AIR-CONDITIONING Since the water vapour part is continuously

variable, all calculations in air conditioning

Air-conditioning is necessary to provide a practice are based on the dry air part.
controlled atmosphere in buildings where Dry bulb temperature (DBT) the actual
industrial process are to be carried out and in temperature t of moist air
private and public buildings such as offices and The total pressure P which is equal to the
cinema halls for human comfort. barometric pressure is constant.
Humidity of air was to be responsible for Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio is
human comfort and number of experiments defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour
were conducted with variabie humidity and to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the
temperature and it was found that a particular mixture.
temperature and humidity of air was Dew Point Temperature If a sample of such
comfortable for large percentage of unsaturated moist air containing superheated
people. water vapour is cooled (at constant
Air-conditioning is used in industries for temperature), the mixture will eventually
efficient functioning of machines, in cold reach the saturation temperature td of water
storage to preserve food products, in textile vapour corresponding to its partial pressure pv,
industry for better product quality and at which point the first drop of dew will be
pharmaceuticals. formed,i.e., the water vapour in the mixture will
Air-conditioning is a process by which the start condensing.
temperature, humidity, flow and purity of the Superheated state when the water vapour
air is controlled simultaneously to meet existing at temperature T of the mixture and
The requirements of the conditioned space. partial pressure PV of the vapour in the mixture
Control of temperature means
maintaining of temperature for human comfort, *Moisture can be removed from humid air by
i.e, it needs increasing the temperature in bringing the air in contact with a cold surface or
winter whereas decreasing the temperature in cooling coil whose temperature is below its dew
summer. point temperature. During the process of
Control of humidity means increasing or cooling,the partial pressure pv of water vapour
decreasing the moisture content in the air. and specific humidity remain constant until the
Moisture content in the air increases in vapour starts condensing.
winter and decreases in summer.
Cleanliness of air means improving the purity of Degree of Saturation is a measure of the
air by removing dust and undesirable elements. capacity of air to absorb moisture. The ratio of
Distribution of air means the circulation of the actual specific humidity to the specific
pure air through the controlled space or room. humidity of saturated air at temperature T is
Psychrometric properties are the termed as the degree of saturation.
properties of moist air Saturated air the air containing moisture in
Psychrometry the subject which deals with the such a state
behaviour of moist air Relative Humidity is defined as the ratio of
Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water the mole fraction of water vapour in moist air to
vapour. They form a binary mixture. mole fraction of water vapour in saturated air
Mixture of two substances requires three at the same temperature and pressure.
properties to completely define its Enthalpy of a mixture of perfect gases can be
thermodynamic state obtained by the net summation of the
Pure substance requires only two enthalpies of the respective constituents
properties to completely define its Enthalpy of the moist air is equal to the
thermodynamic state summation of the enthalpies of dry air and of
Water vapour is present in the atmosphere at the water vapour associated with the air
a very low partial pressure.At this low pressure Humid Specific Heat It is the specific heat
and atmospheric temperature, the water of moist air (1 + ω) kg per kg of dry air
vapour behaves as a perfect gas. Dry bulb thermometer is directly exposed to
Partial pressure of dry air is also below one the air and measures the actual temperature of
atmosphere which may also be considered to air and is called dry bulb temperature
behave very much as a perfect gas. Wet bulb temperature the temperature
Gibbs-Dalton laws of perfect gas mixture which is measured by the wick-covered bulb of
can be applied to the moist air. such a thermometer indicates the temperature
of liquid water in the wick. It is an indirect desired speed and rate in the desired space or
measure of the dryness of air. room.
Wet bulb depression(WBD) the difference Fan is used to handle small quantity of air
between the dry bulb and wet bulb Blower is used to handle large quantity of
temperature air.
Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature or Axial fan are those in which air flows in the
Adiabatic saturation temperature is direction parallel to impeller shaft. These are
The temperature at which the air can be used for handling large quantity of air at low
brought to saturation state, adiabatically, by the pressure. They possess higher efficiency but
evaporation of water into the flowing air. these are not suitable for duct air conditioning
Extra water or Make-up Water is added to system.
the chamber at this temperature to make the Centrifugal fan blades are fitted to impeller
water level constant. or rotor that rotates with in spiral casing. In
Adiabatic saturation process when the partial centrifugal fan the air enters the impeller axially
pressure of vapour increases, although the Total and is charged radially at the periphery. These
pressure of the air-vapour mixture remains fans are used for duct air conditioning system.
constant. They deliver any quantity of air over greater
Psychrometric Chart consists of range of operating pressure. The centrifugal
summarized data for the complete force produces in it so the air passes rapidly and
thermodynamic and psychrometric analysis of spread to all sides. Such fan has one or two
air-conditioning processes. The chart is normally inlets, which fan has only one inlet is called
constructed for a standard atmospheric exhauster and which have two inlets are called
pressure of 760 mm Hg or 1.01325 blowers.
bar,corresponding to the pressure at the mean Duct system conveys the conditioned air
sea level. from the air-conditioning system to the space
ω-t Chart the chart which is most being conditioned and carry the return air from
commonly use. A chart which has specific rooms or conditioned space to the air
humidity or water vapour pressure along the conditioning equipment for reconditioning and
ordinate and the dry bulb temperature along recirculation
the abscissa. Fan has to deliver the required quantity of air
Saturation Line represents the states of overcoming the resistance offered by the
saturated air at different temperatures. various components in the air distribution
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of system, such has cooling coil / air-washer,
the mole fraction of water vapour in moist air to filters, supply and return air -outlet, dampers
mole fraction of water vapour in saturated air at and the resistance offered by the duct system.
the same temperature and pressure Initial cost depends on the size of the duct.
Relative humidity lines are curved lines A smaller sized duct has low cost. But with a
and follow the saturation curve smaller duct the air velocity will increase and so
Saturation curve represents the 100% pressure loss due to friction also will increase.
relative humidity Ducts are defined as the passage way
Constant specific volume lines are provided for conveying the conditioned air to
obliquely inclined straight lines and uniformly specified location in order to provide comfort
spaced. These lines are drawn up to the conditions. Smooth surface is desirable for ducts
saturation curve. as they offer minimum resistance to the flow of
Wet bulb temperature lines are inclined air. The system should also be air tight so that
straight lines and non-uniformly spaced. Any the conditioned air does not leave out to the
point on the saturation curve,the dry bulb and space not being conditioned.
wet bulb temperatures are equal. Ducts are usually made of Galvanized Iron
Enthalpy (or total heat) lines are inclined sheets or aluminum sheets. Ducts are also made
straight lines and uniformly spaced. These lines with non-metallic material such as glass
are parallel to the wet bulb temperature lines, fibre,cement asbestos.
and are drawn up to the saturation curve. Some Glass fibre ducts are easy to manufacture to
of these lines coincide with the wet bulb the required shape and size. They are used in
temperature lines also. low velocity applications.
Fans and Blowers are used for circulation of Cement asbestos ducts used for underground
air in Air- Conditioning plants which create air distribution and for exhausting corrosion
positive pressure in the air and maintained materials. These are made in circular,
rectangular, square cross-sections. 3.5mm of water gauge, and flow rates are from
Circular ducts are preferred because they carry 0.3 to 4.5 cub.mm/sq m of floor area. These
more air in less space outlets have perforated face and deflection aids
Rectangular ducts are easier to manufacture to discharge air in any desired direction. They
and are preferred for good look are suited to large zones of uniform
Supply air duct carry the conditioned air from temperature.
equipment to the space or room to be Return air outlets are the openings in 2 room
conditioned space which allow the exhaust air to enter the
Return air duct Return duct carry the return duct.
return air from the space or room to the Return duct may be connected to air
equipment for reconditioning or recirculation. conditioning equipment if recirculation is
Fresh air duct carries the atmospheric air into necessary to the atmosphere if the system is
the air-conditioned equipment designed for 100 percent fresh air. They can be
Low pressure duct In this, the static pressure mounted on ceiling, walls or floor. The selection
is less than 50 mm of water gauge. of outlets depends on the size of the room,
Medium pressure duct In this, the static quantity of air required and discharge velocity
pressure is from 50mm to 150 mm water gauge. of air.
