Exercise 1.2 .1 Find the point ( x 1, y 2) which lies onboth lines , x+3 y=1,4 x− y=3.

Solution

x +3 y=1(1)
{4 x− y=3(2)

We have (1): x +3 y=1=¿ x=1−3 y

1
Substitutes(1)into( 2):4 (1−3 y )− y=3=¿ y=
13

1 1 10
Substitutes y=
13
into(1): x +3
13( )
=1=¿ x=
13

10 1
So x= , y=
13 13

Exercise 1.2 .2 Find the point∩of the two lines 3 x + y=3 andx +2 y=1.

Solution : 3 x + y=3(1)
{
x +2 y=1(2)

We have (1):3 x+ y=3=¿ y=3−3 x

Substitute(1)into( 2) : x+2 ( 3−3 x ) =1=¿ x=1

Substitute x=1into( 1): y=3−3 ( 1 )=0

So x=1, y=0is the∩of thetwo lines

Exercise 1.2 .3 Dothe three lines , x+ 2 y =1,2 x− y=1∧4 x+ 3 y =3 have a common point of ∩? If so , find one

¿ if not ,tell why there isno such point .

Solution

x +2 y=1(1)

{
we have system of equations : 2 x − y=1(2)
4 x +3 y=3(3)

We have (1): x +2 y =1=¿ x=1−2 y

1
Substitutes(1)into( 2):2 (1−2 y )− y=1=¿ y=
5
 1 1 3
Substitutes y= ∈(1) : x+ 2
5 5 ()
=1=¿ x=
5

3 1
Due ¿ x= , y= also satisfied ( 3)
5 5

So thethree lines have a common point of the∩which

3 1
the∩ point is( , ).
5 5

Exercise 1.2 .4 Do thethree li nes , x + y −3 z =2,2 x + y + z=1

¿ 3 x+ 2 y −2 z=0 have a common point of ∩?

If so , find one∧if not , tell why there is no such a point .

Solution

x + y−3 z=2(1)

{
We have 2 x+ y+ z=1(2)
3 x+ 2 y −2 z=0(3)

1 1 −3 2 R1→R1 1 1 −3 2

[ ]
Using Gaussian Elimination 2 1 1 1 = R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 0 −1 7 −3
3 2 −2 0 R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 −1 7 0 [ ]
R1→R1 1 1 −3 2
¿ R2→R2
[
0 −1 7 −3
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 3 ]
Followingthe solving above there is no solution

So The three planeshas no solution then there is no a common point

of an intersedrion because there is no x , y , z satify the three planes.

Exercise 1.2 .5 Find the weight if the four people

Solution

lets x=Gaston

y=Ichabod
z=Siegfried

w=Bruhilde

Followingthe ypothesis we have

4 x=150+ y (1 )

{4 y =17 x−660 ( 2 )
4 x + z=290 ( 3 )

We have : 4 x=150+ y =¿ y=4 x−150

Substitutes ( 1 ) into ( 2 ) : 4 ( 4 x−150 )=17 x−660

¿>16 x−600=17 x−660

¿> x=60

Substitutes x=60 into (1 ) ∧( 3 )

we have ( 1 ) : 4 ( 60 )=150+ y=¿ y=90

we have ( 3 ) : 4 ( 60 ) + z=290=¿ z=50

¿ as we know w=x + y + z

¿ 50+90+ 60

¿ 200

So Gaston=60 pounds

Ichabod=90 pounds

Siegfried=50 pounds

Bruhilde=200 pounds

Exercise 1.2 .6 Consider the followwing augmented ¿ which∗¿

denotes an abritary number∧¿ Square denotes a nonzero

number . Determine whether the given augmented ¿

consistent . If consistent , is the solution unique ?

So The augmented ¿ infinitely many solution

so the solution is n' t uniquebecause the amount of the unknown∨¿

the variable is more than the amount number of the equations

¿ the≤system.

Exercise 1.2 .7 Consider the follo wwing augmented ¿ which∗¿

denotes an abritary number∧¿ Square denotes a nonzero

number . Determine whether the given augmented ¿

consistent . If consistent , is the solution unique ?

So Yes, The augmented amtrix has aunique solution becausethe

amount number of the unknown∧the amount number

of the equations∈the≤sytem is equal another thin g ¿ notice

is that the augmented ¿ already ∈row echlon form

which a¿ square is not a zero number .

Exercise 1.2 .8 Consider the followwing augmented ¿ which∗¿

denotes an abritary number∧¿ Square denotes a nonzero

number . Determine whether the given augmented ¿

consistent . If consistent , is the solution unique ?

So Yes, the augmented ¿ aunique solution .

Exercise 1.2 .9 Consider the followwing augmented ¿ which∗¿

denotes an abritary number∧¿ Square denotes a nonzero

number . Determine whether the given augmented ¿

consistent . If consistent , is the solution unique ?

So The augmented ¿ no solution so the unique answer is

not exist because if ∗note could be isa zero number .

Exercise 1.2 .10 Suppose a system of equations has fewer equations

than variables . Will such a systemneccessarily be consistent ? if so ,

explain why∧if not , give an example which is not consistent .

So Yes, a systemwill such neccessarily be consistent because

Exercise 1.2 .11 So Yes , It can have a solution

x + y =2
{
Example : 2 x + y=3 So x =1, y=1
x +1=2

Exercise 1.2 .12 Find h such that is the augmented ¿ an

inconsistent system.

