Website : www. aceengineeringpublications.com 7 y. Engineering Publications Wee (A Sister Concern of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad) ff Hyderabad Det (Bhopat| Pune] Bhubereswar Bengali Lucknow Pata | Chen Viystade Vskhopstoam| Tirupati Kuhatpelly| Koata Steel Structures (Study Material with classroom and Self Practice Questions) PSC/PSUs- CIVIL Engineering ACE is the leading institute for coaching in ESE, GATE & PSUs HO; Sree Sindhi Guru Sangat Sabha Association, # 4-1-1236/1/A, King Koti, Abids, Hycerabad-500001, Ph: 040-23234418 / 19 / 20 / 21, 040 - 24750437 11 All India 1* Ranks in ESE 48 All India 1" Ranks in GATECopyright © ACE Engineering Publications All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, digital, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Published at : Mag ~ y ACE Engineering Publications uy, Ne vu Mt Sree Sindhi Guru Sangat Sabha Association, w WV #4-1-1236/1/A, King Koti, Abids, NRE" Hyderabad - 500001, Telangana, India. SSS e Phones : 040- 23234419 / 20 / 21 www.aceenggacademy.com Email: [email protected] [email protected] Authors : Subject experts of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, the publishers do not owe any responsibility for any damage or loss to any person on account of error or omission in this publication. Mistakes if any may be brought to the notice of the publishers, for further corrections in forthcoming editions, to the following Email-id. Email : [email protected] Printed at : Rowshni Graphics, Hyderabad. SieerAce,Foreword Steel Structures for PSC/PSUs I Dear Students, ‘The Study material for Steel Structures is thoroughly revised this year to meet the requirements of all categories of students. It consists of * — Brief synopsis covering the entire syllabus 2 + Worked out examples, concept-wise ; * Classroom Practice Questions: The concerned faculty will analyze and solve these. questions in; the class. t + Assignment Questions: For self practice by the students after attending the Lectures. However, the faculty concerned will clear the doubts, if any. § * Previous Questions for Practice after attending classes, ‘The students are advised to go through the theory duly understanding the worked out examples to the extent possible and bring the booklet to the class. By doing so, the students will get familiarized ' with some of the concepts and can really enjoy the lecture in the class. Also, the students can! interact with the faculty in a better way. 1 Thanks to all Professors who extended their valuable services in the preparation of this Booklet, Itis believed that this volume is also a valuable aid to the students appearing for competitive exams | like other PSUs. d ‘With best wishes to all the Students Chairman & Managing Director, ACE Engineering Academy, |r vroperties of steel sections, permissible stresses, onnections; Design of simple and compound Beams TSPSC IS Specifications; Riveted and welded joints and 's and Columns, Column bases, Roof trusses, Plate! Gantry Girders; late Girder Lattice Girder Railway bridges, and Bearings. Plastic analysis | | | PSC | inciples of working stress method. Design of connections, Simple members, Built-up sections and! Frames, Design of industrial root Principles of ultimate ad design. Design of simple members. i S.No. Name of the Chapter Page No. 1 | Materials and Specifications ann | 2 _[Riveted and Bolted Connections 2-29 3 | Welded Connections 30-44 4 | Eecentric Connections ae 45-53 5 [Tension Members 54-66 6 _ | Compression Members 67-82 7 [Column Bases and Column Spices | 83-90 | “8 [beams si-107 | 9 | Plate Girders 108-117 10 | Gantry Girders “18-122 11 _ | Roof Trusses 123-129 | i | |Chapter 1 Steel Steel is an alloy of ifon, carbon and other elements, Because of its high tensle sirength and low cost, if is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure, fools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons Structural stee! Structural steel is a category of steel used for making constuction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of specific cross section (a) Types of structural steel 1S 226 (Standard Quality) 15 2062 [Fusion welding Quality) 15 961 (High tensile steel) IS 8500 (Medium & high strength quatities) (i) 15226 (Standard Quality) + Most commonly used steel for general construction purposes of buildings, bridges, industrial siructures, transmission line towers etc, + Riveting, bolting can be done for all thickness but welding is permitted for thickness < 20mm only + Carbon content : 0.23 to 0.25%, Elongation : 23% * Designated as : Fe 410-S (ii) 1S 2062 (Fusion welding type) + Steel commonly used for general construction purpose, particularly suitable for structure subjected to dynamic loads and impact such as bridge decking, girders and crone Materials and Specifications girders. + Designated as Fe410-WA,Fe410-WB, Fe4al0-Wwc, + Suitable for welding in all thickness. + Carbon content 0.20% ~ 0.25% + Elongation: 23% 18.961 (High tensile steel) + Greater strength and atmospheric corrosion resistance + FeS70 = HE: For structure with fobrication by methods other than fusion welding, + Fe 540 ~ W - HI: For structures where fusion welding is involved. * Carbon content: 0.27 % for Fe 670-HT + Blongation : 20% Rolled structural steel sections Structural steel sections manufactured in rolling mils and used as structural members are known os rolled siructural steel sections, The steol sections ore nemed according to their cross sectional shapes. the shapes of sections selected depend on the fypes of members which are fabricated and to some extent on the process of erection, Many stee! sections cre readily available in the market and have frequent demand. Such steel sections are known as regular steel sections. some steel sections ore rarely used, Such sections are produced an special requisition and ore known ‘5 special sections. 's Handbook for Structural Engineers’ gives nominal dimensions, weight ‘ond geometrical properties of various rolled structural steel sections. (erected Da Bp Pet hina Laan toa» Bengali » Cees Vjoywda «Vtg Tpit « Katplly Kola[ACE 4 Advantages and disadvantages of structural steel sections as a structural material Structural steels have numerous advantages as a structural material, + High strength Steel members have higher strength, therefore a siel member of @ smaller section which hos litte self weight is able foresist heavy loads + Higher strength to weight ratio The high sirength to weight ratio is most important property for the consideration for the construction of tall structures, large span buildings and bridges. + Excellent ductility and selsmic resistance Structural steel being a ductile material does not fail suddenly, but gives visible evidence of impending foilure by the large deformation and deflections. tt can also resist large number of dynamic loads, + Rapid construction or erection Structural steel sections are readily available from roling mils with desired strength and due to ease of fabrication and speed of erection, they can be erected at faster rate. + Longer lite Property maintained steel structures have longer ite. + Elasticity, uniformity of material The properties of steel do not change with fime and close to design assumption this makes steel most suitable material for structure, + Easy modification and repair Additions and alterations con be made easily to steel structures. + Highest Scrap value Stee! has the highest scrap value amongst @ 5 cm oll bulcling material and ako the steel! can be reused attera structure is disassembled. + Highest Quality Structural steel sections are readily available from roling mils and have quality maintained while production of various rolled steel sections, Despite of many advantages, structural steel has few disadvantages as well + Steel structure, when placed exposed Conditions are subjected to corrosion. Therefore they require frequent painting and maintenance * Steel structures need fire proof treatment, becouse they have lesser fre proof resistant, + At places of stress concentration in the steel sections under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility. Where and when to use steel structures Structural steel sections are most useful material and due to numerous advantages they are popular in building the many of civil engineering structures , which ore + Long-spon structures + Multistorey & highstise buildings + Buildings of heavy duty plants + Tower & mast structures + Portal frames + Bridges * Infrastructures * Deployable structures ete Various types of standard rolled steel sections; i) Rolled stee!|-sections (Beam sections} il) Rolled stee! channel sections ii} Rolled steel Tee sections jv) Rolled ste! angle sections V) Rolled steel bars {dewasDel Bhs Fee» Biers Lacaons Pn Begs Grenson Wago te Katey FaleRolled steel flats, vii) Rolled steel plates vii] Rolled steel sheets x} Rolled steel strips x) Rolled stee! tubular sections 7 f= dt ike, i el ee C30 O: Sarporcion Being ewan as NO eo ok Pes SAL Croat ecto Sete SO) chevrba P80} (a) Rolled stee! | - sections (Beam sections) + Indion Stondord Junior Beam (15/8) + Indian Standard Light Beam ('SL8) * Indian Standard Medium weight Beam (SMB) + Indian Standard Wide flange Beam (ise) + Indian standard Heavy Beam (\SHB) + An I~ Section is designated by its depth and weight Eg: An ISLB 500 at 735.8 N/m means, An | - section is 500 mm deep and self weight is 735.8 N per meterlength, + Special beam section available from Indian roling mill is incion Column Section (ISC) (b) Rolled Steel Channel Sections + Indian Standard Junior Channel ('SJC} + Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC) + Indian Standard Medium Weight [ACE GC) TERRES Channel with Sloping Flange {SMC} + Indian Standerd Medium Weight Channel with parallel flange (ISMCP) + Indian Standard Gate Channel (ISGC) + Designated by its depth and weight Eg: ISLC 350 at 380.63 N/m (c) Rolled Steel - Sections + Indian Standard rolled Normal T=section (ISNT) + Indian Standard roted Deep legged T~ (S01) + Indicn Standard rolled sit Light weight T= bars (ISUT} + Indion Standard rolled sit Medium weight T~ bars (ISMq) + Indion Standard rolled sit - bars from H- section (ISHT] * Designation : ISNT 125 of 274 N/m (d) Rolled Stee! Angle sections * Indian stondard equal angles, Indian standard unequal angles and indian standard bulb angles + Designated by abbreviation ISA long with lengths of both legs ond thickness, + Indian equal angles are designated ‘05 ISA or ISEA (Ex. SEA 100 x 100 x 10 mm), Indian standard unequal angles are designated as SA (Ex. ISA 125 x75 x 10 mm) and Indian standord bulb ‘angles are designated as ISBA. Steel Structure A steel structure is an assemblage of organized combination of siructural steel members {or structural steel sections) expected to sustain their share of applied forces, momenis and to transfer them safely from one member to derabd- De» Bhpal Pane. Bsbunwa- coe» Pen Bra «Chana. Vounna+Vag Tops Klapaly sake[ACE @) other and finelly to the ground. Depending on the orientation of the member in the structure and its structural use, the member is subjected to forces either axial, shear, bending moment or twisting moment ot a combination there of. Which are designed to cany foads, deformations and provide adequate rigidity. 8 Codes And standards + 18800:2007 - Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction. + 18875:1987- Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures. + IS Handbook No-1 - Properties of structural sigel rolied steel sections. 9. Stress Strain curves of structural steels The stress-sirain diagram for different grades of steel moy be shown in figure 10. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel: Upper yield stress Plastic Strain - Hardening (€,) a Tensile rupture Strain Stress - strain curve of mild steel ol aie = 0.2% strain Stress - strain curve of hight tensile steel Strain ste eee a Yield sength (F) (MPa) Bongaton Type of stee! Classiteation | (MP0) Thickness (mi) ) ) 5.6548. <0 | 2040 | >a0 Standard Siucturaisieei [£250 (Fe ai0ay_| #10 | 250 1 ban 220 B (standard Quotty steels 226 & Fusion welding Guattyis 20e2), [£250 Fe 4108) | 4101250} 200 230 B E250 (Fealoc) | aio | 250 | 200 230 @ <6 | 164 | ai-@ Micro cloyed high sirengih steel | Fe 440 “0 | 300 | a0 20 22 oe Fe 540 50 40 | 390 380 20 Fe 590 590 | 450 | a0 40 20 GD) (0 tna na gi cas Wor Vag RST@ACE 11. Physical properties of structural steel Physical Property 18 800 Specific gravily 957.85 Unit mass of steel 9, = 7850 kg/m? Modulus of Elasticity [E=2x 10°Nimm® j 1 = 0.25 1$800:1984) Poisson's ratio t= 0.30 18800:2007 G=08x 10°N/ mm? {1S800:1984) Modulus of Rigidity ee ae tos mm ('$800:2007) Coefficient of thermal | i peach a= 12x 108 C 12, Analysis and Design Analysis refers to the determination of the axial forces, sheor forces, bending moments, torsional moments ete acting on different members of a structure due to the applied loads and load combinations Design involves the selection of shape and size of the member and connection details of various members (beam fobeam, beam to column, column to foundation etc) to resist all forces and moments determined in the analysis safely and economically. 13. Design requirements of steel structure To fit for their purpose (Should sustain Gil anticipate loads expected on it and Should withstand all deformations during and otter construction} Should be safe Should be economical ond durable 14, Uncertainties in design The uncertainties affecting the safety of a structure are due to Uncertainty about loading [unfavorable eviation of the load from its characteristic value, Inaccurate assessment of the toad, improper assessment of load effect etc) G) CTT * Uncertainty about material strength {Unfavorable deviation of material sirength from i's characteristic valve] + Uncertainty about structural dimensions {variation member sizes} due to fabrication tolerances. + Uncerfainty in the calculation of strength of the member. 15. Working Stress Method (WSM) + 18. 800:2007 insists for fimit state design ‘and permits working stress method where ever limit state design is not conveniently adopied, * in this method stress and strain relation is considered linear til the yield stress. The member willbe designed for different load combinations and designed for working loads * To toke care uncertainties in the design, pemmissible stress is kept os @ fraction of yield stress. Working slresses due to DL#LL ‘ 25mm Grip length of rivet (1,): Grip of the rivet or bolt is the distance between the undersides of the two tivet heads {ie., shank length inside the connection) and grio of rivet should not be more than 8. Classification of rivets (a) Based on method of heating * Hot driven Rivets: Rivets are heated fed hot before driving + Cold diiven ivats: Driven at | atmospheric conditions without | heating, Cold driven rivet has more strength compared to hot driven rivet, (b) Bosed on method of placing + Work shop rivets * Field driven rivets > Work shop driven rivets have more sirength thon field rivets[@ACE (c) Based on method of driving force + Power driven rivets * — Hand driven rivets > Power driven. approximately 20% more strength than hand driven rivet. rivels hove > 4, Important rivet heads coumarin + Snap head or Round head rivets mostly used for connecting structural steel member or sections. Flat counter sunk or round counter sunk head rivets ore provided fo have flush or flat surface. 7. Bolts and Botting + Abol! may defined as metal pin with head at one end a shank threaded at other end fo receive a nut. Steel washers are usually provided under bolt as well as under the nut fo distribute the clamping pressure on the bolted member and to prevent the threaded portion of the bolt from bearing on the connected pieces. * Bolts can be used for making end connection in tension and compression members, They can ako be used to hold column bases in position. @) ane : : Ete TT fess fF sou | bw exer 2 a i 4 i t ur ea , rHREADS REAGONN —_sOUaRe BOLT ASSEMBLY HEAD BOUT = HEAD BOLT 8. Classification of bolted connections The bolted connections are classified based on geomeiry and loading conditions into three types namely (a) Based on the type of resuitant force transferred + Concenitic connections force transfer in tension and Compression member} * Eccentric connections {in reaction transferring brackets) or _moment resisting connections {in beam 10 ‘column connections in frames}. Concentic connections Eccentiic connections (b) Based on the type of force experienced by the bolts: + Shear connections * Tension connections and * Combined shear and Connections tension ytrta Da hops Pe «bibs Zacknow« Pan» Benga Cinna Wuvadas Wangs Toop» Raley KomACE Sao. +omaiffiG{ia=o- (2) Lop Connection (b) But Connection C4) Shear Connectont Th Tenslon Connection Tension pls heat Connection (c) Based on force transfer mechanism by bolts + Beating type (bolts bear against the holes to transfer the force or load) + Friction type (force transfer between the plates due to the clamping force} generated by the pre-tensioning of the bolts). Bearing Type Connection cong fam ‘ nt it seri ent e.7 elon Teri vl lasing Force, Frictional Type Connection 9. Types of bolts There are several types of bolts used to connect structural members. Some of them ore listed below (a) Black bolts or unfinished bolts + Black bolts are referred to as ordinary, rough or common bolts. They are least expensive bolts and are made of low eas (treat De Doses Bhan cer ans srg Cha Voss Vngs as Klay (b) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts carbon steels (mild steel) with square ot hexagonal head. The diameter of | the hole is about 1,0 fo 2.0 mm larger | than the bolt diameter for ease in } filing. They are designated as M,x¢ ‘d! — shank diameter of bolt and 4 ~ length of the bolt They ate primarily used in ight structures under static loads such as = small trusses, purlins, bracings. They are also used as temporary fasteners uring erection where HSFG bolts ot welding are used as permanent fasteners, These bolts are not recommended for Connections, which are subjected to impact load, vibration and fatigue, For bolt of a grade or property class 4.6 represents the ultimate tensile strength 's 400 N/mm? and yield sirength is 0.6 fimes 400 which is_240N/mrre. Ordinary bolted joinis, the force franster through interlocking ond | bearing of bolts and joint is called bearing type joint. High strength friction grip bolts are made from bars of medium carbon heat treated steel (high tensile steel). The bolt property class 10.98 and 1298 cre commonly used in steel connections. The HSFG bolts are available in sizes from lémm to 36mm and ore designated os M16, M20, M24 and M30. These bolts tightened {by torque wrenches} until they have very high tensile stresses, so that connected| | @ACE () parts ore clamped fightly together beiween the boit head and nut, this permits load to be transferred primarily by fiction not by shear, + These bolts are most suitable for bridges where the stress reversal may ‘occur or slippage is undesirable also for seismic loading ond for fatigue load. + High strength bolts hove replaced rivets and black bolts are being used in structures, high raised building, bridges etc. 1 10. Types of Shear connections There are two types of riveted for) bolted connections (a) Lop connections _(b) Butt connections (a) Lop connections * The iwo members to be connected are overlapped andconnected together such 4G joint is called lap joint for) connection. + The load in a lap joint has eccentricity, os the center of gravity of load in one member and center of gravity of load in second member are not in a same line, therefore a couple formed which causes undesirable bending, (b) Thien. thir. Single riveted single cover ‘vated single cover Lepene Double riveted single co. if 7. Butt connections + Two membes fo be connected placed end fo end, Addilfonal cover plate/plotes ore provided on either one or both sides, called cover plates ‘are placed and connected fo main plate + If. cover plate is provided on one side itis called single cover butt joint (or) buit connection. + If coverplateis provided on both sides of main plate, it is called a double cover butt joint (or) connections * Double cover butt joint, eccentricity of @ force doesn't exist and hence bending is eliminated, where as it exists in the case of lap joint for) connections, + The shear capacity of bolt in double cover butt jointis double that of a bolt ina lap joint (or) connections. butt connection plies; aaa) ‘butt connection butt connection _" Sd tld ove Doi ited due over Double bolted fap joint Single Rvoted lap connection Double Rveted lop connection lap Connections Butt Connections For single cover butt joint, cover plate thickness required is 1.25 times the main plate, For double cover butt joint, each cover plate thickness is 5/8 x thickness of main plate, LD ee how ane engslera Cheoal- Vigada= Ving» Tapas bngaly Rela11. Tacking rivets of bolts (stitch rivets or bolts) Used to make two sections act together and in compression members to prevent buckling when Iwo sections are in contact. These bolts are not subjected to the calculated stress or loads 12. Specifications for Riveted and Bold connections: | + Diameter of rivet hole (d] and diameter of bolt hole (d,) + Pitch (p) * Gauge (9) + End distance (e} + Edge distance {e} 8 £ 3 Gouge at ro : | End dstonce End distance (0) Pitch (p): Distance between centers of two consecutive rivets or bolts measured parallel to the direction of the force in the member lying on the some rivet or bolt line. tt is aso defined as C/C distance of fivels measured aiong the length of the member of connection in case of wide plates. When rivets or bolls are placed staggered the pitch wil be referred fo as staggered pitch | Minimum pitch is ensured for the following reasons + To prevent bearing failure of connected member between two rivets or bolts + To permit efficient installation of rivets or bolt, prevent overlapping of steel washers etc (b) + Minimum pitch (p,,,)= 25 * nominal cicmeter of rivet or shank diameter of tivet (£2.58) or 2.5 x shank diameter of the bolt (¢2.5d) Maximum pitch is ensured for the following reasons + To reduce the length of the connection and gusset plate ie to have a compact joint. * To have uniform stresses in the rivet of bolt + Maximum pitch (p,.,)= 16t or 200mm whicheveris less for tension members + Maximum pitch (p,,.,) = 121 or 200mm. whichever is less for compression member (Where t = thickness of thinner connected member} * 321 or 300mm, whichever is fess for tacking or stitch rivets or bolts (when Piaies are not exposed to weather} + 16t or 200mm whichever is less for facking or stitch rivets (when plates are exposed to weather) * In case of two angles, channels or tee section maximum pitch of tacking rivets (In which lacking or stitch rivets are to be provided along length to connect each of them) + Not exceeding 600mm —_ for compression members + Not exceeding 1000mm for tension members. Gauge (g): Distance between adjacent rivet lines or C/C distance between two consecutive rivets or bolls measured at fight angles to the direction of the force. It's ao defined as cfc distance between two consecutive tivels measured clong the width of member, eat (rrdcntst Dah Bor Pees Bn aso Pn eps Choa ppd nga aul Rss | || | | | | | I [MACE (c)_ Rivet or Bolt ine (or gauge line): Line along which rivets or bolts are placed, (d) End distance: it is the aistonce between the center of rivet hole or bolt hole fo the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured parallel io the direction of a load in member. (e) Edge distance: It is the distance between the center of rvet hole or bol hole to the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured perpendicular to the direction of a load in member + Minimum end/edge distance (e,,,) Cnn * 1.5.x Gross diameter of rivet in case of rolled, machine flame cut edges (1.5.4) + Minimum end/edge distance (e,,.) 