High pressure duct In this, the static pressure Filters and dust collectors are installed in
is from 15Omm to 250 mm of water gauge. air- conditioning system to clean the
Low velocity duct In this, the velocity of air contaminated air. Air used in an air
less than 600 m/min conditioning system must be filtered to clean
High velocity duct In this, the velocity of air is the contaminated air, outside air contains
more than 600m/ min always contaminants such as bacteria, pollens
Supply air outlets where the conditioned air ,insects, soot, ash, dust, and dirt. The return air
enters the conditioned space. These are contains contaminants such as dust, lint, soot
designed to distribute air uniformly and prevent ash etc.
noise. Dry filters or mechanical filters are used to
Grill or grill outlets is a perforated covering for remove dust particles above certain size. These
an air inlet or outlet, and is made of screen. It are constructed by fibrous materials such as
can be adjustable type which consists of a set of felt, fabric, cotton, wool, or metallic filters. The
horizontal and vertical vanes. In this, the air air to be cleaned is passed through these filters.
flow can be controlled both in vertical and The filters trap the dust particles from the air
horizontal directions. passing through it. The surface area of the filter
Fixed bar type grilles the vanes are not should be large to eliminate the pressure drop.
adjustable, but they are either straight or To clean this dust, the plates are taken out and
inclined at an angle. are turned round in the opposite direction with
Grills are used in high side wall location. any support, in such a way all the dust is
They are not suitable for ceiling locations as cleaned. These filters are not suitable to remove
they cause draft conditions. Grilles are provided smoke and have little effect on small particles.
with various accessories for uniform Viscous filters consist of a metal frame
distribution. which is filled with wool or fiber, wire screen
Register a combination of a grill and a damper etc. These materials are coated with sticky oil
Slot Diffuser It consists one or more which capture and holds the dust particles from
slots and are installed in a continuous length. air that flows through the filter. The dust
The maximum height of outlet is 75 mm with particles must be uniformly distributed
aspect ratio of 25:1. They are used in high throughout the filter area. These filters have a
side wall location or perimeter installation in large dust holding capacity and require less
the floor. They should not be installed in ceiling. maintenance.However, their efficiency. is low
Ceiling diffusers are mounted in the ceiling. and are expensive. These are suitable for
The most common types are round, square and industrial applications where a high degree of
rectangular diffusers. They consist of series of atmospheric pollution.
flaring rings or louvers which form a number of Replaceable type filters It is made of cheap
air passages. They may also be fitted with material, discarded after specific period of use.
dampers. Manual cleaned type filters It can be
Perforated ceiling outlets use the confined cleaned and reused; Cleaned filters must be
space above the ceiling as a supply plenum. The coated with viscous oil
plenum pressure ranges from 0.025 to Automatic or self-cleaned type filters are
made in the form of a continuous roll of for industrial application is different, as
material coated with oil. It is driven by a motor well defined inside conditions are strictly to be
across the airstream. The roll passes over the maintained within permissible limit, otherwise
rollers and moves through a trough of oil and the work to performed suffers. A few
airstream. The oil trough serves the dual applications of industrial applications are
purpose of cleaning the dirt and recoating the computer centers,research laboratories, control
filter with clean oil. rooms, in power generating stations, operation
Wet Filters In this, the air to be conditioned theatres in hospitals, electronic industrial
is made wet by water spray. The dust particles establishments etc.
