COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBERS
If ‘a’, ‘b’ are two real numbers, then a number of the form a + ib is called a complex number
Set of complex Numbers : The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C.
i.e. C = {a + ib | a,b R }
Equality of Complex Numbers : Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if a1 = a2 and
b1 = b2 i.e. Re (z1) = Re(z2) and Im (z1) = Im (z2)
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
ADDITION : Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 be two complex numbers. Then their sum z1 + z2 is defined as
the complex number (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)
Properties of addition of complex numbers
(i) Addition is commutative : For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, we have
z1 z 2 z 2 z1
(ii) Addition is associative : For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3 we have
(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3)
(iii) Existence of additive identity : The complex number 0 = 0 + i0 is the identity element for addition i.e.
z + 0 = z = 0 + z for all z C
(iv) Existence of additive inverse : For every complex number z there exists –z such that
z + (–z) = 0 = (–z) + z
The complex number –z is called the additive inverse of z.
Substraction : Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 be two complex numbers. Then the subtraction of z2 from z1 is
denoted by z1 – z2 and is defined as the addition of z1 and –z2.
Thus, z1 – z2
= (a1 – a2) + i (b1 – b2)
Multiplication : Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 be two complex numbers. Then, the multiplication of z1 with
z2 is denoted by z1z2 and is defined as the complex number.
(a1a2 – b1 b2) + i (a1b2 + a2b1)
Properties of Multiplication :
(i) Multiplication is commutative. For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, we have
z1 z2 = z2 z1
(ii) Multiplication is associative : For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3 we have
(z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3)
(iii) Existence of identity element for multiplication. The complex number 1 = 1 + i0 is the identity element for
multiplication i.e. for every complex number z, we have
z.1=z
(iv) Exitence of multiplicative inverse : Corresponding to every non-zero complex number z = a + ib there exists
a complex number z1 = x + iy such that
1
z . z 1 = 1 z1
z
[1]
[2] Complex Numbers
The complex number z1 is called the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of z and is given by
a i( b)
2
z1
2 2
a b a b2
(v) Multiplication of complex numbers is distributive over addition of complex numbers : For any three complex
numbers z1, z2, z3 we have
(i) z1 (z 2 z3 ) z1z 2 z1z 3 (Left distributivity)
(ii) (z 2 z 3 )z1 z 2 z1 z3 z1 (Right distributivity)
Division : The division of a complex number z1 by a non-zero complex number z2 is defined as the multiplication
z1
of z1 by the multiplicative inverse of z2 and is denoted by z .
2
z1 1
Thus, z1 .z 2 1 z1 .
z2 z2
Conjugate : Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then the conjugate of z is denoted by z and is equal to a – ib.
Thus, z = a + ib z a ib
Properties of Conjugate :
If z, z1, z2 are complex numbers, then
(i) z z 2 Re(z)
(ii) z z 2 Im(z)
(iii) z z z is purely real
(iv) z z 0 z is purely imaginary..
(v) zz {Re(z)}2 {(Im(z)}2
(vi) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
(vii) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
(ix) z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1 z1
(x) ,z 2 0
z2 z2
(xi) (z) z
MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Definition : the modulus of a complex number z = a + i b is denoted by |z| and is defined as
| z | a 2 b 2 {Re(z)}2 {Im(z)}2
The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by
Re(z) ( Im(z)) z
2
i 2
2
|z| |z| |z|
Complex Numbers [3]
If b is positive
1 1
then a ib
2
a 2 b2 a i
2
{ a 2 b2 a}
If b is negative then
1 1
a ib {| z | Re(z)} i {| z | Re(z)}
2 2
Argument or (amplitude) of a Complex Number
1 y
(i) If x and y both are positive, then the argument of z = x + iy is the acute angle given by tan
x
(ii) x < 0 and y > 0, then the argument of z = x + iy is , where is the acute angle given by tan–1 |y/x|.
y
(iii) If x < 0 and y < 0 then the argment of z = x + iy is where is the acute angle given by tan .
x
y
(iv If x > 0 and y <0, then the argument of z = x + iy is where s the acute angle given by tan
x
Polar or Trigonometrical Form of a Complex Number
Let z = x + iy be a complex number represented by a point P (x, y) in the Argand plane. Then, by the geometrical
representation of z = x + i y, we have
z r(cos i sin ), where r | z | and arg(z)
This form of z is called a polar form of z.
EULERIAN FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
i
ei cos i sin and e cos isin
Properties of Argument of z
(i) arg(z) arg(z)
(ii) arg (z1z 2 ) arg(z1 ) arg(z 2 )
(iii) arg (z1 z2 ) arg(z1 ) arg(z 2 )
(iv) arg (z1 / z 2 ) arg (z1 ) arg(z 2 )
(v) arg (zn) = n arg z.