2,uH1.7 x Gross diameter of rivet for sheared or hand flame cut edges (1.7 d) + Maximum end/edae distance = 37mm + 4t (IS800:1984} + Maximum edge distance (e,.) to neares! edge of bolt hole to an edge of un stiffened part should not exceed 12te where ,/{ 250) & 4omme4t where tis thickness of thinner outside where t is thickness of thinner outside plate (for corrosive Environments {1S800:2007} ~ Design of concentric riveted Connections Working Stress Method Concepts 13, Failure of riveted connections A riveted connection is subjected to axial load, ji may have chance to fail by sik possible ways (0) Shear failure of rivets The failure may occur when the shear stress in the rivet exceeds the working shear stress in the rivet, Sheor siresses are generated because plates sip due to applied forces. Or Les lle. Www Shear failure of rivet (b) Bearing failure of rivets: The rivet crushed half circumference. The plate may be strong in bearing and heaviest siress plate may crush the rivet shank. This failure may not occur in practice except plate may sitong in bearing, Bearing failure of rivet (c) Beating failure of plates: The plate may be crushed when the beating stress in the plate exceeds working bearing stress Bearing failure of plate “higgins ype Chea ava «Veg Tapt-Halpaly» KoleMACE ()_ Shear failure of plates: The intemal pressure Of over driven (shank length is more than grip) rivets ore placed at a lesser edge distance than specified cause this failure This foilure can be checked by providing proper edge distance between center of rivet hole and end of the plate. Shear failure of plate (e) Tearing foilure of plates: The tensile stress in the plate at net cross section may exceeds the working tensie stress, Tearing failure may occur when rivets are stronger than the plates under tensile force. Tearing foilure of plate (9) Edge cracking or splitting failure of plates Rivets may have been placed a! lesser edge distance than required causing piates to be spit out or shear. Splitting failure of plate 14. Assumptions in design of riveted connections * A load is assumed to be uniformly distributed among all the rivets. + Shear stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed over its gross area of rivet, Cs) 15. 16. a Bending stress in rivets is neglected. Fiction between plates is neglected, Rivet hole is assumed to be completely filed by the rivet, Bearing stress distribution is uniform and contact area is d x t where ‘a! is gross diameter of rivet and ‘tis thickness of the plate The tensile siress is uniformly distibuted on the portion of plate between rivets. Permissible stresses in work shop rivets Axial ze Shear | Bearing Type oftivet | tensior one oe uray (MPa) | (MPa) Power driven | 100 1oo_| 300 Hand driven | 80 ao] 250 For field rivets. the permissible stresses in rivets are reduced by 10% The permissible stresses in rivets and bolts may be increased by 25%, if the effect of wind or earth quake load is considered, Strength of riveted connection or Joint (P, or P.) (0) ‘Strength of rivet in shear (P,) Strength of one rivet in single shear (P,) pad! Xt Strength of one rivet in double shear (P, «ae xy 4 4 = Permissible sheor stress in rivet, Strength of riveted joint in single shear Strength of riveted joint in double shear Re axnx td xg EE (Pade Dense Pe Bbc Lao negli» Va Ving Tapa opal oe@ACE Where, t= permissible or allowable shear siress intivet d = gross or effective diameter of rivet n= number of rivets in a tap joint (b) Strength of rivet in beating (P,) Strength f one rivet in bearing R=dxtxay Strength of riveted joint in bearing Po=dxtXowxXn ermissible bearing stress in rivet. thickness of thinner plate in fap joint = thickness of main thinner plate orsum of cover plates thickness, Whichever is minimum in case of a double cover butt joint. (c)_ Rivet value or strength of rivet (R,) Minimum of strength of rivet in shear (P) and_ strength of rivet in bearing (P,). R, = Smaller of P, and P, ea) Determine the rivet value of 20mm diameter rivets connecting 10mm thick plates by using lap connection. The permissible stresses for tivels in shear and bearing 80 MPa and 250 MPa respectively and for permissible bearing stress in plate is 270 MPa, Sok: Gross diameter of rivet, d= 20 + 1.5=21.5mm 1, = 80 MPa and @,, = 250 MPa Strength of one rivet in single shear (P,) aad Pang = 29.04 x 10° N= 29.04 KN xg EARLS! x a9 Strength of one rivet in beating (P.) P= dX 1X ey = 21.5% 10% 250 = 53.75 * 10°N= 53.75 kN Rivet value is smaller of P, and P, = 29.04 kN (d) Number of rivets (n) required to support working axial load in case of a concentric connection Working oxiolload _p Rivet Value ‘A 6mm thick angle section Is joined to a 12mm thick gusset plate. The angle is supporting a load of 80 KN. Find out the number of 18mm diameter power driven shop rivets Sol: Nominal diameter of vet 6 = 18mm Gross diameter of rivet d= 18 + 1.5 = 19.5mm Axial load P = 80 kN For power driven rivets Permissible shear stress in rivet x,,= 100 MPa Permissible bearing stress in vet, 0,, = 300 MPa Strength of one rivet in single shear (P} 9.86 x 10N=29.86KN, Strength of one rivet in bearing (P,) PL=d xtra, = 19,5x8%300 = 46.8 x10°N = 46,8 KN The strength of one rivet or Rivet volueis least of strength of one rivet in shear (Ps) and strength of one rivet in bearing (P,) = 29.86 kN Number of rivets _ Working axialload ne" Rivet value {e) Strength of plate in tension (P,), Tearing strength of plate (P,) PRA, x Oy = (B-nxd) xix, Where, Awa = Net effective sectional area of plate 8 = width of the plate {ice Engneaig thea] (erste Rp rs Baws ow en Bn Chol edna apy Rann= Number of rivets at the section t= Thickness of thinner plate 04 = Permissible axial tensile stress in plate = 0.64, f, = yield strength of a plate (f) Strength of riveted joint (P, or P.) : it is minimum strength of riveted connection is based on strength of rivets in shear | (P,), strength of rivets in bearing (P,) and strength of plate in tension (P,) 17. Efficiency of the connection (n) Where, A= Gross sectional area of the plate = Bxt B= width of the plate A single riveted double cover butt joint is used fo connect fwo 12mm thick plates. The rivefs used are power driven 1mm in diameter at a pitch of 50mm, The permissible stresses for rivets in shear and bearing 100MPa and 300 MPa respectively and for permissible tensile stress in plate is 150 ‘MPa, Find out the safe load per pitch length and efficiency of the joint. 16 mm ¢ rivets én @) Sol: 19. Nominal diometer of ivet 6 = 16 mm Gross diameter of rivet d= 16+ 1.5 17.5mm For power chiven rivets Permissible shear stress in rivet Permissible bearing stress in vet, «| =309 MPS Permissible tense stress in plate, ¢ =159 MPa Pitch p = 50mm Sirength of one rivet in double shear per pitch } length (P) 48.10 x 10° N= 48.10 kN Strength of one rivet in bearing per pitch Py) Py=dxtx oy= 17.5% 12300 = 63.0 10IN= 63.0 kN, Tensle strength of plate per pitch (p) PEA Xoy =[b-nxd}txo, = 50-1 17.5) x 150 = 58.5 103 =58.5KN Strength of riveted joint is minimum of strength ofrivetsin shear (PJ. strength oftivetsin bearing | (P,} and strength of plate in tension Strength of riveted joint (P) =48.19 xy Strength of solid plate per pitch length Pe) P= A, X0y = DXt Xo, = 50 12x 159 = 90 1ON= 90 kN Strength of riveted Joint perpitch =" Sirength of solidplate perpitcn * 100 = Fx 100= 483 x 100= 53.4% Chain pattern of riveting vs Diamond pattem of riveting: 1,2 100MPO } i (a) Diamond pattem of tiveting more efficient than chain riveting, Cover plate material moy be saved using diamond pattem of riveting, width of main plate required for diamond pattem of riveting may be lesser’ os compared with chain pattem of retin tb} (c)f (ACE Class Room Practice Questions 01. According to the Unwin's nominalrivet diameter in ‘cm' is given by (a) 6.01 v7 (b) 66.2 ¥F (ce) 1.91 vi {d) none formula the 02. The distance measured along one tivet line from the center of c rivet on it to the center of the adjoining rivet on the adjacent paraliekivet line is known as (a) Staggered pitch (o} Altemate pitch {c) Reeled pitch (d]_ Any one of the above 03. For the same number of rivets have been used in the joint, then which of the following yield the highest efficiency? (a) Chain pattem {b} Staggered pattem (c} Diamond pattem {d) Allthe above yield same efficiency 04, As per IS 600 ~ 1984, the minimum pitch of rivets in arowis recommended as {a} 25 {b) 2.54 (c] 3 (a) 44 05. The diameter of a bolt hole is taken as the nominal diameter of the bolt plus {a} 1mm (b) 1.75 mm (c) 1.8mm {0} 0.5mm 06, Which of the folowing types of riveted joint is free from bending stresses? (2), Lap joint (5). Butt joint with single cover plate (c) Butt joint with double cover plate (d)_ None of the above Ez (eres Dan ee Foe ticrssntcas ReChals Vymde ng Ti lal alas 07. As compared fo chain riveting, diamond riveting is preferred becouse {a} Width of the plote required és less {b] Saving in the moterial (c}_ Efficiency is more (d}_ All the above are correct 08. By providing proper edge cistances for rivets which of the following failures can be avoided. (a) Shear failure of plates (b) Bearing failure of plates (c}_ Spitting of plates at edge {0} Allthe above. 09. A steel plate is 30cm wide and 10mm thick, @ fivet of nominal diameter 18mm is driven. The net sectional area of plate is (a) 18.00 cm? {b) 28.20 cm? (c) 28.05 cm? {dl} 32.42 em? 10. The tacking tivels in compression plates not exposed to the weather, have a pitch not exceeding __mm or __ times the thickness of outside plate (2) 300, 32 (c} 330, 12 (b} 200,-16 {d} none 11. ina diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ cond rivet diameter ‘a’, the efficiency of the joint is given by (a) 29) (o} (b-2d) B 12. A structural member carying a pull of 700 kN is connected fo a gusset plate using rivets, If the pul required to shear the rivet, to crush the tivet and to tear the plate per pitch length are respectively 60 kN, 36 Number of iets. (0) 22 - (b)20 (eo) dz@ACE 13, The permissible stresses in rivets under wind load Conditions as per'$:800-1984 can be exceeded by about (a) 15% {b) 25% — (c}33% {a} 50% Two steel plates each of 12 mm thickness are connected by a double cover bull joint by fivels shown in the given figure. If the rivet di ‘ameter is 22 mm with rivet force value of 53150 N and permissible stress in tension of plate is 142 N/mm, which one of the following section is the most critical section for main plate? (a) Section 1 ~1 (0) Section 2-2 (c) Section 3-3 (d) Both section 1-1 and section 2-2 15. For field rivets, the permissible stresses ore reduced by what percentage? (a) 10% (b) 15% (c} 25% {a} 3934.