in air gain additional weight and fall down in Air Cooler For conditioning the room is also
the water surnp. Wet filters are used in used instead of air conditioner. These are called
industrial area where dust and smoke particles as space cooler.
likely to be present in the air. Air humidified when quantity of water
Electronic filters are based on the principle mixed with dry air and humid air is cold than dry
of electrostatic on which unlike electrical air. In this, quantity of water will be more
charges attract one another. The air to be needed. There is no use of refrigerant as the air
cleaned is passed between parallel plates, one conditioner.
set charged positively and other set of plates Air cooler works on the principle of
negatively charged. The dust particles in the air evaporating cooling. In this, water is used as a
stream acquire positive charge and are cooling medium. The temperature of air is
attracted to the negative charged plates or decreased by the water when air is brought in
collector plates. It works effectively on finer contact with water. Water absorbs heat from
dust particles. It is useful in large installations the air and evaporates.
where adequate safety measures can be taken Make-up water is added to compensate the
because of the high voltage involved. loss of water due to evaporation.
Sticky adhesive coating is given to collector Electrical driven pump it pumps the water
plates to hold the dust particles. These plates from the bottom tank to the top headers. The
must be cleaned periodically.These are very cool air is discharged by the motor driven fan
efficient. into the room or space to be cooled. The
Heating and Cooling Coils are used to direction of air flow can be adjusted with the
increase and decrease the temperature of air help of grills fitted on the discharge side of the
respectively. Heating and Cooling of air without cooler. For better performance pads to be
changing its moisture content is termed as changed every year and water tank should be
sensible heating and sensible cooling cleaned from time to time.
respectively. Headers have holes through which water
Sensible cooling of air takes place when it trickles down and pass through pads fitted on
flows over cooling coil whose surface three sides of the cooler. Air sucked through
temperature is lower than the temperature of pads from three sides gets cooled.
air. The cooling medium may be chilled water or Sturdy design air cooler is made of
brine as the secondary refrigerant. thermoplastic material having excellent
Air conditioning is a process by which the aesthetic appeal and corrosion free life.
temperature, humidity, flow and purity of the Four-way Air deflection system this feature
air are controlled simultaneously. Control of enables uniform circulation of air by motorized
these factors depends on the application to louvers to maintain same cool temperature
which the air conditioning system is employed. throughout the room.
Comfort air conditioning intends to Uniform Water distribution pads water is
provide a comfortable environment for human distributed to wet the wood wool through a p
beings round the year. This involves sensible and valve arrangement that delivers
heat gains during summer and sensible heat control is provided which controls
losses in winter. This further involves water to the shower pipes. Independent
dehumidification in summer and relative humidifier is provided to controls quantity of
humidity in the conditioned space is allowed to water released on the wood wool pads.
be reduced during winter. Human beings are Speed control Independent controls for three
comfortable in wide range of relative humidity different air speeds. LED indicator is used for
varying from 30 to 70%.he temperature range indicating power on.
for human comfort is22 to 26.5 C.
Industrial air-conditioning or Air conditioning Special wood wool pads or Wood wool pads
 are provided for odorless and fresh cool Window Air-Conditioner also called as
air. room air conditioner, which is installed on the
Auto water level controller The air cooler window of a room or wall opening. It works on
when connected by the water inlet to the principle of vapour compression refrigeration
overhead tank maintains the required water system. The refrigerant used is Freon-12 (R -12)
level in the tank by the float valve arrangement. or Freon 22(R-22).