(vi) | z1 z 2 | | z1 z 2 | arg z1 arg z 2 / 2
(vii) | z1 z 2 || z1 | | z 2 | arg z1 arg z 2
(viii) If arg z = 0, then z is purely real
(ix) If arg z = ± / 2 , then z is purely imaginary
Properties of Modulus of z
(i) | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z 2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 |cos(1 2 ).
or
| z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 Re (z1 z2 )
[4] Complex Numbers
(ii) | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 | z1 | | z2 | cos(1 2 )
or
| z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2 Re(z1 z2 )
(iii) | z1 z2 |2 | z1 z2 |2 2 (| z1 |2 | z 2 |2 )
(iv) | z1 z 2 | | z1 z 2 | arg (z1 ) arg (z 2 )
2
(v) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | arg(z1 ) arg(z 2 )
2 2 2 z1
(vi) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | z is purely imaginary..
2
(vii) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
(viii) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
(ix) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
(x) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
(xi) | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |
(xii) | z n | | z |n
(xiii) | z |2 z z
(xiv) | z | | z || z | | z |
Distance Between Two Points : If z1 and z2 are the affixes of points P and Q respectively in the argand plane, then
PQ | z 2 z1 |
Section Formula : Let z1 and z2 be the affixes of two points P and Q respectively in the argand plane. Then, the affix
of a point R dividing PQ internally in the ratio m : n is
mz 2 nz1 mz 2 nz1
but if R is external point, then affix of R is
mn mn
Mid Point Formula :
z1 z 2
If R be the mid-point then affix of R is
2
If z1, z2, z3 are affixes of the vertices of a triangle, then the affix of its centroid is
z1 z 2 z3
3
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining points having affixes z1 and z2 is
z(z1 z2 ) z(z1 z 2 ) | z1 |2 | z 2 |2
The equation of a circle whose centre is at point having affix z0 and radius R is
| z z0 | R
Note : If the centre of the circle is at the origin and radius R, then its equation is | z | = R.
General Equation of circle is
z z az az b 0 where b R and a is complex number
represents a circle having centre at ‘–a’
and radius = | a |2 b aa b
Complex Numbers [5]
COMPLEX NUMBER AS A ROTATING ARROW IN THE ARGAND PLANE
uuur
To obtain the point representing zei we rotate. OP through angle in anticlock wise sense. Thus, multiplication
uuur
by ei to z rotates the vector OP in anticlockwise sense through an angle .
Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers represented by points P and Q in the argand plane such that POQ .
uuur z1e i uuur
i
Then, z1e is a vector of magnitude |z1| = OP along OQ and is a unit vector along OQ .
| z1 |
y
|z2| i
z2= ze
|z1 | 1
Q (z2)
P (z)1
x’ x
0
y
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
I. If z1, z2, z3 are the affixes of the points A, B and C in the Argand plane, then A(z)1
z z
(i) BAC arg 3 1
z 2 z1
B(z)2 C(z)3
z z |z z |
(ii) BAC arg 3 1 3 1 (cos i sin ), where BAC.
z 2 z1 | z 2 z1 |
If z1, z2, z3 and z4 are the affixes of the points A, B, C and D respectively in the Argand plane. Then AB is
inclined to CD at the angle.
z 2 z1
arg z z
4 3
(iii) The equation of the circle having z1 and z2 as the end points of a diameter is
(z z1 )(z z2 ) (z z1 )(z z 2 ) 0
DE-MOIVERE’S THEOREM
STATEMENT :
(i) If n z (the set of integers), then
(cos isin ) n cos n isin n
(ii) If n Q (the set of rational numbers), then cos n i sin n is one of the values of (cos i sin ) n .
1
(iii) cos isin
cos isin
(iv) (cos 1 isin 2 )(cos 2 isin 2 ) cos(1 2 ) i sin (1 2 )
[6] Complex Numbers
n th ROOTS OF UNITY
nth roots of unity are : 0 1, , 2 , 3 ,...... n 1 where ei 2 / n cos 2 / n i sin 2 / n
PROPERTIES OF n th ROOTS OF UNITY
Property 1 : nth roots of unity form a G..P. with common ratio ei 2 / n
Property 2 : Sum of the nth rots of unity is always zero.
Property 3 : Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if p is not a multiple of n.
Property 4 : Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, if p is a multiple of n.
Property 5 : Product of nth roots of unity is (–1)n–1
Property 6 : nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 and divide its circumference into n equal parts.
