What is
PROJECTION?
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection
technique in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular
to the projection plane
5
3
4
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object to the line of
sight.
Rotate
Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.
Multi-view drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Axonometric drawing
OBJECT
Orthographic REPRESENTATION
projection technique can produce….
Axonometric projection ~ that shows all three
dimensions of an object in one view.
Multiview projection ~ that each view show an
object in two dimensions.
Both drawing types are used in technical
drawing for communication.
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Why have you drawn
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS?
Right Side View Front View
Is it easy to
visualize that the
actual object of ✓ To give idea
the given about shape of the
Top View
orthographic final object.
views looks like
this?
AXONOMETRIC DRAWING
Axonometric Projection
Because even a simple drawing can be better visualized by this
drawings.
C D
B D
F G C
B A
E G
C D
Axonometric Projection
Line of
D
sight
Parallel & normal
C
to picture plane
A
D B
A How can the
C
B
Axonometric Drawing
be explained?
How exactly can the cube be placed ?
Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c
A
D
A B
D C
B
C a
2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
Isometric Projection
Non-Iso Lines
a Isometric axis
b
c
Iso-Lines TERMINOLOGIES
But there is a PROBLEM!!!
All edges foreshorten about 0.8 time.
We can not take measurements directly from the figure.
Isometric Drawing / View
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.
Isometric projection Isometric drawing / View
(True projection) (Full scale)
Foreshortened
Length
Full scale
Positions of Isometric Axes
Before we start learning how to draw
isometric views / projections, there is
one more concern…
Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.
Regular Reverse axis Long axis
isometric isometric isometric
View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking
down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Circle & Arc in Isometric
In isometric drawing, a circle appears as an ellipse.
Sketching Steps
1. Locate the centre of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Sketch arcs that connect the
tangent points.
Circle & Arc in Isometric
Four-centre method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.
Sketching Steps
1. Locate the centre of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.
4. Locate the four centres.
5. Draw the arcs with these centres
and tangent to isometric square.
Sketch from multi-view drawing
of
SOLIDS
1. Interpret the meaning of lines/areas in multi-
view drawing.
2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric
axis.
Example 1 : Object having only normal surfaces
D
b‘, (c’)
a‘, (d’) A
Top C
Front View H
H
B
p‘, (s’) Front
W q‘, (r’) P
Side
R
c, (r)
d, (s) W
Q D
Top View
D
a, (p)
b, (q)
Example 1 : Object having only normal surfaces
Top
Side Front View H
H
View
Front
D W Side
W
D
Top View
Example 6 :
D
Nonisometric line
H
y
y
x
W
x
Front View
Example 7 :
x x
B
x
C A
y
x
C
B A
Nonisometric line
y
C B A
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Composite Solids
BASIC IDEA
Objects are decomposed into solid geometric
primitives.
Some of familiar solid objects
Rectangular prism
Cylinder
Negative cylinder (Hole)
BASIC IDEA
Objects are decomposed into solid geometric
primitives.
Some of familiar solid objects
Cone
Pyramid
Sphere
Isometric Views
for
simple machine components
1. Orient yourself with the views given.
(Choose the viewing direction.)
2. Read the individual surfaces that appeared in
each view and related to each other.
3. Create a proper solid geometric primitive from
each reading.
4. Assembly all of solid geometric primitive
according to orthographic views.
Example 15
C D
A F E
x
Front View
y C
E
B D F