Solution

we have 2 h 4 = 3 6 7 = R1→R1 3 6 7
[ |][ |]
3 67 2 h 4 R 2→ 3 R 2−2 R 1 0 3 h−12 2 [ |]
if 3 h−12=0=¿ h=4

So when h=4 it ' s an inconsistent .

Exercise 1.2 .13 Find h such that is the augumented ¿

a consistent system.

1 h3 2 46 R1→R1 2 4 6
we have
[ |] [ |]
2 46
= =
1 h 3 R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 2 h−4 0 [ |]
if 2 h−4=0

h=2

So when h=2 i t ' s a consistent .

Exercise 1.2 .14 Find h such that isthe augmented ¿

a consistent system.

Solution

We have 1 1 4 = R 1→ R 1 1 1 4
[ |]
3 h 12 R 2→ R 3−3 R 1 0 h−3 0 [ |]
if h−3=0

¿> h=3

So when h=3 it ' s a consistent .

Exercise 1.2 .15 choose h∧k such that the augmented ¿

shownhas each of the following :

( a ) . one solution

Solution

we have 1 h 2 = 2 4 k = R 1 → R 1 2 4 k
[ |] [ |]
2 4k 1 h 2 R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 2h−4 4−k[ | ]
The augmented ¿ one solution if 2 h−4 ≠ 0=¿ h≠ 2

So It has one solution whenh ≠ 2∧k is belong ¿ real number .

( b ) . no solution

The augmented ¿ no solution if 2 h−4=0∧4−k ≠ 0

¿> h=2∧k ≠ 4

So It haas no solution whenh=2∧k ≠ 4.

( c ) .infinitely many solutions

The augmented ¿ infinitely many solutionsif 2 h−4=0

¿ 4−k=0

¿> h=2∧k=4

So It has infinitely many solutions when h=2∧k =4.

Exercise 1.2 .16 Choose h∧k such that the augmented ¿

shownhas each of the following

( a ) . one solution

we have 1 2 2 = R 1 → R 1 1 2 2
[ |] [
2 h k R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 0 h−4 k −4 | ]
The augmented ¿ one solution if h−4 ≠ 0

¿> h≠ 4

So It has one solution whenh ≠ 4∧k is belong ¿ real number .

( b ) no solution
The augmented ¿ no solution if h−4=0∧k −4 ≠ 0

¿> h=4∧k ≠ 4

So It has no solution whenh=4 nad k ≠ 4.

( c ) infinitely many solutions

The augmented has infinitely many solutions if h−4=0

¿ k −4=0

¿> h=4∧k=4

So It has infinitely many solution whenh=4∧k=4.

exercise 1.2 .17 Determine if the systemis consistent . If so ,

is the solutionunique ?

x +2 y + z −1 w=2

x− y + z +w=1

2 x+ y −z=1

4 x+2 y + z=5

Solution

1 2 1 −1 2

[
we have 1 −1 1
2 1 −1 0
4 2 1
1

0
|]
1
1
5

R1→R1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1
R 4 → R 4−4 R 1 [ 0 −3 0
0 −3 −3 2
0 −6 −3 4
2
|]
−1
−3
−3

R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1
R3 → R 3−R 2
R 4 → R 4−2 R 3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 3
2

0
|]
−1
−2
3
 R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R4→ R4+R3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 0
2

0
|]
−1
−2
1

So the systemis inconsistent thenthere is no answer∨a unique

solution ∃.

Exercise 1.2 .18 Determine if the system isconsistent .

If so ,is the solution unique ?

Solution

1 2 1 −1 2

[
we have 1 −1 1
2 1 −1 0
4 2 1
1

0
|]
0
1
3

R1→R1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1
R 4 → R 4−4 R 1 [ 0 −3 0
0 −3 −3 2
0 −6 −3 4
2
|]
−2
−3
−5

R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1
R3 → R 3−R 2
R 4 → R 4−2 R 3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 3
2

0
|]
−2
−1
1

R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R4→ R4+R3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 0
2

0
|]
−2
−1
0

So the systemis consistent it has infinitely many solutions

thenit is not a unique solution .

Exercise 1.2 .19 Determine which matrices are∈reduced

row−echelon form .

Solution
( a ) . 1 2 0 This ¿ not∈reduced row−echelon form .
[ ]
0 1 7

1 0 0 0

[ ]
( b ) . 0 0 1 2 This ¿∈reduced row −echelon form .
0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 5

[ ]
( c ) . 0 0 1 2 0 4 This ¿∈reduced row−echelon
0 0 0 0 1 3

form .

Exercise 1.2 .20 Row reduceddthe following ¿ obtainthe

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe reduced

row−echelon form .