% . The maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in botted joint of tension member is (a) 16 times the diameter of the bolt {b] 32 times the diameter of the bolt (c) 16 times the thickness of the plate (G) 32 times the thickness of the plate a (Presta Det Bhp Poe Bhsbrenars Lamy Fon bargin @ — 17. Abolt designated as Hex bolt M16 x 70 will be (a) Diameter of 1émm {b} Diameter of 7mm (c] Length of témm (d) Cross sectional area of 16 x 70 em? 18. A High sirength bolt may be used for (a) Sip resistant connection (6) Bearing type connection (c} Shear connection (0) Both fa) and fb} 19. Forreversal of stress most suited bolt is (a) Black bolt {o} Ordinary bolt {c) High strength tiction grip bott (4) Tumed bolt 20. High sirength bolts ore designed for {a} Tension {b} Compression { (c) Fiction (d} shear 21. Load on bolted connections not eccentric for {a) Singe cover butt joint (b} Lap joint (c] Double cover butt joint (4) Any one of above 2, Iwo steel plates, each of 16mm thickness are Connected by double cover butt joint by bolts ‘Qs shown in figure. If the bolt diameter is 20mm ond steel is grade of Fe 410, which one of the following section is most critical section for cover plate? 4324 42 pai Toe eel 4 ira 234 324 423 sna Varad» Veg. Tsp Kiba Felon[@ACE 23. 24, (9) Section 1-1 {c} Section 33 {2} Diomond riveting {b) Section 2-2 (4) Section 4-4 ‘A member of roof ituss consists of an angle ISA 100 x75x 8 mm is joined to 10 mmn thick gusset late. It caries a direct load of 90 kN. Deter- mine number of 16mm diameter power driven shop tivets required for this joint. For power driv- ‘en shop rivets x, = L00MPo and o,, = 300 MPa. Two plates |20 wide and 10mm thick are jained by double riveted double cover bult joint as shown in figure using 20mm diameter rivets. Take permissible siress in axial tension 6,=150 MPa and Calculate strength of rivets, strength of connection also find the efficiency of the Joint take = 100MPa and o,, = 300MPa, 25. A 12mm thick plate is connected fo two &mm. Pr plates on either side through a 16mm diameter power driven field rivets as shown in the figure below. Assuming permissible shear stress as 90 MPa and permissible bearing stress as 270 MPa in the rivet, the rivet value of the joint is kN Tama @) 26. The centre fo centre distance between two adjacent consecutive rivets in o for plates of 10mm thickness under axial line compression (0} 300 mm {b} 200 mm (c} 60 mm. {d) 120 mm. KEY for CRPQ Ol.(c) O2{d) 03. (c}_ 04. {0} 05.{0} 06.{c) 07. fd) 08. (dl) 09. (c}_ 10. {a) V1.2} 12.(0) 13.{b} 14. (a) 15.(9) 16.{c} 17.fo} 18d} 19.(e} 20. (c} 21 fc) 22. (a) 23.) 24.) 25. (43.25) 26. (d) Previous TSPSC & APPSC Questions 01. If the thickness of thinnest outside plate is 1.0.cm, then the maximum pitch of rivet in tension wil be taken os (0) 12cm {c) 20cm {b) 16cm (a) 30cm 02. Minimum pitch of the rivet of diameter 20 mm shall not be less than (a) 30 mm (c} 75cm {o) 50 mm (d} 20m, | 03. When rivets ore staggered at equal intervals ‘and the gauge does not exceed 75mm, the maximum pitch specified for rivets laying in a line may be increased by {a)33% —(b)50% — (ce) 66.7% (d) 100% bd Dei pal Pan bese ichaon Fu» Beg Chena» Waywade Ving Tp Ral Raven| 04, FP, P, and P, are sate forces in tearing of plate, ACE shearing and becring respectively, the rivet value is least of {0} P, ond p, {c}P, and P,, (0) P,ond P, {o) P, only 05, The minimum p'ich for rivets of diameter d is taken as (a) 15d {b] 25d (35d (d) 450 06. Consider following assumptions: (i) The shearing stress in ail the rivets is uniform {i) The bending stress is not uniform (ii) The bending of rivets can be neglected. The assumptions which are valid in the design of joint ore {9} (i) and fi) (5) fi) and (i (€} fi) and (iy (4) (i, (i) and Gi 07. The diameter of rivet holes in plates or structural members is made (2) 5mm smaller than the nominal diameter of the rivet (©) Equa! to the nominal diameter of the rivet (c)_ 1.5 t0.2mm larger than the nominal diometer of the rivet (d)_§ mmlarger than the nominal diameter of the rivet 08. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is token into account, the permissible stresses specified for rivets, bolts and tension rods may be increased by (a) 33.13% (o) 25% (c) 0.4 times the yield stress of stress of ste! (a) 10MPa @) 13. 14, ay The maximum pitch of staggered riveis in compression members of 10.0 mm thick elements is (0) 120.0 mm {b} 180.0 mm {c) 200.0 mm (a) 300.0 mm . A boiler plate thickness is 20 mm. The rivet diometer is (o) 20mm (b} 30mm (c] 40mm (4) 50 mm The rivet in a double cover buttjoint is: ‘subjected to {a} Single shear {e} Torsion {6} Double shear (4) Bending Most efficient connection in transfering the forces of steel members is {a} Rivet {c) Bolt (c) Wela (a) pin To obtain maximum efficiency, the designed number of rivets in a riveted joint should be arranged in a (2) Chain riveting (¢) Zigrag riveting format. {b}Staggered riveting (4) Diamond riveting The ratio of strengths of a rivet in a double shear fo that in a single shear willbe {a} {b) 1/2 {c)2 (d] None of these The Unwin's formula to estimate the diameter {d) of rivets to connect thickness off mm plates {a} 1.91 yt (c} 605 fF (b) 3.2547 (a8 vF (ie Da Ri tas Lows Pesos Cra rsa Rap aon& ACE 16, TWO plates are joined by tivets, The tearing of the plate at an edge may be avoided if the margin is made at least equal to (AE CE/ME-2007) {05d (bJ10d [c)15d fajo2sa A truss is fabricated by butt riveted joint. The thickness of cover plates for double cover case, is (AE CE/ME-2009) (0) 0.625+ (b)ost (c)03t (a) 0.1251 18, Load on connection is concentric for (APGENCO Trainee AE-2017) {0} Single cover butt joint {0} Double cover butt joint (c} Stiffened seated connection {d) Framed connection 19. Aste! plate is 200 mm wide ond 10 mm thick, A bolt of nominal diameter 16 mmis driven. The net effective sectional area of the plate is (TSPSC AEE-2017) {a} 2000 sq.m {b) 1840 sq.m (c} 1820 sq.m (0) 1740 sq.mm 20. If the pitch is 60 mm and rivet vatue is 40 KN, the number of rivets required for a riveted connection canying an eccentric toad of 150 kN at a distance of 300 mm from the centre fine is (ISPSC AEE-2018) (a}é — (b}B fe} 10 (aj 12 KEY for Previous Questions 01.(b) 02 {b} 03. (b} 04. (c) 05. (b) 06.(b) 07.{c) 08.(b) 09.{a) 10. (b} 1fb) 12.(c} 13.(4) 14. (ce) 15.c) 18{e) 17.{a) 18. (b) 19%. fc) 20. (b) &) Design of concentric Bolted Connections (Limit State Design Concepts) 20. Failure of bolted Connections The failure of connections with bearing bolts in shear involves eilher bolt failure or the failure of the connected plates. + Shearing failure of bolt + Beating failure of bolt + Tension failure of bolt + Bearing failure of plate + Tearing failure of plate + Block shear failure 21. Design strength of bearing type bolted connection (V,,) (@) Design shear strength of bots (V,.} Design shear capacity of the bolt (V,,) Via = Yas Where, Vay = Nominal shear capacity of a bolt Where, = tay Var Fy (aA Maa) Feil +nAa) Vow = f= ulimate tensile strength of the bolt ‘= number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane umber of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane A,,= nominal plain shank area of the bolt ie A.snet tensile area al threads, (area corresponding to root diameter at the thread = 0.78 A,,} Yu = Partial safety factor for bearing type bolt = 1.25 (for workshop and site bolting)#RACE For bolts in single shear, either n, orn, is one For bolts in double shear the sum of n, and n,is two The nominal shear copecity of bolt for long joint, long grip bott & thicker packing plate is lesser and modified as = Pe truAa tT AslBe Baia f Sta Vi = (ny Au 1 )PuPe Bras 8, = reduction factor forlong joints, tn long joints, the distance between the fistand the last bolt exceeding 18d in the direction of toad, the nominal sheer capacity Vy Shall be reduced by the factor, B, By = 1.075~ aah (0.755 ps1.0) |, is the length of joints (Distance between extreme end bolts measured parallel to Girection of connection} 8, is eduction factor for long grip lengths, When grip length of bolts increases (if the gtip length exceeds five times the nominal diameter}, the bolt subjected to greater bending moment due to shear force acting on its shank f= aod V+ & = gf length (), should not greater than 8d) 8... = reduction factor for packing plates When packing thicknessis more than émm thick the shank of the bolts is subjected to bending Which affects the nominal shear capacity of the bolt Ff Bay =1.0-0.0125 tag Iug= thickness of thicker packing plate in mm CS) Steel Structures (b) Design bearing strength of bolts and Plate} (Mop Abolt bearing on any plate subjected to a} factored shear force Ve = aaa where Yu, = 1.25 hw» = hominal bearing strength of a bolt, Vous 2.5% O18, Where, d, = diameter of the bolt hole| p fy (8-0 25}.#8and.0 k= smalier of 3§ 4d, = diameter of the bolt hole © & p= end and pitch alstances of the fastener respectively along becring direction {19 = Ultimate tensile stress of the bolt ofthe plate d= Nominal diameter of the bolt in mm t= Summation of the thicknesses of f = Meck - 25% AX1% 1% ky Vi | Tab (c)_ Design Tensile Strength of bolts (T,): The nominal tensile capacity of bolt in tension is given by Poses Shoes Pe where Yoo = 1.25 aNd Yen = 1.10 =0.9bAa < fnAw Te 0.98aAn < tah fa Yee PAs we Aad i = ullimate tensile stress of the bolt oes {ips De- ep ane Ravar Inno Ps Beg «Cea Vsaw Ving pls Kaaply Raw@ACE {,, = yield stress of the bolt The bolt safe in tension if the factored tension force {d) Design Tensile strength of plate (T,,): Plates with Bolts Holes in Tension The tensile strength of plate by net section rupture is given by = OI XALX fy te You Net Ateo = A,= (b-nx d,)x 1 for choin | bolting The tensile strength of solid plate by gross section yielding is given by xt, ‘Yow Ty 22. Design strength of bolt (V,.) Ht least value of design strength of bolt in shear [V,,,). design strength of bolt in becring (Vga) ond design strength of bolt in tension {Ty} lf exists). Calculate the strength of a 1émm diameter bolt of grade 4.6 for a lap joint. The main plates fo be joined are 10mm thick of Fe410 grade. ‘Assume pitch and end distance of a bolt is 40mm, ond 30mm respectively ond thread of a bolt is intercepting the shear plone. @) Sol: For bolt of grade 4.6, For Fe410 grade plates, f= 400 N/mm? 10 N/mm? & Tow = 1.25 Inlap connection, the bolts will be under single shear and bearing, hence design strength of bolt is least valve of design strength of bolt in shear (V,.) and design strength of bolt in bearing {V,..) Design strength of bottin shear (Vu) Vau® etn Ae) V3ym0, = 400 V3x15 (11 <078$06P40) = 28.97 x 10" N = 28.97 KN Design strength of bolt in beating (Vie) XIX 1X fax ky, Vig Ye 30. k,=smaller of 32- = (&-025)(gfg-028)-o4 fy. . 400. f= Fig 2097 61.0 k, = 0.49 5x16 10x 400x049 1.25 Van = 62.72 109N= 62.72 KN Design strength of bolt (Vq) is least of Vjq, oF Veow Design strength of bolt is 28.97 kN 23, Number of bolts (n) IF the connection is subjected to concentric design axial load (P), the number of bolts (n} Tequired to support design cxial load is n= Designor Factoredaxialload __p Design sirengthofonebot ~ Va. (Poientd- Dati tap Pe ewe actow Pia Bes Chas Vga Ving Tepes lap Ealon@ACE 24. Design strength of bolted connection (V,.) It is @ minimum design strength of bolted connection is based on design strength of bolts in sheor [V,,J. design strength of bolts and plate in bearing (V,,.). design strength of bolts in tension (T,,) {if exists) and minimum design strength of connected member or plate ‘against gross section yielding or net section rupture {T,,) 25, Efficiency of the bolted joint or percentage strength of bolted joint (n) Efficiency of the bolted joint (n) also called percentage strength of the joint is the ratio of design strength of joint to the design strength of main member expressed as percentage. n strength of bolted connection (Vax) Design strength of solid plate (t,) Compute the design strength and efficiency of bearing type connection as shown in the figure. The full threaded M20 bolts of grade of 4.6 and plates of Fe4i0 grade, te ick caver pot Sian 0 oN oo ema o 8 °° x Sam eee eed Som 65m 35cm 35m 65 38a 12m thik ain late Sol: For bolts of grade 4.6, f, =400 N/mm? For Fe410 grade plates, £,= 410. N/mm? & Diameter of a bolt Diameter of a bolt hole Pitch of the bolt Yow 1.28 (4) = 20mm 1,= 22mm {p) = 65mm om End distance (2) =35mm In double cover butt connection, the bolts will be under double shear and bearing & plates in tension hence design sirength of a connection is least vatue of design strength of bolt in shear (gl. design strength of bolt in bearing (Vip) and design strength of a plate in tension Mag) Assuming thread of the bolt intercept the shear plane (n,=0) Design strength of bolt in shear (V4) = af Ma Feng eA MA) = 400. 