Chapter 4
Pictorial Drawing
Objectives
Learn how to construct pictorial drawings: Isometric
& Oblique;
Be able to explain the difference between an
axonometric projection and an oblique projection.
Select the best orientation of an object shown in
pictorial;
Sketch pictorials of an object (either oblique or
isometric) given orthographic views of the object or the
actual object;
Pictorial - 3-dimensional representation!!!
Examples
Perspective
Axonometric projection
• axon = axis; metric = measure, in Greek
• Axonometric projection is a parallel projection
technique to create a pictorial drawing of an object
by rotating the object on an axis relative to a
projection or picture plane;
Axonometric projection
Types of Axonometrics
Isometric Projection
& Isometric drawing
Orientation of Pictorial Objects
Isometrics
• Axes equally separated
(120°)
• H, W, and D
measurements are true
size along iso. Axes
• Circles appear as ellipses
on all surfaces
Isometric
Isometric Projection
Rotate 45
about vertical axis
Tilt forward
(35o16’)
All edges foreshorten
about 0.8 time.
Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.
Isometric projection Isometric drawing
(True projection) (Full scale)
Forshorten
Full scale
Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.
Regular Reverse axis Long axis
isometric isometric isometric
View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking
down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to
any of the isometric axes.
Nonisometric lines
Isometric axes
Producing Isometric drawing
– Read the orthogonal drawing carefully,
– observe the scale,
– choose the best point where isometric axes meet to reveal as
much detail as possible
– draw an 'isometric box' enclosing the object
– draw in light construction lines
– draw arcs & curves in thick, remove excess..
– line in 30 right lines
– line in 30 left lines
– line in vertical lines to complete the view
Selection of Isometric Axes
• Main purpose of isometric view is to provide a pictorial
view which reveals as much detail as possible
• Figure shows different isometric views of the same block
Sketch from an actual object
1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.
2. Define an isometric axis.
3. Sketching the enclosing box.
4. Estimate the size and relationship of each details
5. Darken all visible lines.
Sketch from an actual object
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Sketch from an actual object
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted
unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Sketch from multi-view drawing
• Read the multi-view drawing given;
• Interpret the meaning of lines/areas in multi-view
drawing;
• Observe scale, dimension, projection angle;
• Try to visualise how the object looks like;
• Start with sketching an isometric box, enclosing the
whole object;
• Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric
axis;
• You can label points, lines and surfaces on multi-view
to help visualisation;
Constructing an isometric
drawing using the Boxing-
In method
Box in from
the outmost
shape to inside
details.
Locating Features
To locate a feature such as the upper block, make
measurements from an existing corner as shown here.
Example 1 : Object has only normal surfaces
Top
H
Regular
Top View
Front
Side
W
D
Front View Side View
H
W D
Example 2 : Object has inclined surfaces
D
Nonisometric line
y
H
y
x
x Front View
W
Example 3 : Object has inclined surfaces
C B A x
x x
B
C A
y
y
C
B A
Nonisometric line
Example 4
Regular
x
y C
E
B D F
Front View
A
B
C D
A F E
Circle & Arc in Isometric
In isometric drawing, a circle appears as an ellipse.
Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Sketch arcs that connect the
tangent points.
Circle & Arc in Isometric
Four-center method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.
Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.
4. Locate the four centers.
5. Draw the arcs with these centers
and tangent to isometric square.
Example 5
Irregular Curve in Isometric
Steps
1. Construct points along the
curve in multiview drawing.
2. Locate these points in the
isometric view.
3. Sketch the connecting lines.
Oblique
Drawing
• It is a form of parallel projection where the projectors are parallel to
each other but not perpendicular to the projection plane;
• This form differs from orthographic projection in that, although one
face is imagined parallel to the plane of projection, the projectors
make an angle other than 900
– Commonly 30, 45, or 60 degree.
– Mostly 45 degree is taken
Orthographic Projection Oblique projection
Oblique Projection
Parallel & oblique
to picture plane
A
A
Line B
of B
C
sight C
D
D
Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angles
60o
45
o
A
30o
B
C Types of Oblique drawing
A B
D
1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale
45o 45o
Oblique Drawings
Common oblique angles
Oblique Drawing Types
Cavalier Oblique Cabinet Oblique General Oblique
Circles in Oblique
• Drawn true size in
front view
• Drawn as ellipses on
receding planes
• Layout using a
rhombus
Constructing an oblique drawing using the
Box-In method
Sketch from actual object
ESTIMATE DEPTH
ESTIMATE LINES
45
Class Exercise: Sketch
from multi-view drawing
Sketch from multiview drawing
Example of producing
isometric drawing
Producing Isometric drawing
• Read multi-view dwg given.
• Observe scale, dimension, proj.
angle
• Try to visualize how the object
looks like.
• Start with sketching, do not
draw straight away.
• Start with sketching an
isometric box, enclosing the
whole object.
• You can label points, lines and
surfaces on multi-view to help
visualization.
Practice Exercise
• Complete the
orthographic
views shown
and Sketch an
isometric of
the part.
