UNIX: MS DOS:
Users, Shell, System Call Interface to Kernel, [I/O, File Application Program, Resident
System, Scheduling], System Call Interface to Harware, System Program, MS-DOS device Bootstrap program is stored in read-only memory (firmw are) and initializes all aspects of the system from
[Terminal & Device Controllers, Memory] drivers, ROM BIOD device drivers CPU registers to device controllers to memory contents. Loads the kernel into memory which starts "init"
Simple OS is a program that manages the computer hardware
OS is broken into a number of layers in which each layer consists of data
structures and a set of routines that can be invoked by higher level layers.
Advantage: Simplicity, Ease of Debugging Layered
Disadvantage: Difficult to define layers, Lack of Bi Inter Layer Communication, Inefficient
Hardware - through system bus
Occurrence of event is signaled
Structures the OS by removing all non essential components from Software - through system call
the kernel and implementing them as system and user-level programs
by an interrupt
Provide minimal process & memory management OS Structure
Communication is carried out by message passing
Advantages: Microkernels Tapes-Optical-Magnetic-Electronic-Main-Cache-Registers
1. Ease of extending Storage Hierarchy
D isadvantages: 2. Easier to port
Slow, System calls => Overhead is more, 3. Secure & Reliable
Message Passing is slow 4. Kernel Isolation
Single Processor Systems & Clustered Systems
Scheduling Classes, File-Systems, Loadable System Calls, Executable Increased throughput
formats, STREAMS Modules, Misc, Device and Bus Drivers Economy of Scale
Modules Computer System Architecture Multi Processor Systems
Increased reliability Fault tolerance
Virtual Machines
Design Goals Organizes jobs so that CPU always has a job to execute
Multiprogramming
Mechanism: how to do something OS Concepts
OS Design & Implementation
Policy: what will be done Executes multiple jobs by switching among them Uses job scheduling if multiple jobs are ready
Multitasking or Time Sharing
Requires an interactive system => Response time should be low
Provides an interface to the services made available by an OS OS Structure
Multiprocessing Process: Program in execution
File Operation Example: Check, Open, Write...
Set of functions that are available to Lower level abstraction of processes
Win32, POSIX and Java API Multithreading
the programmer System Calls
API
Interrupts Can stop a whole program to run another
Process Control, File Management, Device Management, Information Maintenance, Communications Types
Software generated interrupt resulted either from an error or from a user who specifically asked for it to get some OS service
Traps
Command Interpreter OR GUI OR both Takes aw ay control from the user
OS Interface
Control passes through the interrupt vector to a service routine in the
Dual Mode Operations
OS, and the mode bit is set to kernel mode
Controlled by mode_bit User Mode
OS Operations through a Kernel examines the interrupting instruction
User Interface, Program Execution, I/O Operations, File System Manipulation, Communications, Error detection added into hardware
Ease of use Kernel Mode system call to determine the system call number
Resource Allocation, Accounting, Protection & Security Efficient Use
OS Services Before handling control over to user, OS sets the timer
To ensure that OS maintains control over the CPU so that it can get back the control after a definite time
Timer
Creating & Deleting files, directories, File and Directory Manipulation, Backing up Interrupts the computer every 'n' seconds
Storage Management
Creating & Deleting, Suspending & Resuming, Synchronization, Communication, Deadlock Handling
Process Management
Keeping track os memory usage, Processes & Data to be moved into and out of memory, Allocating & Deallocating
Memory Management
- - Rahul
