 Name: includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table.

All
Yttrium  Group in periodic elements in the d-block are metals...
 Symbol: Y table: 3
 Atomic  Group name:  chemically similar to the lanthanoids and has
number: 39 (none) historically been classified as a rare earth
 Atomic  Period in periodic element
weight: table: 5 Rare earth element
88.90585 (2)  Block in periodic As defined by IUPAC, rare earth elements or
 Standard table: d-block rare earth metals are a collection of seventeen
state: solid at  Colour: silvery chemical elements in the periodic table, namely
298 K white scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanides...
 CAS  Classification:
Registry ID: Metallic . Yttrium is almost always found combined with
7440-65-5 the lanthanoids in rare earth minerals and is
never found in nature as a free element. Its only
stable isotope
Isotope
Isotopes are different types of atoms of the same
chemical element, each having a different
Isolation: yttrium metal is available
number of neutrons. In a corresponding manner,
commercially so it is not normally necesary to
isotopes differ in mass number but never in
make it in the laboratory. Yttrium is found in
atomic number. The number of protons is the
lathanoid minerals and the extraction of the
same because that is what characterizes a
yttrium and the lanthanoid metals from the ores
chemical element...
is highly complex. Initially, the metals are
extractedas salts from the ores by extraction
, 89Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope.
with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid
(HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern
In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius
purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt
 found a new mineral near Ytterby
mixtures involve selective complexation
 in Sweden and named it ytterbite
techniques, solvent extractions, and ion
Gadolinite
exchange chromatography.
Gadolinite is a mineral of a nearly black color
and vitreous luster.-Chemistry:It consists
Pure yttrium is available through the reduction
principally of the silicates of cerium, lanthanum,
of YF3 with calcium metal.
neodymium, yttrium, beryllium, and iron with
formula: 2FeBe2Si2O10...
2YF3 + 3Ca → 2Y + 3CaF2
, after the village. Johan Gadolin
Johan Gadolin
Johan Gadolin was a Finnish chemist, physicist
   and mineralogist. Gadolin discovered the
chemical element yttrium...

Encyclopedia  discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample

Yttrium is a chemical element in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
 with symbol Y and atomic number  named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium
 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler
Transition metal
The term transition metal has two possible
meanings:*In the past it referred to any element
in the d-block of the periodic table, which
.
 in various materials to enhance their properties.
The most important use of yttrium is in making Yttrium has no known biological role, but
phosphor exposure to yttrium compounds can cause lung
disease in humans.

s, such as the red ones used in television cathode Properties

ray tube
Cathode ray tube
The Cathode Ray Tube is a vacuum tube Yttrium is a soft, silver-metallic, lustrous and
containing an electron gun and a fluorescent highly crystalline transition metal
screen, with internal or external means to Transition metal
accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to The term transition metal has two possible
create images in the form of light emitted from meanings:*In the past it referred to any element
the fluorescent screen... in the d-block of the periodic table, which
includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. All
 displays and in LED elements in the d-block are metals...
s. Other uses include the production of electrode
Electrode  in group 3
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to Group 3 element
make contact with a nonmetallic part of a The Group 3 elements are chemical elements
circuit... comprising the third vertical column of the
periodic table.IUPAC has not recommended a
s, electrolyte specific format for the periodic table, so
Electrolyte different conventions are permitted and are often
In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance used for group 3...
containing free ions that make the substance
electrically conductive. The most typical . As expected by periodic trends, it is less
electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electronegative
electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also  than its predecessor in the group, scandium
possible....