Solution

2 −1 3 −1

[ 1 0 2 1
1 −1 1 −2 ]
R 1→ R 1 2 −1 3 −1
¿ R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 1
[
1 3
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 −1 −1 −3 ]
R 1→ R 1 2 −1 3 −1
¿
[
R 2→ R 2 0 1 1 3
R 3 → R 2+ R 3 0 0 0 0 ]
R1 −1 3 −1
¿
R 1→
2
1
R2→R2 0 1
R3→R3 0 0
[
2 2
1
0
2
3
0
]
1
R 1→ R 1+ R 2 1 0 2 0
¿
R2→R2
R3→R3
2
0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0[ ]
Exercise 1.2 .21 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe
row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

0 0 −1 −1

[ 1 1 1
1 1 0 −1
0
]
R 1→ R 2 1 1 1 0

[
¿ R 2→ R 3−R 2 0 0 −1 −1
R3→R1 0 0 −1 −1 ]
R1→R1 1 1 1 0

[
¿ R 2 →−R 2 0 0 1 1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1−R 2 1 1 0 −1
So= R 2→−R 2 0 0 1 1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0[ ]
Exercise 1.2 .22 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

Solution

3 −6 −7 −8

[ −1 −2 −2 −2
1 −2 −3 −4 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 −2 −3 −4

[
¿ R 2→ R 2 −1 −2 −2 −2
R 3 → R 1 3 −6 −7 −8 ]
R1→R1 1 −2 −3 −4

R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 0[
¿ R 2 → R 2+ R 1 0 −4 −5 −6
2 4 ]
R1 → R 3
1 −2 −3 −4
¿
R 2→

R3→
R2

R3
2
[
−4 0 1
0 0
5
4
1
3
2
2
]
 R 1 → R 1+2 R 2 −1
5
¿ R 2→ R 2− R 3
4
R 3→ R 3
[
1 0
2
−1
0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 2
]
1
R 1→ R 1+ R 3
2 1 0 0 0
So= 5
R 2 → R 2− R 3
R3→R3
4
0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 2 [ ]
Exercise 1.2 .23 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

Solution

2 4 5 15

[ 1 2 3 9
1 2 2 6 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 2 2 6

[
¿ R 2→ R 2 1 2 3 9
R 3 → R 1 2 3 5 15 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 2 2 6

[
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 0 1 3
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1 0 1 1 3 ]
R 1 → R 1−2 R 2 1 2 0 0
So= R 2 → R 2
[
0 0 1 3
R 3 → 2 R 3−R 1 0 0 0 0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .24 Row reduce the following ¿ obtain the

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

Solution

4 −1 7 10

[ 1 0 3 3
1 −1 −2 1 ]
 R1→R2 1 0 3 3
¿ R2→R1
[
4 −1 7 10
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 −1 −5 −2 ]
R1→R1 1 0 3 3

[
¿ R 2→ R 2−4 R 1 0 −1 −5 −2
R3→R3 0 −1 −5 −2 ]
R1 → R 1 1 0 3 3
So= R 2→−R 2 0 1 5 2
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 [ ]
Exercise 1.2 .25 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

Solution

3 5 −4 2

[ 1 2 −1 1
1 1 −2 0 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 1 −2 0

[
¿ R 2 → R 2 1 2 −1 1
R 3 → R 3 3 5 −4 2 ]
R1→R1 1 1 −2 0
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 1 1
[
R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 2 2 2 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 1 −2 0
¿ R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 1 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1−R 2 1 0 −3 −1
So= R2→R2
R3→R3
0 1 1
0 0 0 [1
0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .26 Row reduce the following ¿ obtain the

row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe

reduced row−echelon form .

Solution

−2 3 −8 7

[ 1 −2 5 −5
1 −3 7 −8 ]
R1→R2 1 −2 5 −5
¿
[
R 2 → R 1 −2 3 −8 7
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 −1 2 −3 ]
R1 → R 1 1 −2 5 −5

[
¿ R 2→ R 2+2 R 1 0 −1 2 −3
R3→R3 0 −1 2 −3 ]
R1→R1 1 −2 5 −5
¿ R2→R2
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0[
0 1 −2 3
0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1+2 R 2 1 0 1 1
So= R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 −2 3
R3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .27 Find the solution of the system whose augmented

¿.

Solution

1 2 0 2

[ 1 3 4
1 0 2 |]
2
1

R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1 0 1 4
[
R 3 → R 3−R 1 0 −2 2 |]
0
−1

R 1→ R 1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2→ R 2 0 1 4
[
R 3 → R 3+2 R 2 0 0 10 |]
0
−1

x+2 y=2(1)

{ y +4 z=0 ( 2 )
10 z=1 ( 3 )
 1
¿> z=
10

1 1 −2
Substitutes z=
10 ( )
∈ ( 2 ) : y =−4
10
=
5

−2 4 14
Substitutes y= into ( 1 ) : x=2+ =
5 5 5

14 −2 1
So x= , y= , z=
5 5 10

Exercise 1.2 .28 Find the solution of the systemwhose augmented

¿.

Solution

1 2 0 2

[ 2 0 1
3 2 1 |]
1
3

R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−2 R 1 0 −4 1
R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 −4 1 [ |] −3
−3

R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2 →−R 2 0 4 −1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 [ |]
3
0

x +2 y =2
{ 4 y −z=3
0=0

3+ t
lets z=t=¿ y =
4

3+t
Substitutes y= ∈x+ 2 y=2
4

¿> x=2−2 ( 3+t4 )= 1+t2

1+t 3+t
So x= , y= , z=t ,t ∈ R
2 4
Exercise 1.2 .29 Find the solution of the systemwhose augmented

¿.

Solution

1 1 0
[ 1 0 4 |12 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 1 0
¿
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 −1 4 [ |11 ]
x+ y =1(1)
{ − y +4 z =1(2)

lets z=t=¿ y =4 t −1

Substitutes y=4 t−1∈( 1 ) : x=1−( 4 t−1 )=2−4 t

So x=2−4 t , y=4 t−1 , z =t , t ∈ R

Exercise 1.2 .30 Find the solution of the systemwhose augmented

¿.