* PROPERTIES OF CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY AND SOME USEFUL RESULTS RELATED
TO THEM
(i) Cube roots of unity are 1, , 2 where
1 3 2 1 3
i , i
2 2 2 2
(ii) arg( ) 2 / 3 and
2
(iii) Cube roots of –1 are –1, ,
(iv) 1 2 0
(v) 3 1
* Four fourth roots of unity are –1, 1, –i, i
1 2 2 1
* log ( i) log( ) i tan
2
* Condition for points A(z1), B(z2), C(z3), D(z4) to be concyclic :
D(z4) C(z3)
z z4 z 2 z3
arg 2 arg
z1 z 4 z1 z 3
z z 4 z1 z 3
arg 2 0
z1 z 4 z 2 z3 A(z1) B(z2)
(z z 4 )(z1 z 3 )
2 is purely real.
(z1 z 4 )(z 2 z 3 )
Condition (s) for four points A(z1 ),B(z 2 ), C(z 3 ) and D(z 4 ) to represent vertices of a
(I) Parallelogram : D(z4) C(z 3)
(i) The diagonards AC and BD must bisect each other
1 1
(z1 z 3 ) (z 2 z 4 )
2 2
A(z1) B(z 2)
Complex Numbers [7]
z1 z 3 z 2 z 4
(ii) Rhombus :
(a) The diagonads AC and BD bisect each other.
z1 z 3 z 2 z 4
and (b) a pair of two adjacent sides are equal i.e. AD = AB.
| z 4 z1 | | z 2 z1 |
(iii) Square :
(a) The diagonals AC and BD bisects each other
z1 z3 z 2 z 4
(b) a pair of adjacent sides are equal
AD = AB
| z 4 z1 | | z 2 z1 |
(c) The two diagonards are equal
AC = BD | z 3 z1 | | z 4 z 2 |
(iv) Rectangle :
(a) The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
z1 z 3 z 2 z 4
(b) The diagonalds AC and BD are equal
| z 3 z1 | | z 4 z 2 |
(v) Incentre : I (z) of the ABC is given by
az1 bz 2 cz 3
z
abc
(vi) Circumcentre (z) of the ABC is given by
z1 (sin 2A) z 2 (sin 2B) z 3 (sin 2C)
z
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
(v) Orthocentre (z) of the ABC is given by
(a sec A)z1 (b sec B)z 2 (c secC) z3
z
a secA b sec B csecC
(vi) Area of triangle ABC with vertices A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) is given by
z1 z1 1
1
modulus of z 2 z2 1
4
z3 z3 1
(vi) Equation of line passing through A(z1) and B(z2) is
z z 1
k
z1 z1 1 0
A(z1) A A B(z1)
z2 z2 1
[8] Complex Numbers
(vii) General equation of a line is
az az b 0 , where a is a complex number and b is a real number..
(viii) Complex slope of a line joining points A(z1) and B(z2) is
z1 z 2
given by w z z
1 2
(ix) Two lines with complex slopes w 1 and w 2 are parallel if w1 w 2 and perpendicular if w 1 w 2 w
Length of perpendicular from a point to a line
Length of perpendicular of a point A( ) from the line az az b 0
| a a b |
p
2|a |
Recongnizing some loci by Inspection :
(i) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then
| z z1 || z z 2 | represent perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining A(z1) andB(z2).
| z z1 |
(ii) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points and k >0, k 1 is a real number then | z z | k represents a circle. For
2
k = 1 it represents perpendicular bisector of the segment joining A(z1) and B(z2)
(iii) Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points and k be a positive real number.
(a) If k | z1 z 2 | then | z z1 | | z z 2 | k represents an ellipse with foci at A(z1) and B(z2) and length
of major axis = k = CD.
(b) If k = |z1 – z2| represents the line segment joining z1 and z2.
(c) If k < |z1 – z2| then | z z1 | | z z 2 | k does not represent any curve in the argand plane.
(iv) Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points, k be a positive real number.
(a) If k < |z1 – z2|, then | z z1 | | z z 2 | k represents a hyperbola with foci at A(z1) and B(z2).
(b) If k = (z1 – z2), then
(z – z1) – (z – z2) = k
represents the straight line joining A(z1) and B(z2) excluding the segment AB.
(v) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2 represents a circle with z1 and z2 as
extremities of a diameter.
(vi) Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points and be a real number such that 0 then (a) If 0 and
z z1
then arg z z represents a segment of the circle passing through A(z1) and B(z2)
2 2
P
A(z1) B(z1)
Complex Numbers [9]
z z1
(b) If 2 / 2, then arg z z represents a circle with diameter as the segment joining
2 2
A(z1 ) and B(z 2 ) .
z z1
(c) if then arg represents the straight line joining A(z1) and B(z2) but excluding
z z2
the segment AB.
A(z1) B(z1)
z z1
(d) If 0 , then arg z z ( 0)
2
A(z1) B(z1)
represents the segment joining A(z1) and B(z2)
