EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

CONTINUOUS-TIME Motivation
SIGNALS

Nasri bin Sulaiman, PhD

Associate Professor / Researcher
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
With Knowledge We Serve 1 With Knowledge We Serve 2

MC-CDMA Receiver AM Radio Receiver

OFDM Block

Communication Band
Transmitter Pass ADC
Guard
FFT Combiner Data
channel Filter
Removal

RF Carrier

memory microprocessor

Reconfigurable
MC-CDMA
receiver

With Knowledge We Serve 3 With Knowledge We Serve 4

[email protected] (017-9774029) 1
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

AM Radio Receiver PCB AM Radio Block Diagram

With Knowledge We Serve 5 With Knowledge We Serve 6

AM Radio Schematic Learning Outcomes

Students are able to:

1. represent continuous-time signals in
frequency domain
2. perform basic operations on continuous-
time signals

With Knowledge We Serve 7 With Knowledge We Serve 8

[email protected] (017-9774029) 2
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Signals Classification of Signals

 A signal is a function of time representing a  Continuous time signals.
physical variable, eg: voltage, current etc.
 Discrete time signals.
 A signal is defined as a function of one or
more independent variables.

 Signals are functions of independent variables

that carry information.

With Knowledge We Serve 9 With Knowledge We Serve 10

Continuous (CT) Signals CT Signal - cont

 In continuous time signals the independent

variable is continuous, and they are defined

for a continuum of values.
 Most of the signals in the physical world are
CT signals: voltage, current, pressure,
temperature, velocity, etc.
With Knowledge We Serve 11 With Knowledge We Serve 12

[email protected] (017-9774029) 3
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Discrete Time (DT) Signals DT Signal - cont

 Discrete time signals are defined only at

discrete times and for these signals the

independent variable takes on only a discrete
set of values.

With Knowledge We Serve 13 With Knowledge We Serve 14

Representation Functional Notation

 For functions whose independent variable
 To distinguish between continuous-time and
is either real numbers or complex
discrete time signals, we will use the symbol numbers, the independent variable will
‘t’ to denote the continuous time independent be enclosed in parentheses ( ).
variable and ‘n’ to denote the discrete time  For functions whose independent
independent variable. variable is integers the independent
variable will be enclosed in brackets [ ].
With Knowledge We Serve 15 With Knowledge We Serve 16

[email protected] (017-9774029) 4
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Taxonomy of Signals Signal Processing Systems

Amplitude

Continuous Discrete Signal

Continuous
signal Processing output
continuous-time System
analog signals
signals
Time
Discrete discrete-time
digital signals
signals
 Facilitate the extraction of desired information.

With Knowledge We Serve 17 With Knowledge We Serve 18

Signal Processing Systems - cont Classification of CT Signals

continuous-time continuous-time signal  Periodic signals.
signal analog
signal system
output

 Non periodic signals.

discrete-time signal discrete-time signal
discrete-
signal time output
system
.
digital signal digital signal
digital
signal system
output

With Knowledge We Serve 19 With Knowledge We Serve 20

[email protected] (017-9774029) 5
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Periodic Signals Periodic Signals - cont

 A continuous-time signal, x(t) is a periodic
 For x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t), where x1(t) and x2(t)

signal if x(t + nT) = x(t), where T is the are two periodic signals with fundamental T1

period of the signal and n is an integer. and T2 respectively, x(t) is a periodic signal if
T1/T2 = a rational number.

 Sinusoidal, square and triangular waves are  The fundamental period, T for x(t) is the least

periodic signals. common multiples (LCM) of T1 and T2.

With Knowledge We Serve 21 With Knowledge We Serve 22

Sinusoidal Signal Sinusoidal Signal Properties

Time domain representation  Frequency.

 Period.

 Peak (maximum) value.

 Peak-to-peak value.

x(t) = Acos(t + )  Root mean square (RMS) value.

