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Advanced
Computer Network

Local Area Networks

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The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set

of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer
networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational
protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP). It is occasionally known as the Department of
Defense (DoD) model, because the development of the networking method
was funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it
complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly
referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a
stream of octets between applications running on hosts communicating by an IP
network. Major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote
administration, and file transfer rely on TCP. Applications that do not require reliable
data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol(UDP), which provides
a connectionless datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.

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› The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in

the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries.
Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes
the Internet.

› IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host
solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP
defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also
defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and
destination information.

Connection-oriented communication is a network communication mode

in telecommunications and computer networking, where a communication
session or a semi-permanent connection is established before any useful data can
be transferred, and where a stream of data is delivered in the same order as it was
sent. The alternative to connection-oriented transmission is connectionless
communication, for example the datagram mode communication used by the IP
and UDP protocols, where data may be delivered out of order, since different
packets are routed independently, and may be delivered over different paths.

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› Connectionless communication, often referred to as CL-

mode communication, is a data transmission method used in packet
switching networks in which each data unit is individually addressed and
routed based on information carried in each unit, rather than in the
setup information of a prearranged, fixed data channel as in connection-
oriented communication.

Circuit Switching
One solution to the switching is referred to as circuit switching, in which a physical circuit (or
channel) is established between the source and destination of the message before the delivery
of the message. After the circuit is established, the entire message, is transformed from the
source to the destination. The source can then inform the network that the transmission is
complete, which allows the network to open all switches and use the links and connecting
devices for another connection. The circuit switching was never implemented at the network
layer; it is mostly used at the physical layer

Packet Switching
The network layer in the Internet today is a packet-switched network. In this type of network,
a message from the upper layer is divided into manageable packets and each packet is sent
through the network. The source of the message sends the packets one by one; the
destination of the message receives the packets one by one. The destination waits for all
packets belonging to the same message to arrive before delivering the message to the upper
layer. The connecting devices in a packet-switching network still need to decide how to route
the packets to the final destination. 8

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A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical

links. A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or
more links. However, each connection uses only one dedicated channel on
each link. Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or
TDM.

The network layer is designed as a packet-switched network. This means that the packet at
the source is divided into manageable packets, normally called datagrams. Individual
datagrams are then transferred from the source to the destination. The received datagrams are
assembled at the destination before recreating the original message. The packet-switched
network layer of the Internet was originally designed as a connectionless service, but recently
there is a tendency to change this to a connection- oriented service.

• connectionless service
• connection- oriented service

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When the Internet started, the network layer was designed to provide a connectionless service, in which the
network layer protocol treats each packet independently, with each packet having no relationship to any
other packet. The packets in a message may or may not travel the same path to their destination. When the
Internet started, it was decided to make the network layer a connectionless service to make it simple. The
idea was that the network layer is only responsible for delivery of packets from the source to the destination.

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In a connection-oriented service, there is a relation between all packets belonging to a message. Before all
datagrams in a message can be sent, a virtual connection should be set up to define the path for the
datagrams. After connection setup, the datagrams can follow the same path. In this type of service, not only
must the packet contain the source and destination addresses, it must also contain a flow label, a virtual
circuit identifier that defines the virtual path the packet should follow.

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LAN types 1. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

2. Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
3. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
4. Wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11)

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› The most widely used LANs today are based on Ethernet and have been standardized by the
IEEE 802.3 standards committee

› The Ethernet uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) as
the access method

› Recall:
– Layers specified by 802.3:
› Ethernet Physical Layer
› Ethernet Medium Access (MAC) Sublayer

› Possible Topologies:
– Bus
– Branching non-rooted tree for large Ethernets 15

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 Preamble: a 7-byte pattern of alternating 1s and 0s to establish bit

synchronization
 Start frame delimiter (SFD):The sequence 10101011 indicates the actual start
of the frame
 Destination address (DA): specifies the station(s) for which the frame is
intended
 Source address (SA): specifies the station that sent the frame
 Length/type: length of LLC data field in bytes or Ethernet type field
 data: data unit supplied by LLC
 Pad: bytes added to ensure that the frame is long enough for proper CD
operation. Filled when Length < 46.
 Frame check sequence (FCS): a 4-byte CRC check, based on all fields except
preamble, SFD and FCS. 17

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The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through several changes

before moving to the higher data rates. These changes actually opened
the road to the evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs.

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Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN protocols such as FDDI or
Fiber Channel. IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u. Fast
Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard Ethernet, but it can transmit
data 10 times faster at a rate of 100 Mbps.

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The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the design of the Gigabit
Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps). The IEEE committee calls the standard
802.3z.

Note
In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is no collision;
the maximum length of the cable is determined by the signal attenuation
in the cable.

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