Solution

1 0 2 1 1 2

[ 0
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
|] 1
3
2

R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3−R 1
R 4 → R 4−R 1 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1
2 −2 −1
0 −1 −1
2
0
1
|]
1
1
0

R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3 → R 3−2 R 2
R4→ R4 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1 2
0 −2 −3 −4
0 −1 −1 1
|]
1
−4
0
 R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R 4 → 2 R 4−R 3 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1 2
0 −2 −3 −4
0 0 1 6
|]
1
−4
4

x +2 z+ w+ v=2(1)

{ y +w+ 2 v=1(2)
−2 z−3 w−4 v=−4(3)
w+6 v =4 (4 )

lets v=t =¿ w=4−6 t

Substitutes w=4−6 t∧v=t into ( 3 ) :−2 z=−4+ 3 ( 4−6 t )+ 4 t

¿> z=−4+ 7 t

Substitutes w=4−6 t∧v=t into ( 2 ) : y=−3+ 4 t

Then ( 1 ) : x=2−2 (−4+ 7 t )− ( 4−6 t )−t

¿> x=6−9t

So x=6−9 t , y=−3+ 4 t , z=−4+7 t , w=4−6 t , v=t ,t ∈ R

Exercise 1.2 .31 Find the solution of the system whose augmented

¿.

Solution

1 0 2 1 1 2

[ 0 1
0 2
1 −1
0
0
2
1
0
2
2
1
2
|] 1
3
0

R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R 4 → R 4−R 1 [ 0 1
0 2
0 −1
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
1
|]
1
3
−2
 R 1→ R1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3 → R 3+ 2 R 4
R 4 → 2 R 4+ R 3 [ 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
2
3
3
|]1
−1
−1

x+2 z +w+ v=2(1)

{ y + w+2 v =1(2)
2 w+3 v=−1(3)

−1+3 t
let v=t=¿ w=
2

−1+3 t 3−t
Substitutes v=t , w= into ( 2 ) : y=
2 2

−1+3 t 3−t
Substitutes v=t , w= , y= into ( 3 )
2 2

1+3 t 5−t
¿> x=2+ −t−2 s= −2 s
2 2

5−t 3−t −1+ 3t

So x= −2 s , y= , z=s , w= , v=t , t , s ∈ R
2 2 2

Exercise 1.2 .32 Find the solution¿ the system of equations .

7 x +14 y +15 z=22 ,2 x+ 4 y +3 z=5∧3 x+6 x +10=13

Solution

7 14 15 22

[ 2 4 3
3 6 10 |]
5
13

R1→R1 7 14 15 22

[
R 2 →7 R 2−2 R 1 0 0 −9
R 3 →7 R 3−3 R 1 0 0 25 |]
−9
25

{7 x+14 z=1
y+15 z=22

Substitutes z=1∈7 x +14 y +15 ( 1 )=22

let y=t then x=1−2 t

So x=1−2 t , y=t , z=1 , t ∈ R

Exercise 1.2 .33 Find the soluton ¿ the system of equations ,

3 x− y +4 z=6 , y +8 z=0 ,∧−2 x + y=−4.

Solution

3 −1 4 6

[ 0 1 8
−2 1 0 |]0
−4

R 1→ R1 3 −1 4 6
¿ R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 8
R 3 →3 R 3+2 R 1 0 1 8 |]
0
0

¿ 3 x− y+ 4 z=6
{y +8 z=0

lets z=t then y=−8t

Substitutes z=t∧ y=−8t ∈3 x +8 t +4 t=6=¿ x=2−4 t

So x=2−4 t , y=−8t , z=t , t ∈ R

Exercise 1.2 .34 Find the solution¿ the system of equations ,

9 x−2 y +4 z =−17 , ,13 x−3 y +6 z=−25∧−2 x−z=3

Solution

9 −2 4

[ | ]
−17
13 −3 6 −25
−2 0 −1 3

R 1→ R 1 9 −2 4 17
¿ R 2→ 9 R 2−13 R 1 0 −1 2
R 3 →9 R 3+2 R 1 0 −4 −1[ |]
−4
−7

R1 → R 1 9 −2 4 17
¿ R2→R2
[0 −1 2
R 3 → R 3−4 R 2 0 0 −9 |]
−4
9
 9 x−2 y+ 4 z=17
{ − y+ 2 z=−4
z =−1

Substitutes z=−1∈− y+ 2 (−1 ) =−4=¿ y =2

5
Substitutes z=−1∧ y =2∈9 x−2 ( 2 ) + 4 (−1 )=7=¿ x=
3

5
So x= , y=2 , z =−1
3

Exercise 1.2 .35 Find the solution ¿the systemof equations ,

65 x+ 84 y +16 z=546,81 x +105 y +20 z=682∧84 x+110 y+ 21 z=713

Solution

65 84 16 546

[ 81 105 20
84 110 21 | ]
682
713

R1→R1 62 84 16 546

[
¿ R 2→ 65 R 2−81 R1 0 21 4
R 3 →65 R 3−84 R1 0 94 21 | ]
104
481

R1→R1 62 84 16 546
¿ R2→R2
[
0 21 4
R 3 →−21 R 3−94 R 2 0 0 65 | ]
104
325

62 x +84 y +16 z=546

{ 21 y +4 z =104
z=5

Substitutes z=5∈21 y + 4 ( 5 )=104=¿ y =4

Substitutes z=5 andy=4∈65 x+ 84 ( 4 ) +16 ( 5 )=546

¿> x=2

So x=2 , y =4 , z=5

Exercise 1.2 .36 Find the solution ¿ the systemof equations ,

Solution
 8 2 3

[ |]
−3
8 3 3 −1
4 1 3 −9

R1→R1 8 2 3

[ | ]
−3
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 0 2
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 0 3 −15

