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MENDELIAN GENETICS
Two Alleles Multiple Alleles
LECTURE III ABO Blood Groups
Law of Independent Segregation Law of Independent Assortment
Gene Segregation and (Monohybrid) (Dihybrid)
Interaction
Complete Modified ratios 9:3:3:1 Modified Ratios
dominance (3:1)
Non-Allelic Interactions
Lethal Genes Pseudoalleles Allelic
Interactions Novel Epistasis Complementary Duplicate
Phenotype Gene Action Gene Action
Incomplete dominance Over-dominance Co-dominance
Dominant Recessive
Definition of Terms allele -alternative forms of a gene
Ex. allele for yellow color
gene -inherited factor on the allele for white color
chromosome responsible for
a trait phenotype - physical, physiological,
biochemical and behavioral
locus -location of a gene trait of an organism
on a chromosome - determined by the genotype
genotype -genetic constitution and its interaction with the
environment
of an individual
recessive -gene not expressed
in the presence of
another allele
dominant
homozygous -2 copies of the
-gene exerting full effect same allele of a
despite the presence of gene (e.g. YY, yy)
another allele of the
same gene heterozygous -2 different alleles
of the same gene
(e.g. Yy)
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Hybridization - cross 2 individuals
with contrasting traits
Ex. Purple x White
Yellow x Green
F1 or first filial generation - first generation
produced after mating between parents
that are homozygous for different
alleles
Pre-Mendelian
F2 generation or second filial
Heredity
generation - the generatio produced
by self fertilization or
sib-mating of F1 thought of as a blending
individuals process
Backcrossing - the cross of a mixture of characteristics of
heterozygote with one both parents
of its parents
Cannot explain if offspring is
similar to one parent All about Gregor Mendel
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•Mendel used self pollinated plants (green peas).
• Mendel used pureline or true breeding parents
with contrasting traits. Emasculation
- homozygous
• Mendel emasculated the female parent to
prevent selfing.
- Pollen is brushed on the stigma of the
female flower.
•Consider the genetic determinant for a specific
work of Mendel character
• inheritance of
flower color passed from one generation to
the next
no blending with other genetic
determinants
True breeding parentals PP x pp
Gametes P p
F1 Pp
To get F2: Pp x Pp
Gametes: P P
p p
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Punnett Square
Gametes P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
Genotypic Ratio: 1PP : 2 Pp : 1pp
Phenotypes: 1purple 2 purple 1 white
Phenotypic Ratio: 3 purple : 1 white
Law of Independent Segregation
Parentals: AA x Aa
Gametes: A A
Alleles in a gene pair separate
A a
cleanly from each other during
meiosis. Gametes A a
A AA Aa
AA Aa aa
A AA Aa
A A A a a a Genotypic Ratio: 2 AA : 2 Aa or
1 AA : 1 Aa
Parentals: Aa x aa
Gametes: A a
AA x Aa
a a
A 1 AA Gametes a a
A A Aa Aa
a 1 Aa a aa aa
Genotypic Ratio: 2 Aa : 2 aa or
1 Aa : 1 aa
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Other traits Mendel considered
Mendel’s Observation (Fairbanks, D.J. and W.R.
round vs. wrinkled seeds Anderson, 1999)
Phenotypes of True F1 F2 Phenotypes F2 Ratio
breeding Parents Phenotypes
Round Wrinkled All round 5472 round 2.96 : 1
seeds seeds 1850 wrinkled
Yellow Green seeds All yellow 6022 yellow 3.01 : 1
seeds 2001 green
Purple White All purple 705 purple 3.15 :1
224 white
Inflated Constricted All inflated 882 inflated 2.95: 1
pods pods 299 constricted
Dihybrid Cross
Phenotypes of true F1 F2 F2 Ratio Consider two traits at the same
breeding parents phenotypes phenotypes time
seed shape - round vs. wrinkled
Green Yellow All green 428 green 2.82 : 1
pods pods 152 yellow seed color – yellow vs. green
Axial Terminal All axial 651 axial 3.14 : 1
flowers flowers 207 terminal True breeding parentals
round, yellow x wrinkled,
Tall plants Dwarf All tall 787 tall 2.84 : 1
plants 277 dwarf
green
RRYY rryy
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Parentals: RRYY x rryy
Gametes: RY ry
Mendel’s Results
yellow, round 315 F1: RrYy
yellow, wrinkled 101
green, round 108
green, wrinkled 32 To get F2 : RrYy x RrYy
Total 556
Take each trait independently: Gametes: Y RY
R
Yellow 315 green 108
101 32 2.97 : 1 (416) y Ry
Total 416 Total 140 (140)
Y rY
Round 315 wrinkled 101
108 32 3.18 : 1 (423)