s, electronic filters, laser , more electronegative than its successor in the

Laser group, lanthanum
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation is a mechanism for emitting
electromagnetic radiation, typically light or
, and less electronegative than the next member
visible light, via the process of stimulated
of period 5
emission. The emitted laser light is a spatially
Period 5 element
coherent, narrow low-divergence beam, that can
A period 5 element is one of the chemical
be manipulated with lenses...
elements in the fifth row of the periodic table of
the elements. They all have 5 electron
s and superconductors; various medical
shells.These are:
applications; and as traces
Trace element
...
In analytical chemistry, a trace element is an
element in a sample that has an average
, zirconium
concentration of less than 100 parts per million
Zirconium
measured in atomic count, or less than 100
Zirconium is a chemical element with the
micrograms per gram....
symbol Zr and atomic number 40. Its atomic
mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, boiling liquid water or from the sublimation of
strong transition metal that resembles titanium. ice...
Zirconium is used as an alloying agent for its
strong resistance to corrosion. It is never found . When finely divided, however, yttrium is very
as a native metal; it... unstable in air; shavings or turnings
Swarf
. Yttrium is the first d-block Swarf, also known as turnings, chips, or filings,
D-block are shavings and chippings of metal — the
The d-block is a portion of the periodic table of debris or waste resulting from metalworking
the elements. The d-block contains those operations. It can usually be recycled, and this is
elements which have partially filled d-orbitals the preferred method of disposal due to the
when in their ground states... environmental concerns regarding potential
contamination with...
 element in the fifth period.
 of the metal can ignite in air at temperatures
The pure element is relatively stable in air in exceeding 400 °C. Yttrium nitride
bulk form, due to passivation  (YN) is formed when the metal is heated to
Passivation 1000 °C in nitrogen
Passivation is the process of making a material Nitrogen
"passive" in relation to another material prior to Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the
using the materials together. For example, prior symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass
to storing hydrogen peroxide in an aluminium 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless,
container, the container can be passivated by odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas
rinsing it with a dilute solution of nitric acid at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by
and... volume of Earth's atmosphere.Many industrially
important...
 resulting from the formation of a protective
oxide film on its surface. This film can reach a .
thickness of 10 µm
Micrometre Similarity to the lanthanoids
A micrometre is one millionth of a metre, or
equivalently one thousandth of a millimetre or
one thousand nanometres. It can also be written
in scientific notation as 1×10−6 m, meaning m.A The similarities of yttrium to the lanthanoids are
strand of human hair is about 100 μm wide. Red so strong that the element has historically been
blood cells are approx... grouped with them as a rare earth element
, and is always found in nature together with
 when yttrium is heated to 750 °C them in rare earth minerals.
Celsius
Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after Chemically, yttrium resembles these elements
the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who more closely than its neighbor in the periodic
developed a similar temperature scale two years table, scandium
before his death... Scandium
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc
 in water vapor and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic
Water vapor transition metal, it has historically been
Water vapor or water vapour , also aqueous sometimes classified as a rare earth element,
vapor, is the gas phase of water. Water vapor is together with yttrium and the lanthanoids...
one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water
vapor can be produced from the evaporation of , and if its physical properties were plotted
against atomic number
 then it would have an apparent number of 64.5 is that yttrium is almost exclusively trivalent,
to 67.5, placing it between the lanthanoids whereas about half of the lanthanoids can have
gadolinium valences other than three.
Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a chemical element with the
symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a
silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth
metal. Gadolinium has exceptionally high
absorption of neutrons and therefore is used for
shielding in neutron radiography and in nuclear
reactors...

 and erbium
Erbium
Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide
series, with the symbol Er and atomic number
68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially
isolated, natural erbium is always found in
chemical combination with other elements on
Earth...

It often also falls in the same range for reaction

order, resembling terbium
Terbium
Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol
Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white
rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and
soft enough to be cut with a knife...

 and dysprosium
Dysprosium
Dysprosium is a chemical element with the
symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare
earth element with a metallic silver luster.
Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free
element, though it is found in various minerals,
such as xenotime...

 in its chemical reactivity. Yttrium is so close in

size to the so-called 'Yttrium group' of heavy
lanthanoid ions that in solution, it behaves as if
it were one of them. Even though the
lanthanoids are one row farther down the
periodic table than yttrium, the similarity in
atomic radius may be attributed to the
lanthanoid contraction.

One of the few notable differences between the

chemistry of yttrium and that of the lanthanoids