8 x+2 y +3 z=−3
{ y=2
z=−5

Substitutes y=2∧z =−5∈8 x+2 ( 2 ) +3 (−5 )=−3=¿ x=1

So x=1, y=2 z=−5

Exercise 1.2 .37 Find the solution ¿ the system of equations ,

Solution

−8 2 5 18

[ −8 3 5
−4 1 5 |]
13
19

R1→R1 −8 2 5 18
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 0
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 0 5[ |]
−5
20

−8 x+ 2 y +5 z=18
{ y=−5
z=4

Substitutes y=−5∧z=3∈−8 x+ 2 (−5 )+5 ( 4 ) =18=¿ x=−1

So x=−1 , y =−5 , z =4

Exercise 1.2 .38 Find the solution ¿the systemof equations ,

Solution

3 −1 −2 3

[ 0
−2 1
1 −4
0 |] 0
−2
 R 1→ R 1 3 −1 −2 3
R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 −4
R 3 →3 R 3+2 R 1 0 1 −4 |]
0
0

{3 xy−4
− y−2 z=3
z=0

let z=t then y=4 t

Substitutes z=t∧ y=4 t∈3 x−4 t−2 t=3=¿ x=1+2 t

So x=1+ 2t , y =4 t , z=t , t ∈ R

Exercise 1.2 .39 Find the solution ¿the systemof equations ,

Solution

−9 15 0 66

[ −11 18 0
−1 1 0
0 0 1
|]
79
4
3

R1
R1→ −3 5 0 22
3
¿ R 2→ 9 R 2−11 R 1
R 3→ 9 R 3−R 1
R4→ R4
[ 0 −3 0
0 −6 0
0 0 1
|]
−15
−30
3

then z=1 , y=5 , x=1

So x=1, y=5 , z=1

Exercise 2.1 .1 Following pair of matrices , determine if the ∑ ¿

A+ B is defined . If so , find the ∑ .

Solution

( a ) . A + B= 1 0 + 0 1
[ ][ ]
0 1 1 0

So=[ 1 1 ]
1 1

( b ) . A + B=[ 2 1 2 ] +[ −1 0 3
]
1 1 0 0 1 4
So= [ 11 1 5
2 4 ]
( c ) . So A + B isnot defined∈this case because theorders of both

matrices are not compatible .

Exercise 2.1 .2 For rach ¿ , find the¿ A such that

A+ (− A )=0

Solution

( a ) . A= 1 2 So=¿− A= −1 −2
[ ] [ ]
2 1 −2 −1

( b ) . A=[−2 3 ] So=¿− A=[2 −3 ]

0 2 0 −2

0 1 2 0 −1 −2

[ ]
( c ) . A= 1 −1 3 So=¿− A= −1 1 −3
4 2 0 −4 −2 0 [ ]
Exercise 2.1 .3∈the context Preposition 2.7 , describe− Aand 0

So Existence of an additive inverse ,there ∃a¿ A such

tah A+ (−A )=0

Exercise 2.1 .4 For each ¿ , find the product (−2 ) A , 0 ( A )∧3 ( A )

Solution

( a ) . A= 1 2
[ ]
2 1

So=¿ (−2 ) A= [−2 −4

−4 −2 ]

¿> 0 ( A )=[ 0 0 ]
0 0

3 6
¿>3 ( A )=[
6 3]

( b ) . A=[−2 3 ]
0 2
So=¿ (−2 ) A= [ 40 −4
−6
]
¿> 0 ( A )=[ 0 0 ]
0 0

−6 9
¿>3 ( A )=[
0 6]

0 1 2

[
( c ) A= 1 −1 3
4 2 0 ]
0 −2 −4

[
So=¿ (−2 ) A= −2 2 −6
−8 −4 0 ]
0 0 0

[ ]
¿> 0 ( A )= 0 0 0
0 0 0

0 3 6

[ ]
¿>3 ( A )= 3 −3 9
12 6 0

Exercise 2.1 .5 Using only the properties given∈Preposition 2.10

, show− A is Unique .

Solution

By using rule for multiplication by 1

IA= A=¿−IA =− A

So A is unique

Exericse 2.1 .6Using only the property given∈ prepositon2.7

¿ prposition2.10 , show 0is unique .

Solution

By using Exi stence of an additive Inverse

there ∃a ¿ A such that

A+ (− A )=0

Exercise 2.1 .7 Using only the properties given∈ proposition

2.7∧prepositiom 2.10 show 0 A=0 , here the 0 on the¿

¿ the 0 on the¿ is the zero martix of appropriate¿ ¿

Solution

let A= [ ac bd ]=¿ 0 A=[ 00 00][ ac db]=[ 00 00]

Exercise 2.1 .8 Using only the properties given∈ preposition 2.7∧¿

preposition 2.10 , as well as previous problems show (−1 ) A=−A

Solution

law
By using distribute multiplication
scalar

we have k ( pA )=( kp ) A

¿> (−1 ) A=−A

Exercise 2.1 .9 Consider thematrices A , B ,C , Dand E , find the

following p ossible . if it isnot possible explain why .

