Reinforced Concrete Design
HE303
Eng. Mand Kamal Askar
M.Sc. Structural Engineering (Swinburne University of Tech/ Australia)
B.Sc. Building Eng. & Construction management( Uni of Technology/ Baghdad)
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one
or more admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of the
concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of hardening. As with
most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very
low tensile strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and
steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in
the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression forces
and is used in columns as well as in other situations,
which are described later.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Advantages
• Ability to be cast
• Economical
• Durable
• Fire resistant
• On-site fabrication
Disadvantages
• Low tensile strength
• Low ductility
• Volume instability
• Low strength-to-weight ratio
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Corrosion
The expansion of the corrosion products
(iron oxides) of carbon
steel reinforcement structures may
induce mechanical stress that can cause
the formation of cracks and disrupt the
concrete structure. If the rebars have
been poorly installed and are located too
close to the concrete surface in contact
with the air, spalling can easily occur: flat
fragments of concrete are detached from
the concrete mass by the rebars corrosion
and may fall down.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Compatibility of Concrete and Steel
Concrete and steel reinforcing work together beautifully in reinforced
concrete structures. The advantages of each material seem to
compensate for the disadvantages of the other. For instance, the great
shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength, but tensile
strength is one of the great advantages of steel. Reinforcing bars have
tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times that of the usual
concretes used.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of
slippage between the two; thus, they will act together as a unit in resisting
forces. The excellent bond obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion
between the two materials, the natural roughness of the bars, and the closely
spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the bars’ surfaces.
Reinforcing bars are subject to corrosion, but the concrete surrounding
them provides them with excellent protection. The strength of exposed steel
subjected to the temperatures reached in fires of ordinary intensity is nil, but
enclosing the reinforcing steel in concrete produces very satisfactory fire
ratings. Finally, concrete and steel work well together in relation to
temperature changes because their coefficients of thermal expansion
are quite close. For steel, the coefficient is 0.0000065 per unit length per
degree Fahrenheit, while it varies for concrete from about 0.000004 to
0.000007 (average value: 0.0000055).
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Reinforced Concrete Behavior
The addition of steel reinforcement that bonds strongly to concrete
produces a relatively ductile material capable of transmitting tension
and suitable for any structure elements, e.g., slabs, beams, columns.
Reinforcement should be placed in the locations of anticipated
tensile stresses and cracking areas as shown in the figure belwo. For
example, the main reinforcement in a simple beam is placed at the
bottom fibers where the tensile stresses develop (Fig A). However,
for a cantilever, the main reinforcement is at the top of the beam at
the location of the maximum negative moment (Fig B). Finally for
continuous beam, a part of the main reinforcement should be placed
near the bottom fibers where the positive moments exist and the
other part is placed at the top fibers where the negative moments
exist (Fig C).
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Fig. Reinforcement placement for different types of beams
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Tensile Strength of Concrete:
• Modulus of rupture as a measure of tensile strength (Characteristic
flexural tensile strength),,
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝜆=1
≈ 0.6 𝑓𝑐′
• Split cylinder strength
fsp = 0.5 to 0.7 √fc’
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Compressive Strength of Concrete
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
For designing purpose (ACI)
For structural concrete, fc′ shall not be less than 17 MPa.
No maximum value of fc′ shall apply unless restricted by a specific
Code provision.(1.1.1)
• The value of fc′ shall be the greatest of the values required by
(a) 1.1.1,
(b) for durability in Chapter 4, and
(c) for structural strength requirements
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Factors affecting strength of concrete
(i) Water/cement ratio and degree of compaction:
Since concrete is a brittle material, the compressive strength
decreasing with increase in the porosity
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
(ii) Age: With an increase in age, strength increases
(iii) Combined effect of age and temperature, i.e. “maturity”:
Since hydration of cement is function of both the time and the
temperature of hydration, so the gain in strength of concrete is also
jointly affected by these two factors
(iv) Effect of cement
The effect of Portland cement on concrete strength depends on the
chemical composition and fineness of the cement. Cement content also
affects the strength of concrete Cements having higher C3S contents
gain strength more rapidly, but may end up with slightly lower
strengths at later ages
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
(v) Effect of aggregate/cement ratio
It has been found that, for a constant water/cement ratio, a leaner mix
(having more aggregate and less cement) leads to a higher strength
(vi) Effect of aggregate properties
The influence of the aggregate properties on strength is of secondary
importance. The aggregate parameters that are most important are the shape
and texture and the maximum size of the aggregate
(vii) Effect of admixtures
Any admixture which can reduce the w/c ratio or the porosity of the
concrete increases the strength of concrete
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Properties of steel reinforcement
• Young’s modulus, Es = 200,000 MPa for all grades of steel
• Yield strength, fy
• Ultimate strength, fu
• Steel grade
• Geometrical properties (diameter, surface treatment)
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Steel reinforcement in mm
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Steel reinforcement used in Aci-318 code
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Stress
Stress is "force per unit area" - the ratio of applied force F and cross
section - defined as "force per area".
σ = Force / Area.
There are two types of simple stress namely;
▪normal stress,
▪combined stress
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Strain
Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress" strain
is the ratio of the change in dimension caused by the applied
force, to the original dimension.
ε = dl / lo
=σ/E
where
dl = change of length (m, in)
lo = initial length (m, in)
ε = unit less measure of engineering strain (Dimensionless)
E =Young's modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) (N/m2 (Pa), lb/in2 (psi)
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Modulas of elasticity (Young's modulus)
One of the most important elastic properties of concrete is its
modulus of elasticity, which can be obtained from a compressive
test on concrete cylinder. The modulus of elasticity, Ec, can be
defined as the change of stress with respect to strain in elastic
range.
Ec= unit stress/unit strain
The modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness, or the
resistance of the material to deformation. In concrete, as in any
elastoplastic material, the stress is not proportional to the strain,
and the stress-strain relationship is a curve lin. The actual stress-
strain curve of concrete can be obtained by measuring the
strains under increments of loading on a standard cylinder.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Typical stress-strain curves for concrete,
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
(Young's modulus) Aci-318
• Is a ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive
stresses below proportional limit of material. See 8.5(Aci318-11).
• Ec defined as the slope of the line drawn from a stress of zero to a compressive
stress of 0.45fc`
• Modulus of elasticity, Ec , for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as
𝒘𝒄𝟏.𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒄′ (in MPa)for values of wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3.
• For normalweight concrete, Ec shall be permitted to be taken as
𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄′ .
• Modulus of elasticity, Es , for nonprestressed reinforcement shall be permitted
to be taken as 200,000 MPa.
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
stress–strain Relationship
Steel stress-strain diagram
Typical stress-strain curves of Steel
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete:
The stress-strain curve of concrete depends on many factors:
• Type and gradation of aggregates
• Type of cement used
• Water/cement ratio
• Ultimate compressive strength
• Age of concrete at time of test
• Rate of loading
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Typical stress-strain curves are shown below. The non-linear part of the
curve is caused by internal microcracking around the aggregates.
Higher concrete strength show more brittle behavior, reflected by shorter horizontal branch
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
Lecturer Mand Kamal Askar 1 October 2017 Duhok Polytechnic University
