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Finite Fields and Their Properties

A field is a commutative ring where multiplication of non-zero elements has an inverse. A subset of a field is a subfield if it is closed under addition and multiplication. The characteristic of a field is the smallest positive integer n such that the sum of n copies of any element is 0, or 0 if no such n exists. Finite fields have a prime characteristic p and contain a finite number of elements q = pm, where p is the characteristic and m is the extension degree. Any two finite fields with the same number of elements are isomorphic. The Galois group of a finite field Fqn over Fq consists of the automorphisms that fix Fq. The Frobenius isomorphism generates

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Kaushik Narayanan
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86 views2 pages

Finite Fields and Their Properties

A field is a commutative ring where multiplication of non-zero elements has an inverse. A subset of a field is a subfield if it is closed under addition and multiplication. The characteristic of a field is the smallest positive integer n such that the sum of n copies of any element is 0, or 0 if no such n exists. Finite fields have a prime characteristic p and contain a finite number of elements q = pm, where p is the characteristic and m is the extension degree. Any two finite fields with the same number of elements are isomorphic. The Galois group of a finite field Fqn over Fq consists of the automorphisms that fix Fq. The Frobenius isomorphism generates

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Kaushik Narayanan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Hi guys!!

Wherever ther s ‘eld’ pls rewrite it as ‘field’

FIELDS:Fields
Field
A _field K is a commutative ring (R;+; _) for which additionally
(Rnf0g; _) forms an Abelian group. A subset L _ K is called a sub_eld if
it is closed under + and _ and is a _eld under those operations; in this
case K is called an extension (_eld) of L.
The characteristic of a _eld K is the smallest integer n > 0 such that
8a2K[n]a = a + _ _ _ + a = 0
or 0 if no such n exists. If n > 0, it is always prime.
Some _elds of characteristic 0:
Q the rationals, prime _eld of characteristic 0;
number _elds;
C the complex numbers, algebraically closed

Finite Fields
FIELDS:Fields
Prime Fields
A prime _FIeld contains no proper sub_elds; it is isomorphic to either Fp if
the characteristic is p > 0 or Q if it is 0.
We write Fp = f0; 1; : : : ; p _ 1g with addition and multiplication modulo
prime p, and more generally Fq for a _nite _eld with q elements.
Theorem
Let Fq be a _nite _eld, then q = pm for prime p and integer m > 0;
p is called the characteristic and m the extension degree.
Theorem
Let Fq be a _nite _eld, then F_q
is cyclic of order q _ 1.
If `jq _ 1, then 9!G` _ F_q
Fqd is a sub_eld of Fqn i_ djn.

Finite Fields
Field Homomorphism
Let K and L be _elds. Let _ : K ! L be a map. Then _ is a _eld
homomorphism if
8a;b2K _(a + b) = _(a) + _(b)
8a;b2K _(ab) = _(a)_(b)
_(1) = 1 or _ 6= 0.
If _ is bijective, it is an isomorphism and K and L are isomorphic.
If additionally K = L we speak of an automorphism.
Theorem
Any two _nite _elds with the same order are isomorphic.
Galois Group
Let Fqn be given. Consider the set of automorphisms that leave Fq
invariant, so 8a2Fq _(a) = a. Under function composition this set forms
the Galois Group, denoted Gal(Fqn=Fq1 ).
Frobenius, Trace and Norm
Frobenius Isomorphism
Let Fqn be given. Then q-th powering, or _(a) = aq, is an isomorphism,
known as the Frobenius isomorphism. It generates Gal(Fqn=Fq1 ).
Let djn then de_ne NFqn=Fqd ;TrFqn=Fqd : Fqn ! Fqd by
NFqn=Fqd (g) =
n=d_1 Yi=0
gqdi = g1+qd+___+qn_d
TrFqn=Fqd (g) =
n=d_1 Xi=0
gqdi = g + gqd + _ _ _ + gqn_d

Polynomial Ring
Polyynomial Ring

Let K be a _eld, then K[x] is the ring of univariate polynomials with


coe_cients in K.
Suppose n = [L : K] and _ 2 L, then 1; _; : : : ; _n are K-linearly
dependent in L
) 9(a0; : : : ; an) 2 Kn 6= 0 : a0 + a1_ + : : : an_n = 0.
) there is a nonzero polynomial in K[x] that _ is a root of.
) the polynomials in K[x] that _ is a root of form an ideal I.
) the lowest degree monic polynomial 2 I is the minimal polynomial
of _ over K.
) the minimal polynomial is irreducible (over K) and generates I.
Theorem
If f 2 Fq[x] is irreducible in Fq[x] of degree n, then Fq[x]=(f) is
isomorphic to the _nite _eld Fqn.

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