Physics
Nature of light.Flat mirrors
Optics
Optics is the part of physics that studies the nature of light, the
phenomena of light, the laws under which light is , and the interaction of
the light with other materials in environment.
1. Geometrical optics –light laws
2. Physical optics-nature of light
Light as a particle
Is given form Newton
Light represents a stream of small particles which are called corpuscles.
Different colors, different dimension of the particles
Light as a wave
Is given from Haygens
Light presents longitudinal wave, where we can apply the same laws that
we can apply to mechanical waves.
Light rays
Light rays represents a part of the space in which the light spreads.
In optics, three types of light rays :
Parallel,convergent,divergent
Geometrical physics
1. Reflection law
2. Refraction law
3. Uniform spreading of light
4. Law of independent spreading of light
Flat mirrors
Flat mirror is the simplest mirror
A flat mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface
Reflection
The image that we see in the mirror is called virtual image
Characteristics of the flat mirrors
1. Distance form object to the mirror is equal with the distance between
mirror and virtual image
2. Virtual image is with the same size with the object
3. The image is upright-it has the same orientation with the object
4. The image height is the same with the objects height
Magnification of the image
The measure of how large or small is the virtual image is called
magnification of the image
M-magnification
M=d*c
M=d*v
d-distance
c-speed of light
v-speed
Flat and spherical mirrors
Optics
Optics is the part of physics that studies the nature of light, the
phenomena of light, the laws under which light is, and the interaction of
the light with other materials in environment.
1. Geometrical optics –light laws
2. Physical optics-nature of light
Mirrors
A mirror is defined as reflecting surface and can be explained by the law
of reflection and refraction
Types of the mirrors are:
1. Flat (plane) mirrors
Spherical mirrors
Flat mirrors
Flat mirror is the simplest mirror
A flat mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface
Reflection
The image that we see in the mirror is called virtual image
Distance form object to the mirror is equal with the distance between
mirror and virtual image
Virtual image is with the same size with the object
The image is upright-it has the same orientation with the object
The image height is the same with the objects height
Image formation by flat mirror
Consider an object placed a certain distance in front of a mirror, as
shown in the diagram.
To figure out where the image of this object is located, a ray diagram can
be used.
In a ray diagram, rays of light are drawn from the object to the mirror,
along with the rays that reflect off the mirror.
The image will be found where the reflected rays intersect.
Note that the reflected rays obey the law of reflection.
The reflected rays diverge from the mirror; they must be extended back
to find the place where they intersect, and that's where the image is.
Spherical mirrors
A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the shape of a piece cut out of a
spherical surface.
There are two types of spherical mirrors: concave and convex.
Spherical mirrors whose inner side is reflecting are called concave
mirrors.
Spherical mirrors whose outer side is reflecting are called convex
mirrors.
Components of spherical mirrors
Centre of the spherical surface (C): Centre of the sphere of which
the mirror is a part.
Radius of the spherical surface (R): Radius of the sphere of which the
mirror is a part.
Pole (P/O): Geometric centre of the spherical surface of the mirror.
Principal axis: Straight line joining the pole of the mirror to its centre of
curvature.
Focus (focal point): is always in the middle of the center of the curvature
and the pole, the point where the light ray pass.
Concave Mirrors
A concave mirror has the reflecting surface that caves inwards.
Concave mirrors are also called converging mirrors.
They are used to focus light
The image formed by concave mirrors varies in size depending on the
position of the object with respect to the mirror
The image can be real and virtual, inverted and magnified, with same size
as that of the object, all depending on the position of the object.
Mirror equation&magnification
p-object distance
q-image distance
f-focal length
M-magnification
h’-image height
h-object height
Magnification is the increase in the image size produced by
spherical mirrors with respect to the object size.
Convex spherical mirrors
Convex mirror is curved mirror which reflects light outwards and
therefore and they are not used to focus the light.
