8 . VHF , UHF
122cm
145MHz 5/8
( 6 3)
50ohm coxil 122
12 10 .
3.5 3/4
5/8
y . SWR
Vertical antenna
8/5 ( 6-3 )

29'

3 .8 M H z
T ra p

-3
63' ( Trap )
28MHz 28MHz .
14M Hz
T ra p
57'
23'
21M H z 28MHz 21MHz
T ra p

18'
28M Hz
. 57' 18'
T ra p

57'

.
5 B a n d v e r t ic a l
a n te n n a
( 6-4 )

131
 J pole -4
)
1' (
38' 3/4'
¾’ L T )
5'
Ground (
plane
19'
3'
SWR
3'
144MHz
50 ohm
Coxil

J pole antenna J Pole ( 6-5 )

Tuning section

Supper j pole -5
38 inch

38 inch
J pole
3 inch gup

38' U
60 inch
144MHz
19inch
.
3'

50 ohm
Coxil Supper j pole ( 6- 6 )

Supper J pole antenna

132
 Slim jim 1 1/4 -6
cup

Ground plane

0.5mm wire
9 20
38 3
. 5 /6
58' . 4.5 dBi
1 3 /4
1 1 0.5
3.5
SWR
19' .
.
3.5'
¾’ 1'
pipe pipe 1.25 1
Teflon

.
,
PL259
145MHz ( VHF / )
Slim jim antenna http://www.iraqi-ars.org

Slim jim ( 6- 7 )

collener -7

2.4GHz

RG-213 8 . 2.4 GHz

( Velocity factor )
0.66

133
 ( )

9 dBi %80 400

. 50
/ )
http://www.iraqi-ars.org ( 2.4GHz

collener ( 6- 8 )

3 Discone -8
.
0.7
( feed point) .
) 50
.(
.
. 40 25
0.7 x
y
/4 screw

Disck
Insulator

y
/4
25 to 40
Coaxial cable

Conical
PL259/N type

Discone Antenna ( 6- 9 )

134
 Marconi antenna 9

Ground \4
. plane
( 2MHz )

75m 2MHz
2MHz

75m ,

\4
.

( 6- 10 )

135
 Bazooka antenna 10

Velocity RG-8 RG-213

. ( 0.66 ) factor
145MHz
25 mm PVC tube 49cm

) 34cm
RG- 213 Core

) 49cm feed point

7105
= 49 CM (
145 30cm
1 PVC
( 25mm )
RG- 213 shield

4930
= 34 CM
145
RG- 213

7105
= 49 CM
145
Mast

30 CM

PL259 connector

145MHz Bazoka
Antenna
( 6- 11 )

136
 /2 -1

( )

.
( 6 1 )

,
.

Insulator
/4 /4

Copper wire Copper wire

/4
cable

71.5
4 = Meter
f MHz

/2 ( 6- 12 )

137
 -2

( )
, SWR
( )
21 MHz 14 MHz
. 28 MHz
50 ohm
RG213 or RG8
RG58
.

( 6- 13 )

inverted V 3

90

.
. %4

138
 Insulator

45º 45º
/4 /4

/4

Insulator Insulator

Earth

( 6- 14 )

Trap antenna -4

58-RG
( )
.
28 MHz & 21 MHz & 14 MHz
21 MHz 28 MHz

139
 28 MHz
/4 L1
21 MHz 28 MHz
14 MHz L1 + L2
L1 + L2 + L3
. ( 5.03 m )

( 6- 15 )

HF Matching

140
 ( 16- 16 )
circular dipole antenna 6

VHF & UHF

144 MHz
12.2 cm 10 cm
(matching ) 15 pf
. 5 40

Variable Copper pipe

Capacitor 10 mm
15 PF

122 mm

5 mm
Matching

40 mm
PL 219 or
N type

( 6-17 )

141
 Folded dipole 7
VHF & UHF
)
(

300
4:1 6:1 ( balun )
. 75 50

6:1
. 50 50
) ( )
.(
( 300 )

( ) 300
75 coaxial cable 75
. 4:1 ( RG- 59 )

(6- 18 )

142
 Loop Skye wire antenna -8

/4

DX HF
Omni direction .
MFJ 28 MHz 21 MHz 14MHz
. ( 7MHz ) Antenna tuner
10m
300 ( 5m )
Balun 300
RG59 10m 6:1 4:1
75
. ( 50 )
.( ) 2.5mm

Insulator /4 /4

/4 /4

Must
300 /4
cable

( 6- 19 )

143
 Egg Beater antenna -9

.
( pattern )

Vertical ,
.
Vertical
.