Solution

( a ) . A= 1 2 3 , E= 2
[ ] []
2 1 7 3

9
So−3 A= −3 −6[
−6 −3 −21 ]
( b ) . B= 3 −1 2
[ ]
−3 2 1

So 3 B−A= 8 −5 3
−11 5 −4[ ]
( c ) .C= 1 2
[ ]
3 1

So AC ,∈this case the multiplicationis not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( d ) . So CB ,∈this casethe multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( e ) . So AE ,∈this case the multiplication isnot defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( f ) . So EA ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

Exercise 2.1 .10 Consider thematrices , find the following if possible

if it is not possible explain why .

Solution

1 2

[ ]
( a ) . A= 3 2
1 −1

−3 −6

[ ]
So−3 A= −9 −6
−3 3

( b ) . B= 2 −5 2
[ ]
−3 2 1

So 3 B−A ,∈this case the additon isnot defined because the orders

of both matricesis not equal∧uncompatible .

( c ) .C= 1 2
[ ]
5 0
 1 2

[ ][
So AC = 3 2 1 2
1 −1
5 0 ]
11 2

[ ]
¿ 13 6
−4 2

( d ) . So CA ,∈this casethe multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( e ) . E= 2
[]3

1 2

[ ][ ]
So AE= 3 2 1
1 −1
3

[]
¿ 9
−2

( f ) . So EA ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( g ) . So BE ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

( h ) . D= −1 1
[ ] 4 −3

−1 1 1
So DE=[
4 −3 ][ 3 ]

¿[ 2 ]
−5
 1 1

1 2[ ]
Exercise 2.1 .11 Let A= −2 −1 , B= 1 −1 −2 ∧¿
2 1 −2 [ ]
1 1 −3

[
C= −1 2
−3 −1 0 ]
0 . Find the following if possible .

Solution

1 1

[ ][
( a ) . AB= −2 −1 1 −1 −2
1 2
2 1 −2 ]
3 0 −4

[ ]
So= −4 1 6
5 1 −6

1 1
( b ) . BA= 1 −1 −2 −2 −1
[
2 1 −2
1 2
][ ]
So= 1 −2
−2 −3[ ]
( c ) . So AC ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

1 1 −3 1 1

[
( d ) .CA= −1 2
−3 −1 0
0 −2 −1
1 2 ][ ]
−4 −6

[ ]
So= −5 −3
−1 −2

( e ) . So CB ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because

the number of column of ¿ is not equal ¿ thenumber

of the row of the ¿ .

 1 1 −3
( f ) . BC= 1 −1 −2 −1 2
[
2 1 −2
0
−3 −1 0
][ ]
So= [ 87 1 −3
6 −6 ]
Exercise 2.1 .12 Let A= −1 −1 , Find all 2× 2matrices , B such that
3 3 [ ]
AB=0

Solution

let B= [ac db]

If AB=0 then −1 −1 a b = 0 0
3 [
3 c d 0 0 ][ ] [ ]
0 0
[ 3−a−c
a+3 c
−b−d
3 b+3 d ] =[
0 0]

then−a−c=0=¿ a=−c

−b−d=0=¿ b=−d

[−13 −13 ][−cc −dd ]=[ 00 00]

0 0
¿ other case B=[
0 0]

So the2 ×2 ¿ is [−c −d ]∧B=[ 0 0 ] , c∧d ∈ R

c d 0 0

Exercise 2.1 .13 let X=[ −1 −1 1 ] ∧Y = [ 0 1 2 ] . Find X T Yand

X Y T if possible .

Solution

−1 0
T
T
we have X = −1 ∧Y = 1
1 2[ ] []
 −1 0 −1 −2

[] [
So X T Y = −1 [ 0 1 2 ] = 0 −1 −2
1 0 1 2 ]
0
T

[]
So X Y = [−1 −1 1 ] 1 =[ 1 ]
2

Exercise 2.1 .14 let A= [ 13 24]

, B= 1 2 , Isit possible ¿ choose k such that AB=BA ?
[ ]
3 k

if so waht sould k equal ?

Solution

No ,it is not possible for any values of k such that AB=BA

due ¿the multiplication rule AB ≠ BA .

Exercise 2.1 .15 let A= [13 24 ]

, B= 1 2 , Isit possible ¿ choose k such that AB=BA ?
[ ]
1 k

if so waht sould k equal ?

Solution

No ,it is not possible for any values of k such that AB=BA

due ¿the multiplication rule AB ≠ BA .

Exercise 2.1 .16 Find 2 ×2 matrices . A , B∧C such that A ≠ 0 ,C ≠ B ,

but AC =AB

Solution

Let A= 0 1 , B= b 1 b 2 , C= c 1 c 2
[ ] [
0 0 b3 b 4 c 3 c4] [ ]
So∈order ¿ define AC =AB∈this case b 3=c 3 andb 4=c 4

let b 1=1 , b 2=2 , c 1=1, c 2=−1 , b 3=c 3=−1 ,b 4=c 4=−2

Satisfy the matrices AC=AB

[ 00 10][−11 −22 ]=[ 00 10][−11 −1

−2 ]

[−10 −20 ]=[−10 −20 ] ( Satisfied )

So A=[ 0 1 ] , B=[ b 1 b 2 ] ,C [ c 1 c 2 ] , where b 3=c 3 ,b 4=c 4 ,
0 0 b3 b4 c3 c 4

(b 1 , b 2 ,c 1 , c 2 ∈ R)

Exercise 2.1 .17 Give example of any matrices ( any sizes ) . A , Band C

such thatA ≠ 0∧B ≠C∧ yet AB =AB .