The image is virtual, smaller in size than the object, but gets larger as the
object comes towards the mirror
These mirrors are called also diverging mirrors
Optical lenses
Lenses
Lens is a transparent object that refracts light to create images that can
be virtual or real.
It can be of different types which are formed by combining flat, convex
and concave surfaces.
Lenses are used to form images in optical instruments such as cameras ,
telescopes and microscopes.
The three types of lens that we commonly use or see in our day to day
life are as follows:
1. Convex lenses
2. Concave lenses
3. Flat lenses
Characteristics of the lenses
1) Convex lens:
The convex lens is thicker in the middle than the outside edges and its
surface is curved outwards from the center.
It converges light that travels through it into a single point. In other
words, the parallel rays of light join at the same point after passing
through the convex lens.
The image produced by the convex lens depends on the distance and
position of the object being viewed. It is used in binoculars, telescope,
magnifier etc.
2) Concave Lens:
The concave lens is thicker on the edges than its middle portion and thus
the rays which pass through the concave lens are diverged away from
the focal point and only virtual and smaller images are produced.
It is usually used in TV projectors.
Mirrors&Lenses
Mirrors
It is a piece of glass that is polished from the back or outer surface.
It reflects the light that falls on its surface.
It can be plane or spherical.
The working principle is the law of reflection
It has only one focal point as it has only one reflecting surface.
Lenses
It is a transparent piece of glass with a spherical surface.
It refracts the light. Convex lens converges and concave lens diverges the
light.
It has two surfaces out of which one is curved inwards or outwards.
The working principle is the law of refraction.
A lens has two focal points as it has two refracting surfaces.
Shapes of the lenses
Lenses equation and magnification
v-image distance
u-objects distance
f-focal length
Optical instruments
Optical instruments
All , simple and more complicated instruments, the working principle of
which is based on four laws of geometrical optics are called optical
instruments.
Laws of the geometrical optics are:
1. Reflection law
2. Refraction law
3. Uniform spreading of light
4. Law of independent spreading of light
Types of optical instruments
Microscope
Telescope
Binoculars
Projectors
Glasses
Camera
Magnifying glasses
Optical instruments
Optical instruments are based on optics
They use mirrors and lenses to reflect and refract light, to focus light and
to create useful images
Different optical instruments use different lenses or combination of
lenses.
Optical instruments which together with the eye create a entirety
Optical instruments through which we can see the reflection of the
objects on the screen , bigger or smaller than the object.
Angular magnification
Angular magnification is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by
the image formed by an optical instrument to that subtended at the eye
by the object when not viewed through the instrument.
Glasses
Glasses are the simplest optical instruments where are used optical
lenses.
Glasses are used to correct some eye diseases as :
1. Myopia
2. Hyperopia
3. Astigmatism
4. Daltonism
Myopia
Inability to see distant objects
Close objects may be clear
Correction –diverging lenses
Hyperopia
Inability to see close objects
Distant objects may be clear
Correction –converging lenses
Astigmatism
Rays passing through a vertical region of the eye may focus closer than
rays passing through horizontal region
Daltonism
Inability to perceive colors
Magnifying glass
A magnifying glass is a convex lens used to make an object appear much
larger than it actually is.
This works when the object is placed at a distance from the lens of less
than one focal length.
The image is:
on the same side of the lens as the object, but further away
upright
enlarged
virtual
Microscope
A microscope is an optical instrument used to view small objects by
enlarging them with two convex lenses.
Polarization of light
Electromagnetic waves
Are waves that consists oscillating electric and magnetic fields
Types of the electromagnetic waves
Polarization
Phenomenon of the restriction of the vibration to a particular direction
Light can be polarized and non polarized
Waves having such a direction are said to be polarized
Light can be polarized with the materials called polarizer and analyzer
Characteristics of transversal waves
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized
Types of polarization
Linear polarization
Electric field of light is confined to a single plane along the direction
propagation
Circular polarization
Circular polarization-The electric field and magnetic field of light are
perpendicular to each-other with equal amplitude and phase π/2
Elliptical polarization-The electric field and magnetic field of light
describes an ellipse.