%10 VHF ) 4% + ,
( ground plane ) (UHF
( )
.

F5VIF ON6WG
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/on6wg/Doc/Antenne%20Eggbeater-Engl-Part1-Full.pdf

:
. ( Nawa ) 137.6 MHz -1
300 / 137.6 = 218 cm + 8 = 226cm ( ) -2
10 mm 72 cm = 3
( 54.5 cm) = 1/4 = ground plane)) -4
27.25 cm = 1/8 = -5
90 = -6
¼ x 0.66 = 36 cm -7
( Velocity factor 0.66 ) RG58
150 cm 40 mm PVC -8

100 rink
RG58 50
1/8 4 1/4
.

144
 (6- 20 )

145
 Liquid metal antenna -10

,
Mike Lake KD8CIK
LM Antenna .

( )

SWR
.
. ( )

Galinstan

Galnnistan

L Ground
plane

Compress
air

Coaxial cable
.
Liquid metal antenna

( 6-21 )

146
 Directional antenna

( Yagi )
(boom)
.
( radiation element)
.
HF
( Trap )
. ( Trap )

. 300 ( Folded Dipole )

. ( 75 50)
4:1 6:1 ( Balun )
. 50
( )
(boom)
.

( )

( HF )

.
( )

......

147
 1

145 MHz

. ( 1.5 ) SWR
.

. DL6WU & VK5DJ

http://vk5dj.mountgambier.org/Yagi/Yagi.html

145 MHz =
10dBi =
208.8 cm =
64 deg = 3 dB beam width
25 mm =
10 mm =
1446 mm =
. 30 mm 1015 mm =
444 mm 974 mm =
.
444 mm 993 mm =
.
155 mm 915 mm = 1
. 599 mm
372 mm 1 906 mm = 2
. 971 mm
445 mm 2 897 mm = 3
1415 mm
1446mm 30 mm
.

148
 :

2019 mm = ( )
1009 mm =
25 mm =
50 mm = ( )
459 mm = GF = HI
498 mm = GE = HA
538 mm = HB = GD
1009 mm = HC = GC

50mm
1015mm 993mm
915mm
906mm 897mm

444mm 155mm 372mm 445mm

30mm

30mm

1446
mm
1 2 3
reflector radiator directors

5 Element 10dB!
Folded Dipool Yagi

( 6-22 )

149
 Cubical quad antenna -2

gamma tuner
2m VHF & UHF SWR
. 70 cm

http://www.csgnetwork.com/antennae5q2calc.html

( 6- 23 )

150
 Log periodic antenna -3

,
180 ( )

,
. HF & VHF & UHF ( broad band )

insulator

Coaxial
cable
Log periodic
antenna
log periodic ( 6-24 )

151
 Helical antenna -4

VHF & UHF & Micro wave

,

.
( Clock wise polarization )
( Anti Clock wise polarization)
)
. (

PVC 18dBi 2.4GHz

40mm 42mm 550mm
0.7mm 130mm
150mm 40mm PVC 12 1mm
. U
: ARRL

/http://www.wireless.org.au/~jhecker/helix

Helical ( 6-25 )

152
 A horn antenna -5

VHF& UHF microwave

18.5dBi 10GHz
. ,

( 6-26 )

153
 Dish antenna -6

( )
Offset antenna
LNB
LNB
.
LNB
LNB
LNB
. Parabolic .
:

=F
=D
= d

FOCUS

D²
D F=
16 d
d

( 6-27 )

154
 Sect oral antenna -7

3 120 ( Mobil )
360
15 8 90
.
2.4 GHz
600 x 62mm
2 mm PCB
10mm RG-213 PVC
41mm RG-58 N type
50 200 Balun 4:1
.

62 mm

(6- 28 )

155
 Moxon antenna 8

Les , HF
Moxon, G6XN
360
Forward to back
ratio emition
1.1 SWR .

.
5.5dBi
KD6WD
:
http://www.moxonantennaproject.com/design.htm

145 MHz
: PVC

156
5.5 dBi 145 MHz VHF ( 6-29 )

157
 Curtain Quad antenna -9

( foil) 1
. 17dBi .
Ross Anderson W1HBQ
.

17dBi 2.4GHz ( 6-30 )

158
 (6-31)

159
 VHF & UHF

. 1/4

. 1/2
5/8
.
.

( 6-30 )

160