200 + = Pye ag (4% 2% 0.781207 +0 = 362.19 x 10°N = 362,19 KN Design strength of bolt in bearing {V, SX XIX, Xp Yet oo) Vero = = smaller of -&-= 35 = ky=smaller of 357 = gX5y = 0.53 (B;-025)=(4855-0.25)=0.73 fa. 400 _ Fi = 0.97 &1.0 53 Vou = 25K 20% 12 x 400 x 0.53 fan= 12 = 407.04 x10° N= 407.04 kN Design tensile strength of main plate (T,,) Ty O2XAnXte 0.9 X{(190~2 22) x 12) 410 Ya 125 = 517.1904 kN Design strength of bolted connection (V,.) = 362,19 KN Design strength of solid plate on yielding tye Ath 90% 12) 250 Yom 110 = 518.1610" N = 518.18 KN Efficiency of bolted connection Design strength of bolted connection {Vs) Designstrengthof solidplate(t,) _* 100 (jet Da a ap Gs ea Fp| | | | | = 362.19 199 = Hh g* 100 ~69.09% Class Room Practice Questions 01. Which one of the following bolt is desirable when structural bolted connection is subjected to dynamic or impact loads? (al Unfinished bolt (b) Close tolerance bolts (c} High strength friction grip bolt (d} Ordinary bolt 02. Bolt of grade 4.6 has nominal yield stress of {0} 460 N/mm? (b) 400 N/mm? (c) 360 N/mm? (a) 240 N/mm? 03. Which one of the following faire can be eliminated by providing minirnum end distance ‘ond pitch distance as per IS 800 provisions? (a) Tearing failure of plate {b} Block shear foilure of plate | (c) Shearing failure of boit (d) Tearing failure of bolt 04, In tiple bolted double cover butt joint, the | design strength of connection per pitch length in shearing the bottis fimes the design strength of one bolt per pitch in single shear, where nis equal to (o)2 {o) 3 (c)4 {a6 05, Mild steel flat subjected to a design axial force. of 240 KN is joined to a gusset plate by lap connection using bolts. If the design forces required per each bolt (i) to shear the bolt, fi to crush the bolt and fii) to tear the bolt are 40 kN, SO kN and 30 KN respectively, then the number of bolts required is (o}4—(b}6 {c}8 (10 06. The design tensile strength of MIé bolt of grade 4.6is_ KN (0) 50.24 kN (c} 51.13 kN {b) 45.16 KN (al) 43.86 kN 07. The design strength values of a lap bolted connection between plates are 180,000 N against tearing, 140,000 N against shearing Gnd 1, 50,000 N against bearing. if the design strength of the solid plate is 2, 40.000 N; the efficiency of the connection «_% (0) 55.0% (6) 62.5% (c} 66.6% (4) 75.0% KEY for CRPQ O1.(c) 02d) 03. (b) 04. (d) 05. (by 06.(d) 07. (b)Chapter @ Welded Connections 2 Introduction to welding or welding process * Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating « strong metallurgical bond between them by heating (fusion) or pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical connections, such as riveting 0 bolting, which are formed by friction or mechanical interlocking. Weld machine or Power source and controls Electrode holder Bectrode Arc Flux Coated Electrode cable + For steel structures metal or electric welding is generally used * In all modem are welding processes, the arc is shielded (ux coating) for the following reasons + To protect the motten or liquid metal from oir, either with gas vapor. * To control the melting of electrode for more effective use of are energy + Toadd alloying elements Advantages and Disadvantages of welded ‘connections Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting, + Welding enables direct transfer of stress - between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures. Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum. * In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves the strength EZ (itseried- Deis Bhopal «ane» Bhbatenvar «tnd Putas Bengals Gheuae er Ving ps Raa Gnd efficiency of the section, * It nvotves less fabrication cost compared! to other methods due to handling of fewer arts and elimination of operations tke! ariting, punching etc. and consequentiy less labor leading to economy. * Welding offers oir tight and water joining ond hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc, * Welded structures are more rigid compared fo structures with riveted and bolted connections, + Atruly continuous stuctureis formed by the, Process of fusing the members together. * Generally welded joints are as strong or stonger than the bose metal, thereby Placing no restriction on the joints, + Sttess concentration effect is ako considerably less in a welded connection, Some of the disadvantages of welding Gre that it requites skiled man power for welding as well as inspection, * Also, non-destructive evaluation may) have to be carried out to detect detecis in welds [Defects ike intemal airpockets and incomplete penetration, cracks, porosity). * Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment, Welded Joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading (Welded joints are more britle and their fatigue strength is ess) * Large residual stresses and distortion ore developed in welded connections. Assumpfions in the analysis of welded connections The following assumptions are made in the analysis of welded connections The welds connecting the various parts are homogeneous, isotropic elements+ Only stresses due fo extemal loads are considered. Effects of residual stresses, stress concentrations of welds are neglected + The parts connected by the weld are rigid and their deformations are neglected 4, Types of weld joints Welds can be classified as follows (0) Classification based on type of weld (i) Butt or Groove weld {i} Filet or lap weld (il) Slot weld (iv) Plug weld Et 2 ce? Fy (i) Groove weld (il) Fillet weld | I | f Secon a er ectona (ii) Slot weld (iv) Plug weld continuous and more rigid when compared to bolted connections. it was also pointed out that filet welds and butt welds constitute respectively 80% and 15% of all welds in the Construction industry; the balance 5% is made up by plug, slot and spot welds. (b) Classification based on position (i) Fat weld {i Horizontal weld (ii) Vertical weld {iv} Overhead weld It was seen thot welded connections are | ‘Qvernoaes lot weld ot let weld (c) Classification based on type of joint (i) Butt or grove weld fi) Lap or filet weld Tee welg {iv) Comer weld 5. Design of Butt (Groove) weld * Butt Welds are sed fo connect structural members that are aligned in the same Plane, Edge preparation becomes NECessary for plates over 10mm thickness for Manyal welding. * ASqUare groove weld Used to connect Plates up fo amm thickness. + Butt weld is usually designed for direct tension and compression and shear also in SOME special cases. (a) Reinforcement + tts very difficult to maintain fush surface during welding with parent member + Reinforcementisextraweld metal (0.75mm ~ 3mm) which makes throat dimension at least 10%, greater than the thickness of the weld material. The reason for providing reinforcementis 0 increase the efficiency Of the connection. * Reinforcement mokes the buit weld stonger for sialic loads. However the reinforcement effect is neglected in design strength calculations EEE © eoWACE Wola Foe Bsintorcemont eat eel Ticket) Redorcemen! (b) Types of butt weld Based on throat dimension butt welds may be following types Square butt weld, Single V butt weld, Double V butt weld, Single Bevel but! weld, Double bevel butt weld, Single U butt weld, Double U bult weld, Single J butt weld and Double J butt weld etc. Sire SmeeY pater ‘Se et Dalebowd Sage Dewi Sree cigs Def nee Posies (€) Size of butt weld or Throat thickness (1) + The size of butt weld is specified by throat dimension and ako called effective throat thickness (t,) + 1, = 5/8 thickness of thinner member in case of single V, Single U and single bevel butt joint {i.e for partially penetrated butt welds). +f, = Thickness of thinner member in case of Double V, Double U and Double bevel butt joints (ie for fuly penetrated butt welds) (d) Effective sectional area (A,) + The effective area of butt weld is the product of effective throat thickness ond the effective length of the but! weld. @) Design of butt weld (Limit State Design Concepts) ——UmilState Design Concepts) | (Design axial strength of butt weld (F,,) “The design strength of butt weld in tension ‘of Compression is governed by yield i, = smaller of yield stress of the weld (f,,) and Parent metal {f) in MPa L, = Effective length of weld in mm 1,= Effective throat thickness of weld in m = 5/8 * Thickness of thinner connected member in case of single butt weld (t) = Thickness of thinner connected member inj Case of fully penetrated butt weld (t) (or) Double butt weld You=Partial safety factor against weld strength Taw’=!-25 for work shop welding and Yom: =1.60 for site field) welding (il) Design shear strength of butt weld (V,,) The design strength of butt weld in shear is govemed by yield {41 = Smaller of shear stress of the weld (fd 3) and parent metal f/ J) in MPa Two 1émm thick plates are Joined in the workshop by (i) a single ‘U’ butt weld (i) a double butt weld. The effective length of weld is 300mm. Determine the design strength of welded joint as per limit state design of 1S800:2007. The yleld and ultimate tensile strength of weld and steel are 250 MPa and 411 MPa respectively, eR (2 sta tenes Let Bogs aps Vp pV|| [SAE j Sol: For workshop Welding Yh, : | Design of Fillet welds (or) Lap welds 6 @) 25 L {,=410 Nim? & f,, =410 N/mm? f,=250 N/mm? & {,,=250 N/mm? Forsingle 'U' butt weld (partiallypeneirated butt weld, as per specification) Effective throat thickness t/8 =5*16/8=10mm Effective length of weld L,= 300mm EE Specifications of fillet weld {a) Size of filet weld (8): It is minimum leg length of cross section of filet weld {it is distance from root fo the toe of the filet weld) (b) Minimum size of filet weld (S,,,): The size of a filet weld should not be tess thon 3 mm or more than the thickness of the thinner Tw Strength of butt weld (1,,) part joined. LaXteX', 300% 10250 Thickness of thicker part_| Minimum size of Yor CS ‘Over | Uptoand filet welds (mm) (mm) _| including (mm) = 600 x 10° N= 600 KN : 70 7 For double ‘U' butt weld (For full penetrated 10 20 5 bat ae perspec) a 32 : Effective throat thickness t, a 3 Titan Effective length of weld L,= 300mm 210 Strength of butt weld (1,,) (300 16250 | Ts = 960 x 10°N = 960 KN The filet weld is done for members which | overlap each other or used to connect structural members that ore aligned in the two different planes, for such welded joints shear stress are critical, Usually convex or concave shape filet welds ore provided depending upon sitvation. They ore approximately triangular in cross section ond they don't requite edge preparation which are cheaper than butt welds ‘Aer reon rege of ts, (c)_ Maximum size of filet weld (S,..) + Filet weldis provided to square edges, the weld size should be at least 1.5 mm less than the edge thickness (ie Thickness of thinner member 1.5mm] + Fortheroundedtoe of arolied section, the weld size should not exceed 3/4 thickness of the section af the toe (ie = 3/Ath thickness of rolled section at toe) ‘Ale ono fife een {d) Effective throat thickness (t) + It is perpendiculor distance from right angle comer of filet weld fo the hypotenuse, + Minimum throat thickness of