Different amplitude phase is not π/2
Malus law of polarization
The law states that the intensity of a beam of plane-polarized light after
passing through a rotatable polarizer varies as the square of the cosine of
the angle through which the polarizer is rotated from the position that
gives maximum intensity
Applications
1. To do the difference between transversal and longitudinal waves
2. Sunglasses
3. Geology –are used polarized microscopes for identifying minerals
4. 3D movies
3D polarized glasses with suitable polarized filters ensure that each eye
receives only the intended image
Ophthalmic instruments –eliminate strong reflection from the patients
cornea
Flud Mechanics
Introduction in mechanics of fluid
KEY TERMS
1. Fluid
2. Density
3. Pressure
Defining a fluid
Fluid is nonsolid state of matter where the atoms or molecules are free
to move past each other, as in gas or liquid.
Ideal fluid
A fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and is incompressible.
A term viscosity refers to the amount of internal friction within a fluid.
A fluid with high viscosity flows more slowly than does a fluid with a low
viscosity.
As a viscous fluid flows , part of the kinetic energy of the fluid is
transformed into internal energy due to the friction of the fluid particles
sliding past each other.
Ideal fluid are considered non viscous , so they lose no kinetic energy due
to the friction as they flow.
At ideal fluids velocity, density, and pressure at each point in fluid are
constant.
Density
Fluid pressure
Measure of how much force is applied over a given area is called
pressure.
The SI unit for pressure is Pascal (Pa)
Pa=N/m^2
The pressure of air under normal conditions is about 1.01*10^5 Pa
always
Pascal’s principle
If in one container with fluid is applied pressure that pressure is
transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the
container.
Fluid flow
Fluids can flow in two ways:
1. Laminar flow
2. Turbulent flow
The flow is said to be laminar if every particle that passes a partial point
moves along the same smooth path traveled by the particles that passed
that point earlier.
The flow is said to be turbulent when we have irregular motions of fluid,
where the flow is very chaotic and unpredictable.
Principles of fluid flow
1. Continuity principle
2. Bernoulli’s principle
Continuity and Bernoulli equation
Pressure
Static pressure is the pressure that the fluid has when it is not moving.
Dynamic pressure- is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid or
the pressure of a fluid that results from its motion
Hydrostatic pressure- the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a
given point within the fluid, due to the force of the gravity
Fluid flow and principles of fluid flow
Fluids can flow in two ways:
1. Laminar flow
2. Turbulent flow
Principles of fluid flow are:
1. Continuity principle
2. Bernoulli’s principle
Continuity principle
The mass flow rate has the same value at every position along a tube
that has a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow.
Bernouli’s principle
Bernoulli’s law states that: “ during the flow of the fluid in pipe with
different sectional areas, sum of static , dynamic and hydrostatic
pressure is constant”
Bernouli’s equation for horizontal fluid flow
Archimeds principle
Key terms
Hydrostatic pressure
Buoyant force
Archimedes principle
Pressure
Static pressure is the pressure that the fluid has when it is not moving.
Dynamic pressure- is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid or
the pressure of a fluid that results from its motion
Hydrostatic pressure- the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a
given point within the fluid, due to the force of the gravity
Buoyant force
The reason is that a fluid exerts an upward force on objects that are
partially or completely submerged in it.
This upward force is called BUOYANT FORCE.
The direction of the buoyant force is opposite with the direction of the
gravitational force..
Archimeds principle
The volume of water at small container=displacement of water at large
container
This principle can be stated as follows:”Any object completely or partially
submerged in a fluid experiences one upward buoyant force equal with
magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object”.
Laws of flotation
When one object will sink, swim and will be in equilibrium in fluid?
ρ> ρ0
ρ= ρ0
ρ< ρ0