Solution

Let A= [ 00 10] , B=[−11 −22 ] , C=[−12 −2

−1
]
¿> AB= AC =[ 0 1 ][ 1 2 = 0 1 2 −1
0 0 −1 −2 ] [ 0 0 ][ −1 −2 ]

−1 −2 −1 −2
¿> [
0 ] [ 0 0 ]
= ( True )
0

Exercise 2.1 .18 Find 2 ×2 matrices A∧B such that

A ≠ 0∧B ≠ 0 but AB=0.

Solution

Determine ¿ is a nonsingular ¿

A= a b which ( ad−bc ) ≠ 0 then A isinvertible

[ ]
c d

so theinverse A−1 is exist

Following an operation rules we have A−1 A B= A−1 0

IB=0=¿ B=0 True

Satisfying AB=0let A= a b ∧B= e f

c d [ ] [ ]
g h
thenAB=0<¿> [ ac bd ][ eg fh]=[ 00 00]
[ ae+ bg
ce +dg
af + bh = 0 0
cf +dh ] [ 0 0 ]

the n ae+ bg=0 ,af + bh=0 , ce +dg=0 , cf +dh=0

So A= a −a , B= b d , a → h∈ R
[
c −c b d] [ ]
Exercise 2.1 .19 Give an example of matrices of any ¿ A , B such

that A ≠ 0 , B ≠0 but AB=0

Solution

Let A= 3 −3 , B= 1 2
[ ] [ ]
2 −2 1 2

3 −3 1 2 0 0
¿> AB=[ ][
2 −2 1 2 ] =[
0 0]

Exercises2.1 .20 Find 2 ×2 matrices A∧B such that A ≠ 0 andB ≠ 0

with AB ≠ BA .

Solution

Let A= [ ac bd ] , B=[ eg hf ]
Suppose a=e=−1 , b=f =−2 ,c=1, h=2∧d =g=2

¿> AB=[−11 −22 ][−12 −22 ]

¿ [−3 −2 ]
3 2

−1 −2 −1 −2
¿> BA=[
2 2 ][ 1 2 ]

¿ [−1 −2 ]
0 0

Then AB ≠ BA
So A= [ ac bd] , B=[ ge hf ] ,a → h ∈ R
x1

[]
Exercise 2.1 .21Write the system∈the form A x 2 where A is
x3
x4

an appropriate ¿

Solution

1 −1 2 0 x 1

[
¿ 1 0 2 0 x2
0 0 3 0 x3
1 3 0 3 x4
][ ]
x1

[]
Exercise 2.1 .22Write the system∈the form A x 2 where A is
x3
x4

an appropriate ¿

Solution

1 3 2 0 x1
¿ 1
0
1
[ ][ ]
0
0
3
2
6
0
0
0
1
x2
x3
x4

x1
x
x3
x4
[]
Exercise 2.1 .23 Writethe system∈the form A 2 where A is

an appropriate ¿

Solution

1 1 1 0 x1

[ 1
−1
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
][ ]
x2
x3
x4
Exercise 2.1 .24 A ¿ called idempotent if A 2=A . Let A∧show that A is idempotent .

Solution

A isidempotent if A 2=AA = A

2 0 2

[
A= 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 ]
2 0 2 2 0 2
A2= 1 1 2
[ 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 ][ ]
2 0 2

[
¿ 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 ]
So ¿is idempotent

Exercise 2.1 .25 For each pairr of matrices , find the (1,2 ) entry∧¿

( 2,3 ) entry of the product AB .

Solution

( a ) . A 12=2 , B 12=6 , A 23=0 , B 23=1

( b ) . A 12=3 , B 12=3 , A 23=4 , B 23=1

Exercise 2.1 .26 Suppose A∧B are square matrices of the same

¿ of the following are necessarily true ?

Solution

( a ) .( A−B)2 =A 2−2 AB+ B2 not true

( b ) . ( AB )2 =A 2 B2 Not true ( Ture only if AB=BA )

( c ) .(A + B)2=A 2 +2 AB+ B2 Not true

( d ) .( A+ B)2=A 2 + AB+ BA+ B2 True

( e ) . A2 B 2= A ( AB ) B Not true
( f ) .( a+ B)3 =A 3 +3 A 2 B+3 A B2+ B3 Not true

( g ) . ( A+ B )( A−B )= A2−B2 Not true

1 2

1 −1[ ]
Exercise 2.1 .27 Consider the matrices A= 3 2 , B= 2 −5 2
−3 2 1 [ ]
C= [15 20] , D=[−14 −31 ] , E=[ 13] find the following if possible ,
if it is not possible explain why .

Solution

( a ) .−3 A T =−3 1 3 1 = −3 −9 −3
[ ][ ]
2 2 −1 −6 −6 3

( b ) .3 B− A =3 [ 2 −5 2 ]−[ 1
T 3 1
]
−3 2 1 2 2 −1

¿ [ 6 −15 6 ] −[ 1 3 1 ]
−9 6 1 2 2 −1

5 −18 5
¿[
−11 4 7]

( c ) . E B=[ 1 3 ] [ 2 −5 2 ]
T
−3 2 1

¿ [ −7 1 5 ]

( d ) . E E T= 1 [1 3 ]= 1 3
[] [ ]
3 3 9

2 −3

[ ][
T
( e ) . B B= −5 2
2 1
2 −5 2
−3 2 1 ]
13 −16 1

[ 1]
¿ −16 29 −8
−8 5

( f ) . C AT = 1 2 1 3 1
[ ][ ]
5 0 2 2 −1
¿ [55 7 −1
15 5 ]
( g ) . DT BE= −1 4 2 −5 2 1
[ ][ ][ ]
1 3 −3 2 1 3

13 2 1
¿ [−14
−7 1 5 3 ][ ]
This multiplicationis not defined

becuase thenumber of row of D T B∧number of the column of E

is not equal .