r
Total 423 Total 133 (133) y ry
Punnett Square
Gametes RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios Summarized form of genotypic ratio
9 R_Y_ 9 round, yellow
Genotypic ratio Phenotypic Ratio 3 R_yy 3 round, green
1 RRYY 1 round, yellow 3 rr Y_ 3 wrinkled, yellow
1 rr yy 1 wrinkled, green
2 RRYy 2 round, yellow
1 RRyy 1 round, green Round, yellow round, green
2 RrYY 2 round, yellow RRYY RRyy
RRYy Rryy
4 RrYy 4 round, yellow RrYY
2 Rr yy 2 round, green RrYy
1 rrYY 1 wrinkled, yellow
wrinkled, yellow wrinkled, green
2 rrYy 2 wrinkled, yellow rrYY rryy
1 rryy 1 wrinkled, green rrYy
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Phenotypic Ratio Law of Independent Assortment
9 round, yellow
3 round, green
Alleles of different gene pairs
3 wrinkled, yellow
1 wrinkled, green
Total 16 separate independently from
each other and
Phenotypic Ratio:
9 3 3 1 randomly combine during
16 16 16 16 meiosis
AABB aabb
Genotypes
AABB aabb B --- AB b --- ab
Anaphase I A a
A A a a B --- AB b --- ab
B B b b B --- AB b --- ab
A a
Gametes: AB ab B --- AB b --- ab
AaBb
Dichotomous Branching
Anaphase I
A a A a
B b b B RrYy x RrYy
Alleles randomly combine
Take each gene pair independently
B ---- AB
A
(TEGI):
b ---- Ab
B ---- aB Rr x Rr --- 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr
a
b ---- ab Yy x Yy --- 1 YY : 2 Yy : 1 yy
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1YY --- 1RRYY
1 RR 2Yy --- 2RRYy
1yy --- 1RRyy Short cut in finding phenotypic ratio:
1YY --- 2 RrYY
2Rr 2Yy --- 4 RrYy TEGI:
1yy --- 2 Rryy Rr x Rr = 1RR : 2 Rr : 1rr
3 round : 1 wrinkled
1YY--- 1 rrYY
1rr
2Yy --- 2 rrYy
Yy x Yy = 1YY : 2 Yy : yy
1yy --- 1 rryy
3 yellow : 1 green
Gene
3 yellow --- 9 round yellow Segregation in
3 round Haploids
1 green --- 3 round, green
3 yellow --- 3 wrinkled,yellow
1 wrinkled
1 green --- 1 wrinkled, green
c x c+
c : c : c :c : c+ : c+ : c+ : c+
4 : 4
8 c
+
8 c
1 : 1
2 c 2 c+
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For two genes
mt+c+ x mt-c
½ c+ -- ¼ mt+c+
Take each gene pair independently
½ mt+
mt+ x mt- c+ x c
½c -- ¼ mt+c
½ mt+ : ½ mt- ½ c+ : ½ c
½ c+ -- ¼ mt-c+
½ mt-
½ c -- ¼ mt-c
Exercises:
1. Enumerate the gametes that can be 3. Provide the phenotypic ratios. Use
derived from the ff: dichotomous branching method.
a. AaDD Given:
b. HhDDAa P_ -- purple vs. pp -- white
c. AaBBddEe T_ -- tall vs. tt -- dwarf
2. Provide the genotypic ratios. Use
dichotomous branching method. a. ppTt x PPTt
a. Ddbb x DDBB b. PpTT x PpTt
b. EEBbDd x eebbDD
RrYy x RrYy
If two pairs of contrasting traits are inherited TEGI:
independently, Rr x Rr --- 1RR : 2Rr : 1rr
3/4 round : 1/4 wrinkled
to predict the frequencies of F2 phenotypes Yy x Yy ---- 1YY : 2 Yy : 1yy
3/4 yellow : 1/4 green
- apply product law of probabilities 3/4 yellow --- (3/4) (3/4) = 9/16
3/4 round
For simultaneous occurrence of two 1/4 green --- (3/4) (1/4) = 3/16
independent events,
3/4 yellow --- (1/4) (3/4) = 3/16
the combined probability of the two outcomes is 1/4 wrinkled
equal to the product of their individual
probabilities. 1/4 green --- (1/4) (1/4) = 1/16
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Example: Determine the probability that
a plant with genotype AaBb will be If two events are not independent,
produced by the given cross.
AaBb x Aabb
the likelihood of an outcome is
TEGI: referred to as
Aa x Aa = 1/4 AA : 2/4 Aa : 1/4 aa conditional probability
1/2 Aa
Bb x bb = 1/2 Bb : 1/2 bb What is the probability that one
p = (1/2 Aa) (1/2 Bb) outcome will occur given the
p = 1/4 AaBb specific condition upon which this
outcome is dependent?
Use the formula: In a sibship of 8 children, what is the
probability of having 5 boys and 3 girls?
n! 8! 1 5 1 3
= 5! 3! 2 2
w! x! pw qx
= 8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 1 1
n = total no. of progeny 5.4.3.2.1.3.2.1 32 8
w = no. of progeny with genotype or = 336 1 1
phenotype p 6 32 8
x = no. of progeny with genotype or = 1 1
phenotype q 56 32 8
p = probability of genotype/phenotype w
= 56 7
q = probability of genotype/ phenotype x or
256 32
Cystic fibrosis is due to a homozygous recessive
genes. Two parents heterozygous for the gene
have 5 children, what is probability that 3 will be
normal?
Cc x Cc = 1 CC : 2 Cc : 1 cc
3/4 normal : 1/4 cystic fibrosis
= 5! 3 3 1 2
3! 2! 4 4
= 5.4.3.2.1 27 1
3.2.1.2.1 64 16
= 10 27 = 270 = 0.26
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