World

University Lab Report

of On
Electrical Circuit Lab
Bangladesh Exp (5-8)

Submitted to:
Md. Sharif Uddin
Lecturer
Department of EEE
World University of Bangladesh

Submitted By:
Nasir Mahmud Apar
ID: WUB 03/17/37/2071
Batch: 37(E)
Computer Science & Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

Date of Submission: 28 August 2020

Index
Exp No. Exp Name
05 Study of Nodal Analysis.
06 Verification of Superposition Theorem.
07 Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.
08 Verification of Norton Theorem.
Experiment No: 05
Experiment Name: Study of Nodal Analysis.
Objectives: To solve a problem using nodal analysis.
Theory:
A node is defined as a junction of two or more branches. If we define one node of any
network as a reference (that is, a point of zero potential or ground), the remaining nodes of
the network will all have a fixed potential relative to this reference. For a network of N
nodes, there will exist (N-1) nodes with a fixed potential relative to the assigned reference
node. Equations relating these nodal voltages can be written by applying Kirchhoff’s current
law at each of the (N-1) nodes. To obtain the complete solution of a network, these nodal
voltages are then evaluated in the same manner in which loop currents were found in loop
analysis.

The nodal analysis method is applied as follows:

1. Determine the number of nodes within the network.

2. Pick a reference node, and label each remaining node with a subscripted value of voltage:
V1, V2, and so on.

3. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at each node except the reference. Assume that all unknown
currents leave the node for each application of Kirchhoff’s current law. In other words, for
each node, don’t be influenced by the direction that an unknown current for another node
may have had. Each node is to be treated as a separate entity, independent of the application
of Kirchhoff’s current law to the other nodes.

4. Solve the resulting equations for the nodal voltages

Equipment’s:
1. DC circuit training system.
2. resistors (1kΩ,1k Ω,2.2k Ω, 2.2k Ω,4.7kΩ)
3. DC Power supply
4. Digital Multimeter
5. Set of wires.
Circuit Diagram:

Calculation:
The current through R 1, R 2 & R3:
15Ω 25Ω 2.5Ω
I(mA) 350 180 180

The voltage to each node in the circuit:

Applying KCL at Node V1
V 1−8 V 1 −V 2 V 1−0
+ + =0
15 2.5 15
V 1−8+ 6 V 1−6 V 2 +V 1=0
8 V 1−6 V 2 =8 … … … .(1)
Applying KCL at Node V2
V 2−V 1 V 2−1 V 2 −0
+ + =0
2.5 20 20
8 V 2−8 V 1 +V 2−1+V 1 =0
10 V 2−8 V 1=1 … … … .(2)
From Equation 1 & 2 We get,
X = 2.68 & y = 2.25
V(Volt) V1 V2
Experimental Value 2.69 2.25
Calculated Value 2.68 2.25

Discussion: We took the lower node as reference node and its value is 0. And then we calculate the
value of node V1 and node V2 applying KCL. The calculated and experimental values are almost
same.
Simulation File: Click Here

Experiment No: 06
Experiment Name: Verification of Superposition Theorem.
Objectives:
 To verify the superposition theorem.
Theory:

In physics and systems theory, the superposition principle, also known as superposition property,
states that, for all linear systems, the net response at a given place and time caused by two or
more stimuli is the sum of the responses which would have been caused by each stimulus
individually.

Although superposition principle is not obvious, this principle is consistent with all our experimental
results. This principle has many applications in physics and engineering because many physical
systems can be modeled as linear systems. This theorem is only applicable for linear bilateral
networks, to which vast networks belong to.

Superposition theorem states that, the current through or voltage across an element in a linear
bilateral network having multi sources is equal to the algebraic sum of currents or voltages (of
the same element) produced separately by each independent source with rest of others being
deactivated.

Now in order to determine the response of only a particular source we have to make sure that the
other sources are deactivated. ‘Deactivation’ for ideal sources can be visualized as follows:

Equipment:
 Trainer Board 1 piece
  DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
 Resistors (20Ω, 40Ω and 50Ω) 1 piece each
 Multimeter 1 unit
 Chords and wire as requested

Circuit Diagram:
Data Collection & Observation Sheet:
E1 and E2 Both Active

R1 Vab(E1 & E2) I(E1 & E2) PR2(E1 & E2)

Observation R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω)
(Ω) (volt) (mA) (mW)
Experimental 40 50 20 23.7 470 11139
Theoretical 40 50 20 23.7 470 11233
E1 is Active:
Total Resistance,
R2 × R3 50 × 20
R=R 1+ =40+ =54.28
R 2+ R 3 50+20
Current,
V 40
I= = =0.74
R 54.28
Current through ab(R2),
R3 20
I ( E 1 )=I × =0.74 × =0.21
R2 + R3 50+ 20
Voltage through ab(R2),
V ab=IR=0.21 ×50=10.6

