DISASATER RISK REDUCTION RESILIENCE:
* ability of a system, a community or society
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY exposed to hazards to RESIST, ABSORB,
ACCOMODATE,ADAPT TO, TRANSFORM
Assets or Elements at risk AND RECOVER from the effects of hazards in
➢ Is a generic term that signifies everything a timely and efficient manner.
that might be exposed to hazards, ranging
* About anticipating and planning
from buildings to the economy and from
* Bounce back, spring forward, build back better
individual persons to communities.
* Ability to flourish in face of disaster risk
What elements are at risk?
If there are elements at risk, then we say that 2 types of resilience
there is…. EXPOSURE * hard resilience : direct strenth of structures or
institutions when placed under pressure.
Exposure refers to the situation of people, SIMPLE INVERSE OF FRAGILITY
property, systems or other elements present in
hazard-prone areas that are thereby subject to * A RESILIENCE INCREASES THE DEGREE
potential losses. OF DAMAGE FOR A GIVEN INSTENSITY
EXPOSURE is one of the defining characteristics HAZARD DECREASES
or components of disaster risk.
Does exposure matter? * soft resilience: ability of shstem to absorb and
➢ If a HAZARD occurs in an AREA OF NO recover from the impact of disruptive elements
EXPOSURE, then there is NO RISK. without the fundamental changes in function or
Risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability structure
* Resilience decrease = intensity of hazard
Exposure 3 components: increase
• People, property, systems and other CAPACITY
elements, exposure involves specific
elements which we must be bale to identify * strengths and reources available to anticipate,
and give name to. Elements may be cole with, resist and recover from disasters
tangible or intangible. COPING CAPACITY
• Present in hazard zones. Elements
should be located within an area… * ability to face and manage disaster
• Those are thereby subject to potential
loss ; elements should have value or
importance assigned to them fir it to be 4 types of vulnerability
subjected to potential loss 1. Physical Vulnerability
TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ELEMENTS AT • Population density levels
RISK
• Remoteness of a settlement
• Tangible- those things that can be
identified localized, mapped and quantified • Site, design and materials
Ex. Most of physical elements
As of September 30 2018;
• Intangible- things that are very difficult to 106 894 543 (current population)
quantify as they do not have a particular 1.4 the worlds population
spatial dimension Ranks 13
Ex. Cultural values, the wellbeing of 24.3 years
communities, psychological conditions
and sociological behaviour
Population density = number of people / land
area
VULNERABILITY:
* condition determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or 2. Environmental Vulnerability – natural
processes which increase the susceptibility pf a resource depletion and environmental
community to the impact of hazards. degradation. Reduction of the capacity of
* Characteristics and circumstances of a the environment to meet social and
community p, systems, or assets that makes it ecological objective
susceptible to the damaging effects of the 3. Economic Vulnerability – lack of
hazard (UNISDR,2009) resources, (financial resources) the level
of vulnerability is highly dependent upon
the economic status of individuals
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communities and nations. The poor are • Movement of the tectonic plates- results
usually more vulnerable to disasters. mountain building, volcanism,ocean
4. Social Vulnerability – refers to the formation
inability of people to withstand adverse • Atmospheric processes- in space- im
impact, linked to the level of well being of atmosphere- sea/land system
individuals, communities and society. • Biological accumulation (anthropogenic) -
tires as artificial reef,forestation,colony
Factors affecting social vulnerability
formation
1. Knowledge and awareness HUMAN ACTIVITIES:
2. Location and type of housing • Urbanization
3. Population density • Geoengineering
• Extraction
4. Perception of risk How are we going to deal with natural hazards?
5. Balues and traditions ⁃ prepare to mitigate the effects of disaste
6. Absence of local institutions ⁃ takes into account data pertaining to a wide
variety of factors, including the number of
people in each country exposed to natural
Geohazard map hazards, the vulnerability of its transport
Red high suscptibility to landslid infrastructure, housing, paths of
distribution, and its general economic
Green moderate susceptibility to landslide
output.