With Knowledge We Serve 23 With Knowledge We Serve 24

[email protected] (017-9774029) 6
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Phasor Representation Amplitude & Phase Spectrums

With Knowledge We Serve 25 With Knowledge We Serve 26

Phasor Representation - cont CT Signals Generator

 Complex-conjugate phasor representation. Wien-bridge oscillator
Rf
x(t) = A/2 ej(t + ) + A/2 ej(t + )
R1


+
C R
Vo
R Z1
C Z2
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
With Knowledge We Serve 27 With Knowledge We Serve 28

[email protected] (017-9774029) 7
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

CT Signals Generator - cont Example 1

RC phase-shift oscillator Write the analytical expression for the signal
Rf with the phase angle in degrees.
R1
 C C C

+
R R R

1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 6𝑅𝐶
x(t) = 200sin(21000t + 600)
With Knowledge We Serve 29 With Knowledge We Serve 30

Example 1 - cont Example 2

 Frequency, f = 1000 Hz = 1 kHz. Sketch a waveform for a signal of 5 sin 754t
with the abscissa:
 Period, T = 1/f = 1/1000 Hz = 1 ms.
(a) time in seconds.
 Peak (maximum) value, A(p) = 200.
(b) angle in degrees.
 Peak-to-peak value, A(p) = 400.
(c) angle in radians.
 Root mean square value, A(rms) = 141.42.
With Knowledge We Serve 31 With Knowledge We Serve 32

[email protected] (017-9774029) 8
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Example 3 Example 4
Determine the average and root-mean-square Determine the phasor form of the following
values for the voltage signal. signals.
(a) x(t) = 155 cos (377t – 250)
(b) x(t) = 10 cos (10t + 630) + 15 cos (10t – 420)

(a) X = 155 – 250

(b) X = 15.73  – 4.120

With Knowledge We Serve 33 With Knowledge We Serve 34

Example 5 Example 6
Represent x(t) = 6 cos (2100t – 0.45) as a sum Represent x(t) = 155 cos (377t – 250) in
of counterrotating phasors with complex frequency domain.
magnitudes.

x(t) = (2.701 – j1.305)ej2100t +

(2.701 + j1.305) e – j2100t

With Knowledge We Serve 35 With Knowledge We Serve 36

[email protected] (017-9774029) 9
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Example 7 Even and Odd Functions

Determine whether each of the following signal • A continuous-time signal, x(t) is an even
is periodic. If a signal is periodic, determine its function if x(t) = x(– t).
fundamental period. • A continuous-time signal, x(t) is an odd
(a) x(t) = cos (t + /4) function if x(t) = –x(– t).
(b) x(t) = cos (/3)t + sin (/4)t • The even and odd parts of the function, x(t)
(c) x(t) = cos t + sin (2)t are

(a) Periodic, T0 = 2 s. (b) Periodic, T0 = 24 s. xe(t) = [x(t) + x(–t)]/2

(c) Nonperiodic xo(t) = [x(t) – x(–t)]/2
With Knowledge We Serve 37 With Knowledge We Serve 38

Example 8 Energy and Power Signals

Determine the even and odd parts of the • The total energy, E of the signal, x(t) in 1 ohm
following signals. resistor is
(a) x(t) = 4 cos(3t) ∞
2
(b) x(t) = e–t u(t) 𝐸= 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
• The average power, P of the signal, x(t) in 1
(a) xe(t) = 4 cos(3t), xo(t) = 0 (even signal) ohm resistor is
(b) Xe(t) = 0.5[e–t u(t) + et u(– t)] 𝑇
1 2 2
xo(t) = 0.5[e–t u(t) – et u(– t)] 𝑃 = lim 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −
𝑇
2
With Knowledge We Serve 39 With Knowledge We Serve 40

[email protected] (017-9774029) 10
EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Energy and Power Signals - cont Example 9

Find the signal energy of
• For a periodic signal, x(t): 𝑡
3 1− , 𝑡 <4
𝑥 𝑡 = 4
𝑇 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1 2
𝑃= 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
From the definition of signal energy:
∞ 2
4
𝑡
E= 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 3 1− 𝑑𝑡
−4 4
−∞

With Knowledge We Serve 41 With Knowledge We Serve 42

Example 9 - cont Example 10

Taking advantage of the fact that x(t) is an even Find the average signal power of
function: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃

4 2 From the definition of average signal power for

𝑡
E = 2 × 32 1− 𝑑𝑡
0 4 a periodic signal:
4 𝑇𝑜
𝑡 𝑡2 1 𝑇
2
𝐴2 2 𝑡
E = 18 1− + 𝑑𝑡 𝑃= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡
0 2 16 𝑇 0 𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜
2
4 2 3
𝑡 𝑡 𝑇𝑜
E = 18 𝑡− + = 24 𝐴2 2 𝑡 𝐴2
0
4 48 𝑃= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋 + 2𝜃 𝑑𝑡 =
2𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜 2
2
With Knowledge We Serve 43 With Knowledge We Serve 44

[email protected] (017-9774029) 11