filet weld not less than 3mm (IS800:2007 Specification only) + ,=KxSizeof the weld (8) [K= constant depends on angle between fusion a (rice ei at Poe Btn toy Patel Cha in Vg Tn Rap Kalafaces + Fillet welds ore normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces form angles between 60° and 120°. Pe ee aor | ie | 101% | 107%] 114°- weet] 90° | oo J roe | rise | 120 Canstantk | o70 | oas | 060 | 055 | 050 (e) Effective length of filet weld (1,) + It J octual length shown on the rowing +L, = Overall length of weld{l) - 2 Size of filet weld (25) + Minimum effective length not less than four times size of weld (48) or 40mm whichever is higher, (i) The stress distribution in the welded joint is complex and non-uniform. The actual variation of shear stress distribution in the weld from point A to 8 depends on the length of weld and also the ratio of the width of plates being joined. Thus its seen that there is serious stress concentration at the edges of the piote. Tensile stress in plate a 4 = 4 5 5 | FE i 8 | a Shear stress anal jalong weld throat Tensile stress in plate @) {i In order to control it the length of the longitudinal (side) filet weld should not be less than the width of the plate. The uneven stress distribution increases as the widih of the plate increases. Wea orbetween Flat bar to gusset plate (ii) For this reason the perpendicular distance between the longitudinal filet weid is limited to 16 times the thickness of thinner plate joined. tf the plate is wider than this limit slot or plug welds may introduced, which tend to improve the distribution of stress in the plate. lw) It Is assumed that the strength of longitudinal and transverse filet weld ‘as shown in figure below is same. Actually the strength of transverse filet weld is about 30% more than the longitudinal filet weld, because ‘transverse filet weld is stressed more uniformly for uniformly for full length whereas transverse filet weld is stressed non-uniformly due to varying deformations along the weld length. ‘ronsverse filet wok Longing let woldACE () End Retum + The filet weld terminating at the end ‘or side of the member should be retuned cround the corner when ever practicable for a distance not less than twice the weld size as shown in figure -—— pa End Returns 7 (4 2s) (eee + End reiums are made twice the size of the weld to relive the high stress concentration at the ends + End retums must be provided tor welded joints, which are subjected to eccentricity, stress reversals or impact loads. This particulorly important on tension end of parts camying bending loads, * Most designersnegiect the endretums in the effective length calculations of the filet weld. End retums must be provided for the welded joints that are subjected to eccentricity, siress reversals or impact loads. Two plates of 8mm thick and 12mm thick are to be joined using fillet weld. Select minimum size @) (9) Minimum overlap The overlap of plates fo be welded in lop joint should not less than four times thickness of thinner member [4t) or 40mm whichever is more, (Note: I$800:2007 Specification) Overlap, At or 40 mm [| Overtap in lap connection should not be less ‘= than Stimes thickness of thinner member (51) 118800:1984 Specification} 1. Intermittent filet weld + intermittent filet weld: when length of filet weld required transmitting a force less than the continuous filet weld (where tis thickness of thinner plate] mi bee Chain iteitert et wld ‘Staggered Inert et wold Intaratert et ets + Clear spacing between intermediate filet weld should not more than * 12 or 200mm whichever is less for compression member + 161 or 200mm whichever is less for tension member, Where 't' thickness of thinner connected member of filet, maximum size of filet weld and length of aera i 2 wi end retums, et wels'| CTT] [Gotten f i |(e): distance between’ wunt_tuaut |, |asaceareldeleneas, | eS ncre Sol: Minimum size of filet weld S,,= Smm F fener of cid) Ne Maximum size of filet weld Spacz 81.5 = 6.5mm (for Square edges) Raper End retums = 2xS= 26.5 fara sae =13mmACE Il Design strength of filet weld (P,,) The design shear of filet Weld f= fy Hing {,,,= Nominal shear strength of filet weld the cédign strength of a filet weld (based on the throat area) Lex tex fy 3% Yow L,= Effective length of filet weld in mm 4, (KxS}Effective throat thickness in mm Size of weld in mm. Smaller of ultimate strength of weld and Parent metal in Mpa = Partial safety factor 25 for shop welding .50 for site (field) welding LeX(K XS) xf Pae= 3% tuo IV. Reduction factor for long Joint (Bs.) Note: 1S800:2007 Specification only) + Ifthe maximum length &, of the side welds transferring shear clong its length exceeds 150 times the throat size of the weld (1), the reduction in weld strength as per the long joint. + The design capacity of weld {fwd} reduced by a factor = Length of joint (or) length of side weld inthe direction of force transfer 4,= Effective throat thickness of the weld Determine minimum and maximum size length ‘and overlap between plates of the 6 mm size fillet welded connection fo transmit a factored axial load of 250 KN as per limit state design of 18800:2007 as shown in the figure. The yleld and ultimate tensile strength of weld and steel are 250 MPa and 410 MPa respectively. Assume workshop| Welding 1,,,=1.25 and width of the plate is 100mm. @) = 100 SF10 109}, sp 250kN L_Baé mm Sok: For workshop welding y,, = 1,25 f=410N/mm®& ——f,=410 N/mm? {,=250 Nim? & f= 250. Némm? Factored axial load P= 250 kN Minimum size of filet weld S,,= 3mm Maximum size of the filet weld Syq:=10-1.528.5mm (for squore edges} Size of filet weld = 6mm Effective throat thickness f,= KxS = 0.76 = 4.2mm By Equating design strength of filet weld to factored load Le XK XS) X fy PB yem LexX42x410 73x 1.25 Paw = P= = 250x 10?» L.=314.31mm Effective length of filet weld L,=314.31mm Overlap between piates (providing weld on all three sides as shown in figure) Overiap = (314:31-100)/2=107.15mm (Minimum over lap as per 1S800:2007 is 44 or 40mm whichever is higher)@ACE So A circular plate, 100mm In diameter is welded to another plate by means of émm size fillet weld as shown In figure. Calculate ultimate twisting moment capacity that can be resisted by fillet welded connection as per simit state design of 18800:2007. Use steel of grade Fe410 and workshop welding, Sol: For workshop welding y,,= 1.25 4, =410 N/mm? & f= 410 N/mm? Size of filet weld $ = 6 mm Effective throat thickness 4, = KxS=0.7 * 6 2mm Length of filet weld 142 100 14.2mm, Ultimate twisting moment capacity (T,) Pex ebeXhxt yd Bt 2 = SIA2X 4.2410 100 3x 1.25 2 = 12.49 «10®N-mnm = 12.49 KN 7. Design of Plug (or) Slot Welds + Plug and slot welds are used most often to fie two ports fogether and in particular to reduce the unsupported dimensions of cover plates in compression. There may @) | ES also be used for shear transmission, * Plug and slot welds are used along with filet weld, when sufficient welding length is not available along the edges of the members. + Aslotis cutin one of overlapping members and having welding metal is fled in slot if the slot is small and completely filed with weld metal. It is known as plug weld The following specifications are for design of plug on slot weld as per |S 816 - 1969. i i ftsh i Ea ‘eclon aa ea poclon a Slot weld Plug wei {a} The width and diameter of slot should not be less than three times the thickness of part which slot is formed or 25 mm which ever is greater. Comer at enclosed ends should be rounded with a radius not less than 1.5 times the thickness of upper plate or 12 mm which ever's greater. The distonce between the edges of the plates and slot between edges of adjacent slot should not be less than twice the thickness of the upper plate. 8, Weld symbols (o) {c) Fa a Se ee [a Be aay SE [ra ge tine ce” [et Su My Tel y fy Dl | [To ipso ar ae regis, | ale = Ril ao cme fom) siePACE EEE Determine service load permitted on filet welded connection as per limit state design of S800:2007as shown in the figure. Use steel of grade Fe410 and site welding. 100 ISF10 20mm {plug we'd) 4, =410 N/mm? & f,, =410 N/mm? Size of filet weld $ = 8 mm Effective throat thickness f, = KxS= 0.7 « 8 Design strength of side filet weld (Emm size filet weld) Lax(KxS)XT, _ 120%5.6X410 | Bye xi 5” 106.05% 10°N | Design strenglh of plug weld (30mm plug weld) 5 F307 x 410 = 7 | Pore oS Ten H-S5x 10'N Design strength of filet weld = P.,, * Pow P=106.0541 11.55 =217,6 KN Service load canying capacity = 217. / 1.5 45 KN Working Stress Method Concepts 9. Strength of fillet weld or Lap weld (P,) Strength of filet or Lap weld P,= L, *hx x, = Effective length of filet weld 1, Effective throat thickness = KxS S= Size of filet weld ermissible shear stress in the filet weld @) com 10, Strength of Butt or Groove weld (T.): Strength of butt weld, T,=l,. «1, x6, length of the butt weld 1, = effective throat thickness y= Permissible stress in tension or compression of the parent metal. The permissible stresses in the joining members of mild steel by weld * Permissible shear stress in filet weld x, = 108 MPa : + Permissible stress in fension or compression of the parent metal a, = 150 MPa * Permissible bending stress in tension or compression of the parent metal Oy. ¥ Oy = 165 MPa. * Permissible stresses in the welds are reduced by 20% when the welding is done in the field. * When effects of wind or earthquake loads are considered, the permissible stresses care increased by 25%. fillet welded joint shown in figure below. The size of weld is émm and allowable stress in the weld Is 108 MPa Sol: Permissible stress in weld r,,=108 MPa Effective length of filet weld L, = 21504120 = 420mm Size of filet weld S = émm yds Dab «Bhopal une haben sLacknow Fons «Chet Weds Ving Tope Raley Foe[jRACE Effective throat thickness, = KxS =07%6= 4.2mm Equating safe load allowed on the filet welded. joint (P) = Shear strength of fillet weld (P) PPL, xt x14 =420 «4.2% 108 = 190,51 « 10°N= 190,51 kN 100mm x 10mm plate is fo be welded to another plate 150 mm x 10mm by fillet weld on three sides, The size of weld is 6 mm. find out the necessary overlap of the plate for full strength of the joint, Take allowable tensile stress in plate equal to 150MPa and allowable stress in weld as 108 MPa Sol: Allowable tensile stress in plate 0, = 150 MPa Allowable shear stress in weld +42 108 MPa Let ‘x’ be the overlap between plate The welded joint will be designed on the basis of strength of smaller width plate Axial load allowed on the smaller width plate ) P= AX 04 = 100 * 10x 150= 150 x 10°N Size of filet weld S = 6mm Effective throat thickness 4,5 K XS =0.7K6 = 4.2 mm Effective length of filet weld = (2 +100) Shear strength of filet weld (P.) PEL et xy EL, x42 % 108 Equating safe load allowed on the filet welded joint (P) = Shear strength of filet weld (P) 150 10°=L, x 4.2 « 108 = (2 +100) » 4.2 x 108 Overlap x= 115.36mm = 120mm (tres Da- Bop te Bb Lek Rats Bep Cheval ayes Ving Taal Klas Eeecene | Two plates 180 mm x 10mm and 160 mmx 12mm CES are to be butt welded. Calculate the strength of butt welded Jointin tension, If (a) single V butt weld, {b) a double V butt weld Is used fo connect them. Take permissible stress in weld as 150 MPa Sok Allowable tensile siress in weld o, = 150 MPa Effective length of butt weld L, = 140. mm (a). For single V butt weld Effective throat thickness 1,= 51/8 = 5x1 0/8 = 625mm Tensile strength of butt weld 1, =160 % 6.25 * 160 = 150% 10° N=150 kN (b) For Double V butt weld Effective throat thickness i,= 1 = 10 mm Tensie strength of butt weld 1,= Ly, 0) =160 10% 150 = 240 10°N =240 kN Seis An equal angle ISA 65x65x10 mm carties a tensile. load of 10 kN applied along its centridal axial. The angle is fo be welded to a gusset plate of 12mm thickness. Find the length of side fillet weld fequired at the heel and toe of the angle Its C.G is at 19.7mm from its heel, Take permissible stress in the weld as 108 MPa. Using 6 mm size fillet weld. Sol; Let 'S' and L,, be the size of filet weld and effective length of filet weld respectively. Axial tensile load P = 150 kN= 150 x 10°N Minimum size of flet weld 5,@ACE Maximum size of filet weld Spe? 3X10/4 = 7.5mm Size of filet weld s = émm Effective throat thickness 4,=K x5 =0.7x6 =4.2mm Equating oxial tensile load fo the shear strength Of fillet weld Axial tensile load (P|) = Shear strength of filet | weld (P) 150 x 10P= Lx 4.2 * 108 L,,= 330.68 mm The distribution of the weld should be such that the c.g. of the weld coincides with the line ‘action of the load Let L, ond, be the length on heel and toe of ‘on angle respectively bat bee = b= 330.68mm———(1] Taking moments of loads and weld strengths about c.g of an angle P,x197-P, Pu 19.7 Py x A5.3=0 Pa Ly = 2.299 by From Equation(?