Yellow low suscpetibility to landlside
Violet high susceptibility to flooding Dr.Mahar Lagmay suggests the Probabilistic
map
Pink moderate susceptibility to floodng
Pale pink low susceptibility to flooding WORLD RISK INDEX 2015- Ph ranks 3rd most
disaster prone country
Valley fault system (VFS) is an active fault in
UNUEHS
great Metro Manila area (GMMA), consists of two
United Nations University Institute for
segments
Environment and Human Security
➢ EAST VALLEY FAULT * developed WRR in december 2003
10km ⁃ addresses the risk and vulnerability
From Rodrigues to San Mateo aspects of human security Nd the
⁃ consequences of complex natural hazards
6.2
⁃ Calculates the risk of 171 countries
➢ WEST VALLEY FAULT worldwide on the basis of the ff
100km long transects portions of Quezon components
City, Marikina city, Pasig City, Makati City,
Taguig City, Muntinlupa City 1. Exposure to natural hazards such as
7.2 earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding, drought
and sea-level rise
2. Vulnerability as dependent on infrastructure,
nutrition, living
DRRR 2nd Quarter conditions and economic circumstances
3. Coping capacities as dependent on
Basic Concept of Hazard governance, preparedness and early warning
measures, access to healthcare, social and
Natural processes- may pose threat which material security
could lead to disaster; natural processes are 4. Adapting capacities with respect to impending
also natural hazards natural events, climate change and other
• Tectonic plates movements will bring challenges.
about movements like formation pf
mountains 2 Conditions whick make the Ph disaster prone
1. Location - Western pacific ocean
region(worlds busiest typhoon belt, Western
Ring of the Pacific Ocean
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11 Moniteur
2. Other condition- Anthropogenic factors, • Flash floods
poverty and underdevelopment • Drought
Surrounding Bodies of Water • Heatwaves
North: Luzon Strait • Cold spells
West: South China Sea Can also be a factor in other hazards such as :
East: Philippine Sea • ➢Landslides
South: Celebes Sea • ➢Wildland fires
• ➢Plagues
22 active volcanoes
• ➢Epidemics
20 earthquakes a day
Past 400 days • ➢Transport of toxic substances and
More than 90 destructive earthquake volcanic eruption material
20 typhoons a hear 7 are destructive
7.2 2013 in Bohol 1. TSUNAMI- A series of waves in a body of
6.9 Negros Oriental water caused by the displacement of large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
Main Categories of hazard large lake.
1. Natural 2. FLOOD- An overflowing of a large amount of
Naturally occurring physical phenomenon water beyond its normal confines, especially
caused either by rapid or slow onset events over what is normally dry land.
which can be: • ▪Generally referred to as the RUNNING
• GEOPHYSICAL-Ballistic projectiles and OVERLAYING of water on land that
(rocks from an erupting volcano), ground are not
shaking, landslide, lava flow, liquefaction, ordinary covered by it.
tsunami 3. LANDSLIDES- The sliding down of a mass of
• HYDROLOGICAL earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.
• CLIMATOLOGICAL 4. TORNADO- A violently rotating column of air
• METEOROLOGICAL extending from a cumulonimbus cloud to the
• BIOLOGICAL-Ebola Virus, flu virus, rabies ground.
2. Technological/Man Made
A hazard originating from technological or 5. STORM SURGE- is the abnormal rise in
industrial conditions, including accidents, seawater level during a storm, measured as the
dangerous procedures, infrastracture failures, or height of the water above the normal predicted
specific human activities. astronomical tide. The surge is caused primarily
◦ ✓industrial pollution by a storm’s winds pushing water onshore.
◦ ✓ nuclear radiation
⁃ escalating seawater to the coast above
normal sea level
◦ ✓ toxic wastes
6. LIQUEFACTION
◦ ✓ dam failures - occurs when soil substantially loses strength
◦ ✓ transport accidents and stiffness in response to an applied stress
◦ ✓ factory explosions such as shaking during an earthquake
◦ ✓ fires and chemical spills 7. FOREST FIRES -is a type of wildfire that are
large and uncontrollable fires that take place in
◦ ✓ May also arise directly as a result of
the forest.
the impacts of a natural hazard event.
8. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION-is generally
referred to undesirable outcome when factories
Hydrometeorological Hazard
such as emissions to air or water bodies,
deposition on landfills or emission of toxic
• tropical cyclone chemicals into the atmosphere.
• Thunderstorms 9. Typhoon- extremely large powerful,
• Hailstorms
destructive storm
• Tornadoes
10. Blizzard- severe snowstorm with high winds
• Blizzards
and low visibility.
• Heavy snowfall
11. Thunderstorm- pgenerally characterized by
• Avalanches heavy rain, thunder and lighting
• Coastal storm surges
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11 Moniteur
Geologic Hazards • A forecast track gives the expected
Include: location of a tropical cyclone in the
succeeding 24hour interval for the next
120 hours or 5 days.
1. INTERNAL EARTH PROCESSES
such as earthquakes, volcanic activity
and emissions
2. RELATED GEOPHYSICAL PROCESSES
such as mass movements, landslides,
rockslides, surface collapses, and
debris or mudflows.
Tsunami Precautionary and Safety Measures for
Hydrometeorological Hazards
• generated by under the sea earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions.
1. Tropical Cyclone
• Not all submarine earthquakes however,
can cause the occurrence of tsunamis.
Biological Hazard
• Include outbreaks of epidemic diseases,
plant or animal contagion, insect or other
animal plagues and infestations.
2. Thunderstorms
Hydrometeorology .
• It is the study of the atmospheric and
terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle
with emphasis on the interrelationship
between them.
• It deals with the transfer of water and
energy between land surface and the
lower atmosphere.
• Rainfall is measured using a rain gauge,
rain gauge is thought to be one of the
oldest weather instruments. 3. Floods or flash floods
Tropical Cyclones/Typhoons.
• TROPICAL DEPRESSION (TD) - winds
of up to 61 kph.
• TROPICAL STORM (TS)- maximum wind
speed of 62 to 88 kph.
• SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (STS) -
maximum wind speed of 89 to 117 kph.
• TYPHOON (TY) - maximum wind speed 4. Storm surge
of 118 to 220 kph.
• SUPER TYPHOON (STY)- maximum wind
speed exceeding 220 kph.
⁃ Weather Forecasters use satelite image
RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging.
• A Radar sends out electromagnetic waves
to the atmosphere that is then reflected by
hydrometeors (e.g. rain, clouds) present in
the sky. 5. EXTREME CLIMATE EVENT: EL NIÑO
• Once a tropical cyclone enters PAR, a 5-
day forecast track (previously 3-day) is
issued by PAGASA.
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11 Moniteur
Philippines with 5-year, 25-year, 50-year
and 100-year return periods.
Hydrometeorological Hazard Maps
Return period
• recurrence interval, is the probability of an
event such as heavy rain, intense typhoon National Mapping and Resource Information
of floods to happen. (NAMRIA)
• It is a statistical measurement mainly • agency of the Philippine government
based on historical data that gives the under the Department of Environment and
estimated time interval between similar Natural Resources (DENR) responsible
extreme events. for providing the public with mapmaking
Modified Coronas Climate Classification services and acting as the central
• The Modified Coronas Climate mapping agency, depository, and
Classification (Fig. 1) describes the distribution facility of natural resources
monthly rainfall variations in different parts data in the form of maps, charts, texts,
of the country. and statistics
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)
• government agency also under the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), is responsible for the
conservation, management,
development and proper use of the
country’s mineral resources including
those in reservations and lands of public
Rainfall Observation
domains
• Fig. 2: Multi-Functional Transport Satellite
or MTSAT IR satellite image taken on 19
June 2013 (local time).
• Color code is as follows: Red – heavy
rain; Yellow – light to moderate rain;
White – clouds; Blue – clear sky.
Nationwide Operational Assessment of
Hazards (NOAH)
• program under the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) with the mission
to undertake disaster science research
and development, advance the use of
cutting edge technology and recommend
innovative information services in
government’s disaster prevention and
mitigation efforts.
• The NOAH website displays the PAGASA
radar data, rainfall measurements of rain
gauges of DOST, and has flood hazard
maps for different regions of the
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