Exercise 2.1 .28 Let A be an n × n. Show A equalsthe ∑ of

symmetric∧a skew symmetric ¿

Solut ion

Let A= [ ab bc ]=¿ A =[ab bc] T

A+ A =[ 2 a 2 b ]
T
2b 2 c

1 a b
¿> ( A + A ) =[
b c]
T
is a symmetric ¿
2

¿> A− A =[ 0 0 ] is a skew symmetric ¿

T
0 0

a b 0 0 a b
A=[ ]
b c 0 0
+[ ]=[
b c]

Exeercise 2.1.29 Show that the main diagonal of every skew

symmetric¿ of only zeros . Recall that the main

diagonal consists of every entry of the¿

is of the form aii .

Solution

Determine A=[ aij ]

AT =[ aji ]
A is Skew symmatric ¿> A T =− A

aji=−aij

For diagonal element i= j=¿ aii=−aij

2 aii=0

aii=o

Hence proved .

Exercise 2.1 .30.

Prove3 that is , show that for an m×n ¿ an n × p ¿

¿ scalars r , s the following holds:

( rA + sB )T =r A T + s B T

Solution

let r=1 , B=1 , A= [12] , B=[−11 21]

thenrA =[ 1 ] , sB=[ 1 2 ]
2 −1 1
T
following A∧B have different orders so ( rA +sB )

¿ r A T + s BT is not true∈this case ( rA+ sB )T

¿ r A T + s BT is true wen A∧B have the same orders which mean

A∧B are martices .

Execise 2.1.31 Provethat ImA=A where A is an m× n ¿

Solution

Let a be 1× 2¿

so Imis2 ×2 ¿

let A= [ 1 2 ] , ℑ= [ 10 01]
¿> ImA= [10 01] [ 1 2 ]= [ 1 2 ] =A

So ImA= A is true

Exercise 2.1 .32 Suppose AB= AC∧A isan invertable n × n

¿ Does it follow that B=BC ? explain why∨why not .

Solution

Yes ,it follows . It is obviousthat if B=C then AB

¿ AC . Picking A ¿ be the inverta nle¿∈case

when the statement is true.

Exercise 2.1 .33 Suppose AB=AC is a non invertable n× n ¿

Does it follow that B=C ? Explain why∧why not

Solution

No ,it does not follow . It isobvious that if B=C ,then AB= AC

Picking A ¿ be the zero ¿ a case when the statement

is true . But this types of exercises ask us if it always follow that B

¿ C . ¿ which the answer is no . ¿ show that , we need ¿ provide

a counterexample .We need ¿ find a non−invertable ¿

¿ two different matrices B∧C such that AB

¿ AC .With that ∈mind we can choose :

A= [ 00 00] , B=[13 24 ] , C=[ 57 68]

then A is non−invertable , B ≠C yet AB= AC= 0 0
0 0 [ ]
Exercise 2.1 .34 Give an example of ¿ that such A2=I ∧ yet

A ≠ I ∧A ≠−I
Exercise 2.1 .35 Find A−1 if possible . If A −1 does not exist , explain why .

Solution

2 11 0
we have [ A |I ]=
[
−1 3 0 1 | ]
R 1→ R 1 2 1
¿>
R 2 →2 R 2+ R 1 0 7 [ |11 02]
R1 1
¿
R 1→

R 2→
2 1
R2
7
0 [ | ]1
2
1
2
1
7
0
2
7

[ | ]
−1
R2
R 1→ R 1− 1 0 7 7
¿ 2
0 1 1 2
R2→R2
7 7

3 −1
Following [ I |A−1 ] So=¿ A−1 = 2
1
7
[ ] 7
2
7

Exercise 2.1 .36 Find A−1 if possible . If A−1 does not exist , explain why .

Solution

We have [ A|I ]= 0 1 |10 01 ]

[
5 3

R 1→ R 2 5 3
¿
[
R 2→ R 1 0 1 |01 10 ]
¿ R 1→ R 1−3 R 2 5 0 |−31 10 ]
R 2→ R 2 0 1 [
 R1 1

[ | ]
−3
R 1→1 0
¿ 5 5 5
0 1
R2→R2 1 0

−3 1
So A−1= 5
1 [ ] 5
0

Exercise 2.1 .37 Find A−1 . If A −1 does not exist , explain why .

Solution

2 1
we have [ A |I ]=
[ 3 0 |10 01 ]
¿ R 1→ R 2 3 0 0 1
[ | ]
R 2→ R 1 2 1 1 0

R1 1
¿
R1→
3
R 2→ 3 R 2−2 R 1
1 00
0 3 [ | ]
3
3 −2

1
¿
R1→R1
R 2→
R2
3
1 0
0 1
[ | ] 0

1
3
−2
3

1
So A =
−1

1
3
−2
3
[ ]
0