} and Equation(2} 7100.24 mm 1 7230.44 mm =a Classroom Practice Questions 01. Acitcular plate, 150mm in diameter is welded to another plate by means of émm filet weld! Calculate the ultimate twisting moment capacity that con be resisted by the weld if permissible shear stress in weld as 110 MPa {0} 23.32 kN-m (a) 42.64 ken (0) 16.32kN-m (c) 32.44kN-m 6mm, 02, Two 12mm thick plates are joined in the workshop by single but! weld with an effective length of 200mm. determine the axial strength Of the welded joint if allowable axial stress in butt weld as 150 MPa (2) 360 kN {c) 720kN (D} 225 kN (4) 450 kN 3. Two plates of 10mm and 20mm are joined with double 'U' butt weld at fabricated work shop, Allowable axial stress in weld is. 150 MPa. Find the safe axial load cllowed on the butt weld if the effective length of weld is 250 mm. (a) 400 kN {b) 750 kN {c] 984kN (a) 375 kN 04. Two plates each of 150 x 12mm thick and 100 mm_x10 mm thick are to be filet welded and subjected fo direct axial tension. The joint is subjected to a factored load of 400 KN. The minimum overlap required belween two (ered De Bop Poe bisa Luan Fi eg Cher Wap Vng Trp alsa TohACE plates (when weld is provided in all four sides) with maximum permissible weld size. (0) 100 mm {b} 105 mm {e) 110mm (d) 115 mm 05. Which one of the following is the mode of foilure in a f let weld material? (0) Tension (0) Shear (c} Bearing (4) Crushing 06. A fillet weld of size 'S' es shown in figure. The effective throat thickness of filet weld along throats (where ais angle between weld faces] oe (b) 0.65«s (d) 0.55*s (a) 0.70%s (2) 0.40%5, 07. For field welds, the permissible stresses in weld ore reduced by percentage? 08. A filet welded joint is shown in the figure, The size of the weld is 8 mm. allowable shear stress in the weld is 110 N/mm?. What is the safe force (to the nearest magnitude) to which the weld can be subjected? a 80mm — (0) 125kN (c} 140 kN eo (b) 130KN (0) 135 kN (@) syria Deh Bhopal» une Bolansvr + Laks eas «Chena» Papas «nga als SEL 09, Two plates of dimensions 150 mmx16 mm and 150mm x 12 mm at their welding edges are joined by but welding as shown in the figure. What is the maximum tension that this single \V-utt weid joint can transmit? The permissible tensile stress in the plates is 150 MPa. Tapes lin 15 fon both foces) {0} 168.75kN {c] 218.00 kN (b} 270.00 kN {d] 1350.00 kN 10. Two plates of 8mm thickness each are connected by a filet weld of émm thickness as shown in the figure. The permissible stresses in the plate ond the weld are 1S0MPa and 110 ‘MPa respectively. Assuming the length of the weld shown in the figure to be the effective lengih. The permissible load P fn KN) i, KEY for CRPQ O1.(a} 02.{b) 03. {d) 04. fc} 05. (b} 06. b) 07.(20) 08. (d) 09.(a} 10. (60) Assignment Questions 01, Ifa stucture is subjected to repeated load cycles, then the welded joint as compared to tiveted joint will fil (a) Eorier (c) Atsame time (0) Later (d) Not at al02. The filet weld is effective in resisting (a) Axial stresses (b} Torsion (c} Bending stresses (d) Shear stresses 03. The butt weld is effective in resisting (a) Axial stresses {b} Torsion [c} Bending stresses___(¢ Shear stresses 04, For stee! structural connections, the process of welding adopted is (2) Corbon are welding (0) Pressure welding (c) Metal arc welding {6} Oxy hydrogen welding 05. The type of weld used for joining two surfaces approximately right angles to each other is known as (9) Filet weld (b} U groove weld [c] Double groove weld (d) Single J butt weld 06, An angle member is connected to a gusset plate as a strut in a roof truss, 1o achieve full strength of weld ensured, if ils maximum size for ‘on angle member is fmited to (a) 1.5mm less than thickness of angle leg (0) 75% of the thickness of angle leg (c)_ Thickness of the angle leg (4) 1.5mm higher than thickness of the angle leg 07. Two plates of equal thickness, ful sirength of let weld is ensured, its maximum size for square edge is limited to (a) 1.5mm less than thickness of plate (b]_ 75% of the thickness of angle leg (c)_ Thickness of the angle leg (d) 1.5mm higher than thickness of the angle leg @ACE EEEEEN 08. The effective length of intermediate filet weld| should not be less than (a). Size of weld {b) 1/100th length of filet wet {c] 4 x size of weld or 40mm whichever is higher (d)_ 4 thickness of thinner member 09. The effective throat thickness of a filet weld| depends upon (a) Angle between fusion faces {0} Length of filet weld (c)_ Design shear capacity | (d} Type of weld 10. Filet weld is not adopted for joining parts, when| the angle between fusion faces (a) is (0) > 120° (b) <60 {e)_ Both (0) and {b} are correct (d)_ Both (a) ond (bj are wrong 1. Match List| type of weld) with List (Itslocation and symbol) and select correct answers using the code given below list usta usta A. Plug weld 1 8. Filet weld 20 sew [=] Incknon Fin Begins Chara - Vj Vig Tejas Koay: Fohae(ACE 12. a1. 06. iW Codes: A (a) (o} (c} {d) ~-NNe on-na D 1 4 3 2 The design shear stress for which of the following weld types is same os that for filet weld (1) Butt weld (2) slot weld (3) Plug weld {a} 1 only {b) 2only (c) | and 2 only (a 2and 3 only The effective length of a fillet weld of length ‘L” ‘ond size of weld is's’ is given by (a}i-/as (b} L-2s (c) L=s/¥2 (aj . The weakest plane in a filet weld is (0) Aside paralle! to the force (b) Aside normal to the force (c}_ The one clong the throat (d} The one normal to the throat A fillet weld is known as standard filet weld if the cross-section of the filet weld isa triangle of the angle of (0) 45° (c) 30° (0) 60° (0) 7° KEY for Assignment Questions {a} 02,(d) 03.(a) 04.{c) 05. (a} (b} 07.(a) 08. (c} 09.(a) 10. (c) {4} 12.(d) 13.(b) 14. (c) 15. (a) Previous TSPSC & APPSC Questions eee eee eee ee 01. The effective length of a fillet weld of length L and size sis given by (a) Lvs (c) L-2s (b} L-(s/V2) (at 02. Identity the incomrect statement (s}: (a]Welded structures are usually lighter thon riveted siructures, (b) During welding, the members do not get distorted. (cl The gap between web and flange plates for filet welds should not exceed | mm. {d] Welded joints are stronger than riveted joints. 03. The throat thickness ‘t/ in case of a 45° filet weld in terms of weld size ‘sis given by (a) f,= 25 (b) t,=0.707 s (c}f= 1.4145 (0) 1,=05s 04. A 100 mm x 10 mm plate is fo be welded to another plate 150mm x 10 mm by fillet weld of size émm on three sides, select the required overlap of the plate to develop full srength of the joint. Take allowable tensle stress for plate ‘0s 200MPa and allowable stress in weld as 100 MPa. Assume fusion faces at right angle and equol leg lengths. (a) 375 mm (c) 53mm (b) 258 mm (a) 186 mm, 05. The effective length of a filet weld is taken as the (a) (0) Length of the weld Length of the weld less twice the weld se (c})_ Length of the weld less the weld size {d) Length of weld less three times the weld size ytd Deis Bhopal une Hhebaewar« Lact Pata « Banara+ Cheon Wjyawndas Vg Tinpt Kaa ae@ACE 06. Ina welded joints, the side filet is subjected to (a) Sheor siresses (5) tensie stresses (c} Bending stresses (0) Compressive stresses 07. Thickness of weld is kept more than the thickness of the plate by at least (a) 0.0mm (c} 1.0mm (0) 0.5mm (d) 20m 08. Inweldedjoint, the throat of weld as compared to size of weldt is {a} about 0.5 times (c} about 1.25 times (b) about 0,7 times {d] about same size 09. For a set of design parameters, ¢ welded joint 's always___ than @ conesponding riveted joint. (a) Stronger (b) Efficient (c] Lighter (d) Allof these 10. For a6 mm size filet weld, the throat thickness is closely equal to (0) 424mm (c) 3.68 mm {b) 582mm (4) 3.00 mm 11. A Butt weld is having a length of 100 mm with on effective throat thickness of 8mm. If the permissible stress for the weld is 150 N/mm®, the sirength of the butt weld is (a) 80 kN {b) 100 kN (e] 120kN (d) 160 kN (#) 12. The strength of single lap weld joint is (AE CE/ME-2009) {b) ox ex LIT (4) o.xtx0.3571 (a) ox ex 1.414t {e} 0.x ex 0.7071 Where = Tensile strength, Nngth of the joint, t= thickness of plate 13. Two plates of 1mm and 14mm are jointed by) filet, the maximum size of the filet weld may| be (Lecturers-2013) (o) 18.5 (b} 17.5 (c) 125 (0) 155 14, Calculate the strength of filet weld per 1 m| of 6 mm size with allowable sheor stress in the weld 100 MPa, (TSPSC AE 2015) (a} 700 N (5) 600N (c) 424N (a) 420 15. A filet weld of size 5 mm and total length 100] mm is used fo connect two steel plates, What is the effective area of filet weld? (a) 500 sq.mm_ {} 315 sq.mm {c) 350 sq.mm (4) 450 sq.m KEY for Previous Questions Ole} 02{b) —03.{o) Od (a) 05,(d) 06. (a) 07.(c) 08.(b) 0%. (a) 10. fa} MWefe} 12 (c) 13. fe) 14 fa) 18. (b}Eccentric Rivited & Bolted Connections 1. Introduction: Connections become complex when they have to transmit axial or shear forces in addition fo bending moments or twisting moments, between structural members oriented in different directions. 