Magnetic circuits and Other
Basics
UNIT-I
Prepared by
Dr. A.Venkadesan,
AP/EEE,NITPY
1
Basic Laws
1. Faraday’s Law
2. Ampere Law
Types of Emf
Static Emf
Conductor is stationary, flux is moving. Eg: transformer emf
Dynamic Emf
Conductor is moving, flux is stationary. Eg: DC generator emf
2
Comparison of Electric and Magnetic
Circuits
Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
EMF MMF
CURRENT FLUX
RESISTANCE RELUCTANCE
CONDUCTANCE PERMEANCE
CURRENT DENSITY FLUX DENSITY
Note: Current flows. But flux is assumed to flow
3
Anology between electric and
Magnetic circuit
Magnetic Circuit
Electromagnetic System
V
Electric Circuit
4
Magnetic Circuit with air gap
https://www.slideshare.net/NikDinEduJke/c
hapter1-part1
5
Excitation Systems
• Single excited systems
– Excited with one source
– Eg: Transformer
• Multiple excited systems
– Excited with more than one sources
– Eg: DC Motor
6
Certain Terms and Definitions
• Fringing Effect
– Bending of flux near the edges
NI=MMF Air gap
V (EMF)
7
Certain Terms and Definitions
• Leakage Flux
– Flux that goes away from its intended path
8
Core Loss/Iron Loss
• Eddy current loss
• Hysteresis Loss
9
Eddy Current Loss
• The Eddy current problem arises when iron has to carry an ac flux. Figure
shows a coil carrying an ac current that produces an ac flux in a solid iron
core. Eddy currents (result due to the induced emf "Faraday's law") are set
up as shown and they flow throughout the entire length of the core. The
result of eddy currents is to heat up the core resulting in eddy current loss.
Pe=Ke f2 Bm2
Ke is the constant
f is the frequency
Bm is the maximum flux density
Flux density is constant for the core
Pe is proportional to f2
10
Hysteresis Loss
• Transformers and most rotating machines operate on alternating currents. In such
devices, the flux in the iron changes continuously both in value and direction. The
magnetic domains are therefore, oriented first in one direction, then the other, at a
rate that depends upon the frequency. If we plot the flux density B as a function of
the field intensity H, we obtain a closed curve called hysteresis loop as shown in
Figure below. The area of the loop is hysteresis loss.
Ph=Kh f Bmn
Kh is the constant
f is the frequency
Bm is the maximum flux density
n=1.5 to 2.5 depending upon the material
Generally 1.6 is chosen
Flux density is constant for the core
Ph is proportional to f
11
Problem
• Total core loss of a specimen of silicon steel is
found to be 1500 watts at 50 Hz. The loss
becomes 3000 watts when the frequency is
raised to 75 Hz. Calculate separately the
hysteresis, eddy current loss at each of these
frequencies.
12
Solution
• Ptotal= Pe + Ph
• Ptotal=Af2+Bf
• 1500=A (502) + B (50)
• 3000=A (752) + B (75)
• Solving equation, A=2/5, B=10
• For 50 Hz, Ph50=500 Watts, Pe50=1000 Watts
• For 75 Hz, Ph75=2250 Watts, Pe75=750 Watts
13
Eddy current loss-Distribution in the ferromagnetic core
• The earlier formula gives the steady state
information about the eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss.
• In order to find the eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss distribution through out the
magnetic material, the differential equation has
to be framed and has to be solved.
14
INTRODUCTION
• Eddy currents are the circulating currents in a
magnetic conducting specimen when it is
subjected to alternating magnetic field.
• Eddy currents result in joule heating in the
conducting material.
• The energy lost due to eddy currents are called
eddy current loss.
NEED TO EVALUATE EDDY
CURRENT LOSS
To design cores and electrical machines efficiently.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
FIELD CO-ORDINATES
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Hy
= Jz Ampere law
X
Jz By
ρ = Faraday law
X t
GOVERNING PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
H 1 B
2
=
X 2
ρ t
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN B AND
H TO SOLVE NON-LINEARITY
by Frohlich equation,
αH
B=
β+H
Where α = 1.803 T, β = 935 A/m
MAGNETIC DIFFUSION EQUATION
H 1 αβ
2
H
=
X 2
ρ ( β + H ) t
2
LINEARSATION OF MAGNETIC
DIFFUSION EQUATION
Knee
point
df H - Ho
B = f ( H ) = f ( HO ) + H=Ho
dH 1
B = BO + m(H - HO)
B - BO = m(H - HO)
ΔB = mΔH
LINEARISED MAGNETIC DIFFUSION EQUATION
H m H
2
=
X 2
ρ t
SOLUTION TO TIME HARMONIC
FIELD
If one uses phasor, the equation becomes,
H
2
= 2jλ H
2
X 2
1 ωμ
=
λ 2ρ
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
t = 0, H = 0
X = 0, H = Hssin(T)
dH
X=X =0
X approaches
N, infinity, H
approaches zero
dX
Where, T = ωt and subscript‘s’ stands for surface value.
MATHEMATICAL EQUATION FOR
MAGNETIC FIELD AND EDDY
CURRENT DENSITY
H = Hse sin ( ωt - λX )
-λX
J = -Hsλe sin ( ωt - λX ) -λX
Using the value of H, the J can be found out with the help of ampere law.
Using the Poyting Law/theorem, Eddy current loss can be computed from J.
FIELD DISTRIBUTION
4
x 10
2
A:X=0m
A
1.5 B : X = 6e-4 m
B C : X = 12e-4 m
Field strength H (A/m)
1 C D : X = 18e-4 m
D
E E : X = 24e-4 m
0.5 F : X = 28e-4 m
F
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time period in radians
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
Eddy current loss (watts/sq.m)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30
30
20 25
20
10 15
10
5
Time period in radians 0 0
Depth X (m)