R1 Vab(E1)(volt) I(E1)(mA) PR2(E1) (mW)

Observation R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω)
(Ω)
Experimental 40 50 20 10.5 210 2205
Theoretical 40 50 20 10.6 210 2226
E2 is Active:
Total Resistance,
50 × 40
R=20+ =42.23
50+40
Current,
V 25
I= = =0.59
R 42.23
Current through ab(R2),
40
I ( E 2 )=0.59 × =0.26
50+ 40
Voltage through ab(R2),

V ab=IR=0.26 × 50=13.1

R1 Vab(E2)(volt) I(E2)(mA) PR2(E2) (mW)

Observation R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω)
(Ω)
Experimental 40 50 20 13.2 260 3432
Theoretical 40 50 20 13.1 260 3408

Verification of Superposition Theorem

Vab(E1) I(E1)+I(E2) PR2 (E1) +PR2

R1
Observation R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω) +Vab(E2) (mA) (E2)
(Ω)
(volt) (mW)
Experimental 40 50 20 23.7 470 5637
Theoretical 40 50 20 23.7 470 5634

Discussion:
From the theoretical calculation and experimental simulation we get same results and from this
theorem we see that this theorem doesn’t hold power, we can’t find the values of power properly from
this theorem.
Simulation File: Click Here
Experiment No: 07
Experiment Name: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.
Objective:
 To verify the Thevenin’s Theorem.

Theory:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Thevenin's Theorem states that, it is possible to simplify
any linear bilateral circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a
single voltage source Eth and a series resistance Rth. In order for the circuit to be linear,
all the underlying equations must be linear (no exponents or roots).
This theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems and other circuits where one
particular
resistor in the circuit (called the “load” resistor RL) is subject to change, and re-calculation
of the circuit is necessary with each trial value of load resistance, RL. So this theorem can be
visualized as –

The advantage in determining the “Thevenin’s equivalent”, of course, is that it makes load
voltage VL,
and load current IL, so much easier to solve than in the original network. It also allows the
circuit designer to concentrate only on a specific portion of the network by replacing the
remaining portion of the network with a much simpler equivalent circuit.
It is worth mentioning that, the “Thevenin’s equivalent” does not provide any information
about the
internal construction and characteristics of the original network; it just provides an
equivalence at the terminals
only.
Limitations of Thevenin’s Theorem:
 A limitation of Thevenin’s theorem is that, it assumes that the circuit is completely
linear. So,
this theorem is applicable for resistors, but will not work well when trying to analyze
circuits
consisting of non-linear elements such as diodes.
 Thevenin’s theorem is applicable only for bilateral networks, that is, for those
networks where
current through an element is not affected with polarity changing.
 There should not be any magnetic coupling present in between the load & the
network.
 The internal power dissipation of the Thevenin’s equivalent is not necessarily
identical to the
  internal power dissipation of the real system.
Three distinct experimental procedures can be followed in order to determine the “Thevenin’s
equivalent”. The approach for measuring Eth is same for each, but the approach for
determining Rth is quite different for each. In today’s experiment two approaches will be
covered.

Equipment:
 Trainer Board 1 piece
 DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
 Resistors (155Ω, 240Ω, 420 Ω) 1 piece each
 Multimeter 1 unit
 Chords and wire as requested
Circuit Diagram:
Data Collection, Observation Sheet and Calculation:
Calculation:
R1 × R3 120 ×80
Rth = + R 2 + R 4= +200+160=408 Ω
R1 + R3 120+ 80
V s × R3 25 × 80
Eth = = =10 V
R 1+ R 3 120+80
Determination of the Thevenin’s equivalent:

Observation R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω) R4 (Ω) Eth(volt) Rth(Ω)

Experimental 120 200 80 160 10 408
Theoretical 120 200 80 160 10 408

Equivalency checking for Previous Circuit & Thevenin Circuit:

RL 300 Ω 470 Ω 560 Ω
VL 4.47 5.35 5.79
Discussion:
From the Thevenin Theorem we can see that the previous circuit and the Thevenin circuit
provides same performance.
Simulation File: Click Here
Experiment No: 08
Experiment Name: Verification of Norton Theorem.
Objective:
 To find the Norton’s equivalent circuit from the given circuit.

Theory:
Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sources, voltage
sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit current
between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent
resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are replaced by their
internal resistance.

Equipment:
 Trainer Board 1 piece
 DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
 Resistors as requested
 Multimeter 1 unit
 Chords and wire as requested

Circuit Diagram:
Observation and Calculation:
R1 × R2 120× 380
R N= = =91.2 Ω
R 1+ R 2 120+380
RN 91.2
I L =I SC =0.13 =0.03 A
RN + RL 91.2+ 260
Observation R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) RL (Ω) IN (A) RN(A) IL(A)
Experimental 120 380 260 0.13 91.2 0.03
Theoretical 120 380 260 0.13 91.2 0.03

Simulation File: Click Here