2. Concentric load: A load is said to be concenttic load, when its line of action passes through centre of gravity of bolt group or rivet group or weld group 3. Eccentric load: A load is called eccentric load when its ine of action does not pass through cenire of gravity of bolt or rivet or weld group. Because of eccentticity additional moment is induced in the joint, Beam to Column Connections: Beam to column connections can be classified 08 simple, semiigid and rigid depending on the amount of moment transfer taking place between the beam fo the column. + Simpleconnections are assumedto transfer only shear at some nominal eccentricity. Therefore such connections can be used only in non-sway frames where the lateral loads are resisted by some alternative ‘arrangement such as bracings or shear walls, * Rigid connections transfer significant moments o the columns and are assumed to undergo negiigible deformations. Rigid connections are necessary in sway frames for stability and also contribute in resisting lateral loads, ‘ chapter @)) Eccentric Connections 5. + A thied type connection which resists end moments as well os permits relative rolction between the beam and column, The moment rotation relationship for itferent types of connection are shown in figure ‘deally Rigid connection Rigid connection Semirigid connection Flexible connection Ideally Fexibie connection MomentiM) —» Rotation (| ——» Analysis of Bolt Groups: ih general, any group of bolts resisting o moment can be classified into either of wo cases depending on whether the moment is acting in the shear plane (Bracket type connection.) or in a plane perpendicular (Bracket type connection. tot Bracket Type Connection - I peat Dell» opal Pune» Bsbancevar«acnnw«Patas onara «Chana Wows «Wg Traps Raply Taka@ACE 4. Bracket Type Bolted Riveted Connection-1 + Ciitical bolt is that which is subjected tol (Elastic Analysis): the maximum resultant shear force. Critical (a) Load or moment is lying in the plane of Bolt bolt which is farthest from C.G of the bolt group (01) Riveted: @roup and nearest to the applied load iine is most critical, 7 + Forsafetyof bolt group connection (Design requrement] F,,., § design sirengih of the bolt (V4) * For design of connection approximate number of boits in each vertical ine ° . Vmep RVs + 7 Bracket plate 1n'—No of bolts or rivets requited per each vertical ine T-section column ™=No of bolts ortivet lines in verticot The eccentric load P may be replaced by P-Piich of the bolt or rivet concentric load and in plane moment (Twisting V4,~ design strength of one bolt Momeni} (P xe} acting on the joint, Working Stress Method Concepts Bolls are subjected to direct concentic factored load (P) and a twisting moment {M= Pxe) For safety of rivet group connection, Safety Direct vertical shear force in each bolt dus to titetio Fy, $ Rivet Valve (P, oF R,) Direct axial load For design of joint approximate_number of F,=Pin Rivetsin each verticaline n= 4/=S%M {n- Number of bolts in connection) NNO of rivets required per each vertical ine Force in each bolt due to moment (M=?.e) m-No of bolt or rivet ines in vertical F,=Per/3e = M/nP Pitch of the bolt orrivet n- Number of bolts/ivets in a connection R,~ Rivet Volue or Strength of one rivet P-Factored eccenttic load e- Eccentricity of a load r ~ Radial distance of bolt from C.G of bolt wines a Abracket connection is made with five M16 bolts group; Ef= e+ ry nd supports a factored load of P=100kN with an eccentricity of 200 mm as shown in figure below, The maximum force taken up by any bolt Is (a) 20.0 kN (b) 70.7 KN (c) 113.1 KN {d) 100.0 kN fa=/FI+FE+ 2% F.cos0 —! The resultant of F, and F,, act on the bolt is Fy ‘ond Gis angle between F, and F,, the resultant force F,[ FE a : 3e 2 a) 0 30 Ne ‘ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN ‘mm’ Sol: An eccentric load may be replaced by set of ‘one direct concentric load (P) and in plane moment (M) P=10kN ‘M= P.e =100{200) = 2x10" kN=mm Bolt No’s 1, 2,3 & 4are comer bolts and having maximum radial distance, bolt no 1 & 2 are nearer to applied load line and subjected to maximum resultant force Force in each bolt due to direct concentric toad [F,) Force in critical bolt due to moment [F,) = Pier _ 2% 10'X 50 _ ar a xsg+g 7 1OKN Maximum resultant force in critical bolt 1 & 2is Fina: = (Fe + Fn + 2 Fay. COSO = 113.1 kN Fa= 113.LkN (7) cE (b) Bracket Type Bolted Connection-II(Elastic Analysis) + Load or moment isnot lying in the plane of Bolt group. . a x1 H 60mun = 1 1 ‘38mm 7Smm_ (a) 1920mm? (b) 201mm? (c) 242mm? (4) 210mm? Sok Given pattem of bolting is staggered, the section may fail along 1-23, 4.5-6-7, 45-23, 4-5-2-6-7 Net sectional area along section 1-2-3 (Chain bolting) Net sectional area of plate = An= (B-nxd,) f (200 = 1 x 20) x 12=2160 mm? Net sectional area along section 4-5-2-3 (Chain bolting) “= (8-nek LE] xt= (200-22 204-255) 12 Net effective sectional 45-67 Net sectional area of plate = A,= (B-n*d,}t AF (200-2 % 20) x 1 ‘area along sectionACE Net sectional area along section 4523 {Staggered bolting) Pe =(3- PE, PE A(6 axa fie Bl )t 75°, _75' z: a 00-3 x 20+ 75 + g Ses) x 12 = 2482 mm Net sectional area along section 4-5-2-6-7 [Staggered bolting} 2242.5 mem? Net effective critical sectional area is along section 4-5-6-7 is 1920 mm? Limit State Design Concepts 4, Types of failures in a tension member (a) Gross section yielding fale of the member (Limit state of yielding in the gross section} {b) Net section rupture failure of the member (Limit state of fracture or rupture) (c]_ Block shear failure of the member. 5. Design strength of tension member (T,) (0) Design tensile strength of section based on gross section yielding (T,,): Nominal or characteristic tensile strength of member by considering gross section yielding Te AcX fy Design tensile strength of member by considering gross section yielding . = Auth ‘Yo Compute the tensile strength of an angle section ISA 100 x 75 x 10mm of Fe 410 grade of steel connected to the gusset plate using fillet weld based on gross sectional yielding. (a) 330 kN (b) 622.5kN (c) 547.8kN (4) 375 KN Sol: For Fe410 grade steel, fu =410 N/mm’; £,=250 Nimm?, yg, = 1:25 & You = 110 Gross sectional area of an angle ‘A,= (100#75-10) x10=1650 mm* Design tensile of plate by considering gros section yielding fallure T,, 1650 x 250 1.10 = 375x10 N=375KN (b) Design tensile strength of section based on nel section rupture (T,,) {A Tension member {Flat or Piatel connected to other member or gussel plate by bolt or weld Nominal tensile strength of a plate or fal based on net section rupture Tn = 0.9K AaX fy Design fension sirength of member based on| net section rupture Toxin = 09% AXE Yo Ya {i) A Tension member (Angle, channel] tee section etc) is connected to otht member or guset plate by bol or weld Design tensile strength of a member based} ‘on net section rupture: ta=07x Atha gx An 40-0076 (Wx fx Ps] Where B= acu Pes Bega» Canal Vj Ving Tepes Kaapl KaieJ A, = Net effective sectional orea of a cross section A,.= Net sectional area of connected leg Aga = Gross area of the outstanding leg tstanding leg distance Thickness of the outsiand Length of end connection (Distance between the outermost boll in the joint long the length or length of weld along load direction b, = Sheorleg distance Welded Angie Bottea tngle Angles with End Connection For preliminary design of tension member 18800:2007 code recommends following formula for design tearing strength of net section. = 0.6 for one or fwo bolts (n <2) .7 for three bolts (n =3) £8 for four or more bolts (n 2 4) 8 for weld lengths number of bolts used at a joint | = [A lap Joint is used to connect fwo flat plates of width 220mm and 10mm thickness with chain pattem bolts having bolt hole diameter 22mm for M20 bolts as shown in figure. The yield stress and ultimate tensile stress of plate are 250 N/mm? and 410 N/mm? respectively. Parilal safety factor for material governed by yield stress and ultimate tensile sress are respectively y,.=1.10andy,, = 1.25 Determine design tensile strength of plate by considering net section rapture, % 48 e f220mm ory (0) 277.2 kN (b)315.0 kN (6) 454.6 kN. (4) 502.2 kN Sok: f, = 410 N/mmmé:y,,=1.25 f, = 250 N/mm: y,.=1.10 Design tensile strength of plate by considering net section rapture Ty, Tan 0,9 Atle 2 0:9 (220-3 x 22) x 10x 410 Eat 125 = 454,60 x10" N= 454,60 kN (c) Design tensile strength based block shear (the block shear strength at end connection) (T,,) {i) Forshear yield and tension fracture: Aux fy Auxfs Tana tO ae (i) For shear fracture and tension yield Anx fy, AeXfy Tan = 0.9 x Aea% le Sey im Vpn Yom ideraed «Da Bhopal Fan Dubanerwr Lackoow Fan ex «Chena Vispwad»Vngs Tapas Rap aioBlock shear plane Block Shear Failure where, A,, and A,, = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force, respectively, and A,, ond A,, = minimum gross and net areain tension from the hole to the toe of the angle, perpendicular to the line of force, respectively. Design of Axially loaded Tension member In the design of a tension member, the design tensile force is given and the type ‘of member and the size of the member have to be artived at the type of member is usually dictated by the location where the member is used. In the case of roof trusses, angles or pipes ‘re commonly used. Depending upon the span of the truss, the location of the member in the truss and the force in the member either single angle or double ongles may be used in roof trusses. Single angle is common in the web members of roof truss and the double angles are common in rafter and tie members of a roof truss. Built-up members made of angles, channels and plates are used as heavy tension members, encountered in bridge, trusses. The design process is iterative, involving choice of a trial section and analysis of its capacity. The net area required An to cony the factored design load Tis Maximum or Limiting slendemess ratio (Sitiness Requirement) yds Dah. Bhopal «Pane Shsbnevars chow «aa» expr »Chenpal Wapvads» Vig» Tapte Kalil» Kallas Ye Te The net area increased by 25% - 40% t compute the gross cross sectional ated calcuated by A, Gross area is also determined from its yield strength by A,= £ Yo Select @ svitoble rolled steel section to match with computed gross area. The number of bolls reauired to mak: the connection is calculated. These ar oranged in a suitable pattem. The design tensile strength of trail section i colcvioted by considering > Strength in yielding of gross cross section (Tg) > Strength in rapture of erilical section ond (T,) > Strength in biock shear (T,,] The design strength of a trail section Tal should be greater than factored design tensile load The slendemess ratio of the member i checked os per Is 800. The tension members, in addition to] meeting the design strength requirement, frequently have to be checked fo adequate stiffness. This is done to ensure| that the member does not sag too much] during service due to seff-weight or the| ‘eccentricity of end plate connections. limitations on the slendemess ratio of members subjected to tension os pel 18:00#ACE Corea two different or same lengths of a tension Condition for load reversal | Limiting or maximum slendermess ratio member have different thicknesses (or A tension memberin which | cross section} are fo be connected with reversal of direct stress due 180 filer plate of packing plate fo other than wind seismic + Tension splices are provided on both sides loading of member joined in the form of cover ‘A member — normally plates. » ‘acting as ¢ fie in roof truss Splice plate Packing plate or @ bracing system but subjected to possible of 350 4 reversal of stresses resulting from action of wind or Tension Splice earth quake forces + The strength of the splice plates and For any other tension bolts/weld connecting them should have members (other than pre 400 strength at least equal to design load tensioned members} + The design shear capacity of bolt canying shear through packing plate in excess of émm shall be decreased by a factor 5, A fat fe 180 ISF 16 is carying load reversal due = 10-0125 « eg to loads other than wind or seismic loading. (Where {,., = thickness of thicker packing Determine maximum length of flat as per I$800. | plate in mm} (a) 1848.0 mm (b) 831.6 mm {c) 7794.0 mm (o) 1617.0 mm Two plates 8 mm and 16 mm thick are to be joined Sok: tension member in which reversal of drect | [by @ double cover bult Joint with packing plate stress due fo other than wind seismic loading Vr | and cover plates of 8mm thickness, The effect of | $180 packing on the design shear strength of bolt is | Limiting slenclemess ratio = tem If $ 180 multiplied with a factor | foac= Maximum length of a flat fie {a) 0.10 (b)0.90 Tae Minimum radius of gyration of flat (c)0.20 (d).0.80 Moximum length of flat tie L,.,= 4.42 mm Sol: For double cover bolled connection between lpg = 180 * 4.42 = 831.6 mom |. 8mmand lémm thick, a packing plate of mm 8. Tension Splice thickis to be provided. + Itis q joint for a tension member, tension The design shear capacity of bolt camying splice Is provided when Length of member shear through packing plate in excess of 6mm shall be decreased by a factor B.,, Reduction factor on thicker packing Baug= 1.0-0.0125 »1,,,=1.0-0.0125 « B= required is higher than available length from Indian roliing mills or factory or when 19 yeah «De» Bhopa «Pane» Bhbvocva «cao Fe Bangsar «Chena «Wamu Vinge Tsp Rapala