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The Approaches: Today's Topic

The document summarizes several major psychological approaches: (1) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic focuses on unconscious drives shaped by early childhood experiences; (2) Cognitive focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory; (3) Humanistic emphasizes free will and growth potential; (4) Neuroscience/biological looks at physiological factors like brain chemistry; (5) Behavioral examines external reinforcement of observable behaviors; (6) Socio-cultural considers cultural influences; and (7) Evolutionary believes behaviors evolve to aid survival and reproduction.

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Vikas Singh
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68 views17 pages

The Approaches: Today's Topic

The document summarizes several major psychological approaches: (1) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic focuses on unconscious drives shaped by early childhood experiences; (2) Cognitive focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory; (3) Humanistic emphasizes free will and growth potential; (4) Neuroscience/biological looks at physiological factors like brain chemistry; (5) Behavioral examines external reinforcement of observable behaviors; (6) Socio-cultural considers cultural influences; and (7) Evolutionary believes behaviors evolve to aid survival and reproduction.

Uploaded by

Vikas Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: History, Approaches & Research Methods

Today’s Topic:

the APPROACHES
the psychological APPROACHES

hand gestures
can help us to remember
the psychological approaches
PSYCHOANALYTIC /
PSYCHODYNAMIC
Ideas put forth by Sigmund Freud

Focuses on the ideas that:


• your early childhood plays a huge role in
shaping your personality.

• childhood traumas and experiences create


unconscious drives and conflicts that impact
individual personalities.
PSYCHOANALYTIC /
PSYCHODYNAMIC
– point behind you -- way back

• “My past, my unconscious, determines my


behavior”
COGNITIVIST

• Focuses on mental processes (how we


encode, process, store, and retrieve
information).

• Believe that behavior is partially governed


by the ways we think and interpret the
world.
COGNITIVIST
– point to forehead

• “How I think determines my behavior”


HUMANISTIC

• Focuses on an individual’s free will and


potential for growth.

• Believes that behavior is determined by


each person’s capacity to choose how to
think and act which is dictated by their
perceptions of the world.
HUMANISTIC
– point to self

• “I choose how I behave”


NEUROSCIENCE
/BIOLOGICAL

• Focuses on the belief that behavior is


governed by physiological responses like
changes in brain chemistry, brain structure,
nervous system, etc.
NEUROSCIENCE
/BIOLOGICAL
-pinky finger

• We are only starting to know just how


much our brain, genes, hormones…
determine our behavior.
BEHAVIORAL
Focuses on:
• the importance of the external
environment in shaping behavior. A
behavior’s frequency is largely a result
of rewards and punishments.

• the study of learning.

• experimental testing that is observable.


BEHAVIORAL
– middle finger

• “My observable behaviors are reinforced


or punished and this is what determines my
behavior.”
SOCIO-CULTURAL
• Focuses on how behaviors and mental
processes vary amongst the different
cultures of the world

• This is a more recent approach that came


about as people in different places came
into contact with each other more often
(globalism)

• Used to understand and predict behaviors


SOCIO-CULTURAL
– make “the world” gesture

• “My culture and social environment


determines my behavior “
EVOLUTIONARY
• believe that people change or perpetuate
(continue) behavior in order improve their
chance to survive (and therefore reproduce)

• Based on Charles Darwin’s theory of


“survival of the fittest” (Natural Selection)
EVOLUTIONARY
– opposable thumbs

• Our behaviors are the result of our innate


need to reproduce
Behavior can be understood by describing
Biological underlying biochemical and
neurological causes. brain, neurochemicals,
(Neuroscience)
genes

Behavioral
Interested in directly observable behaviors
that are the result of external stimuli.
reinforcement or
punishment
Cognitive psychologists study thoughts &
Cognitive processes (language, thought & our thoughts
memory).

Views behavior as a product of free will


Humanistic and opposed the determinism of
behaviorism & psychoanalysis.
I choose

Psychodynamic
Human behavior is primarily determined by
unconscious processes. Stresses the events from distant past;
(Psychoanalytic) importance of early experiences in
determining later behavior patterns. unconscious

Human behavior is largely the result of our


Social-Cultural social environments. environment

Belief that our thoughts and behaviors are


Evolutionary/ the result of evolutionary selection
natural selection
pressures.
Sociobiological

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