Civil Engineering 1319
Information You May Require
mass concentration (mg/L, mg/kg) mol fraction (unitless)
molarity, molality, activity (mol/L, mol/kg) normality (equivalents/L)
Mass concentration = Mass added (M/V) or Mass added (M/M)
Total volume Total mass
Moles of solute = mass solute = M = n
mol. wt. MW
Molar concentration = moles solute = n
volume solution V
pX = - log[X]
Mole fraction = moles solute = ni
moles solute + solvent Σni
Molality = moles solute added to 1 kg solvent or solid
Equivalent weight = EW = MW/Z
Normality = mass concentration
equivalent weight
Molar activity = Activity = molar concentration x γ or {A} = γ [A]
log γ = -0.5 Z2 √μ or log γi = ksi µ
(1+√μ)
µ = 0.5 Σ Ci Zi2 or μ = (2.5 x 10-5)(TDS) or μ = (1.6 x 10-5)(κ)
Civil Engineering 1319
Information You May Require
aA + bB + cC → products rA = dCA/dt rA = k CAα CBβ CCX
1 1 C
− = kt ln = − kt C = Coe-kt CA = CAo - kt
C Co Co
k T2 = k T1θ (T 2−T1)
{C} {D}
c d
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔG = ΔGo + RT ln
{A} {B}
a b
ΔGo = (ΣniGio)prod - (ΣniGio)react ΔG = -RT ln K + RT ln Q
{C} {D}
c d
{C} {D}
c d KT1 ΔH° 1 1
K= Q= ln = ( − )
{A} {B}
a b
{A} {B}
a b
KT 2 R T2 T1
R = 8.314 J (mol ºK)-1
R = 0.0821 L atm (mol ºK)-1
R = 1.987 cal (mol ºK)-1
log(AB) = log A + log B log (A/B) = log A - log B
log (A+B) = log (A+B) log(10-A) = -A
− b ± b2 − 4ac
2a
Civil Engineering 1319
Information You May Require
Alkalinity = ∑ bases (i) − [H
i
+
]
C 0 ∀0 C∀
∴ CT,A = [ HA ] + ⎣⎡ A − ⎦⎤ = ∴ C T,B = ⎡⎣ Na + ⎤⎦ =
∀0 + ∀ ∀0 + ∀
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎡ A ⎦⎤
−
0 ∀0
Co∀o = C[HA] + 1 ⎢ Co∀1 o ⎥ C0∀0
⎡⎣ A − ⎤⎦ = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎢⎣ [ HA ] + ⎡⎣ A ⎤⎦ ⎥⎦
−
∀ o+∀ ∀0[A+-]∀ ⎢ [∀ HA+∀] ⎥ ∀ +∀
⎢ o− + 1 ⎥ 0
⎢⎣ ⎡⎣ A ⎤⎦ ⎥⎦
⎡ K ⎤ C∀ C∀
=⎢ + A ⎥ 0 0 = α1 0 0
⎢⎣ ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ + K A ⎥⎦ ∀0 + ∀ ∀0 + ∀
C∀ ⎛ C∀ ⎞
+ ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ + α1 ⎜ 0 0 ⎟
∀0 + ∀ ⎝ ∀0 + ∀ ⎠
C∀ ⎛ K ⎞ ⎛∀ +∀⎞
= f = α1 + ⎜ W+ − ⎣⎡ H + ⎦⎤ ⎟ ⎜ 0
C0∀0 ⎜⎡ ⎤ ⎟ ⎝ C0∀0 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎣H ⎦ ⎠
pH = 0.5 (log Co + pKA + pKw)
⎡ CT ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎤
⎢ KW ⎥
∴ β = 2.303 + ⎡H ⎤ +
+
⎢ ⎡H+ ⎤ ⎣ ⎦
( )
2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎣ ⎦ K A + ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎥⎦
CT CT
[ H 2CO3 ] = K1 KK
= α o CT ⎡⎣ HCO3− ⎤⎦ = = α1CT
1+ + 1 22 ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦
+
K2
⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ ⎡ H + ⎤
+ 1+ +
⎣ ⎦ K1 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦
CT
⎡⎣CO32− ⎤⎦ = 2
= α 2 CT
⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦
1+ +
K2 K1 K 2
Civil Engineering 1319
Information You May Require
LI = pHa - pHS
−
KS0 γ Ca2+ [Ca ] γ HCO3− [HCO 3 ]
2+
∴ =
K a.2 {H + }
pHS = pKa.2 - pKS0 + p[Ca2+] + p[HCO3-] - log γCa2+ - log γHCO3-
condition 1: precipitation potential should be 4-10 mg/L CaCO3
condition 2: both alkalinity and hardness should be > 40 mg/L as CaCO3
alkalinity
condition 3: 2− > 5 (all species in mg/L)
[Cl − ][SO 4 ]
condition 4: pH … 6.8 – 7.3
ΔG = - n F EH ΔG° = - n F E°H
ΔG°(3) = ΔG°(1) + ΔG°(2)
EH = E°H - RT lnQ = E°H - 0.059 logQ
nF n
pε° = FE° = 16.9 E° pε = FE = 16.9 E
2.3RT 2.3RT
Ecell = Ereference electrode + Eindicator elecrode
R = 8.314 J (mol K)-1
F = 23.06 kcal (volt x equiv.wt.)-1 = 96.845 kJ (volt x mol)-1
Civil Engineering 1319
Information You May Require
Fe(III)/ OH- species
Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+ Ka.1 = 10-2.16
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+ Ka.2 = 10-4.58
Fe(OH)30 is not measurable as a complex.
Fe(OH)2+ + 2H2O Fe(OH)4- + 2H+ Ka.4 = 10-16.26
Fe3+ + OH- Fe(OH)2+ K1 = 1011.84
Fe(OH)2+ + OH- Fe(OH)2+ K2 = 109.42
Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+ βa.1 = Ka.1 = 10-2.16
Fe3+ + 2H2O Fe(OH)2+ + 2H+ βa.2 = 10-6.74
Fe3+ + 4H2O Fe(OH)4- + 4H+ βa.A4 = 10-23.0
2Fe3+ + 2H2O Fe2(OH)24+ + 2H+ “β” = 10-2.85
Fe3+ + OH- Fe(OH)2+ β1 = K1 = 1011.84
Fe3+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2+ β2 = 1021.26
Fe3+ + 4OH- Fe(OH)4- β4 = 1033
Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+ + 3OH- Kso = 10-38
To go from K’s → Ka’s or β‘s → βa‘s
add H2O H+ + OH- KW = 10-14
1
+ -
or for reverse H + OH H2O K = = 1014
KW