Water level indicator: An easy to view water Construction: It consists of steel chassis. In the
level indicator on the front panel. You can easily center of it, a hermetically sealed compressor
check the water level in the tank. motor unit is fitted. The Reciprocating type
Safe The body is electrical shock proof compressor is used in it. A discharge line, fin
plastic material and earthing is provided on the and tube type condenser and remote bulb or
fan motor. capillary tubes are fitted at one end and suction
Air-conditioning system consists of line and fin and tube type evaporator on the
assembly of different component to produce opposite end.The complete refrigeration system
design conditions of air within the required is charged with Freon-22 refrigerant.
space. The shaft is fitted on the both side of the sealed
Summer air-conditioning is used to motor. A blower is fitted behind the evaporator
provide comfort conditions during summer on one side of the motor shaft and on the other
seasons. The comfort conditions required are 24 end, a fan with water splashing ring or belt his
C and 60% relative humidity, irrespective fitted behind the condenser. Evaporator and
of outdoor conditions. blower housing are insulated with the felt. The
Winter air conditioning the air is heated and bottom tray of the evaporator is connected with
humidified to achieve designed conditions. the condenser by means of rubber tube. An air
Year-round air conditioning this system filter is fitted in front of the evaporator for
consists of heating and cooling cleaning the air. A grill is fitted on the front
equipment with automatic control to portion of the air conditioner in which having
produce desired conditions irrespective provision for changing the direction of the air.
of climatic conditions. Electric motor drives the fan to circulate
In winter, heating and humidification of air air through condenser coil and runs a blower.
achieved by the heating coils and humidifier and Blower sucks air through the filter and forces
cooling is made inoperative. The conditioned air it through the evaporator coil which cools as
is distributed into the space to be conditioned. well as dehumidifies the air. The conditioned air
In summer, Cooling and dehumidification is is circulated through the room or the space to
achieved by a cooling coil whose DBT is below be conditioned.
the dew point temperature of entering air.In Dampers are used for the appropriate air
this case heating coil is made inoperative. distribution in the room. It is also provided with
The conditioned air circulated through the thermostat to maintain the desired
space to be conditioned. temperature by means of an on-off control of
Comfort air conditioning or Human the compressor.
comfort air-conditioning means to provide the Window air conditioners are available in
inside conditions which are comfortable to the sizes up to 2 ton capacity. It is employed to
occupants. condition the air of a given space such as office
Industrial air-conditioning provides air at rooms, salons, bed rooms, drawing offices etc.
required temperature and humidity to perform Outdoor part This part consists of
a specific industrial process successfully. hermetically sealed compressor and motor
Unitary system all the components of the unit,condenser and motor driven fan.
unit air conditioning system are assembled in Indoor part This part consists of a
the factory itself. The unit air conditioner is filter,evaporator, motor driven fan and remote
usually installed in or immediately adjacent to bulb refrigerant control.
the space to be conditioned. They are preferred Hermetically motor sealed motor and
for low capacity requirements. compressor unit The compressor and motor
Central station system In this system, are mounted on the only one shaft and are
all the major components are located at the enclosed in welded dome. Compressor and
central place, away from the area to be motor work one same shaft. There is
conditioned. The conditioned air is supplied to arrangement so that dirt, moisture, etc. cannot
different rooms by ducts.The exhaust air can be enter in this. The refrigerant vapour enters
returned and partly reused. directly in to the compressor and
then goes to the suction tube fixed inside. This packaged air conditioner, which is located
tube fitted on the top end of the oil bath outdoor. The system is usually water cooled. It
surface. Oil goes to the tube and the is used in restaurants, stores,banks, laboratories
compressor starts. etc.
Condenser In this, the refrigerant vapour
comes from compressor and cool with air or
water or both.
Fan operating motor A single phase
capacitor run motor is fixed to operate the
condenser fan, outside air is forced over the
condenser coil by this fan.
Filters are used for purifying air because the
air supplied to the conditioned space must be
free from all foreign matter such as dirt,fumes
and harmful bacteria.
Carbon filters absorbs the smell of different
gases.
Evaporator absorbs heat andliquid refrigerant
changes into vapour. The heatinside the room
absorbs by the refrigerant androom becomes
cold. The pressure of vapourrefrigerant
becomes less and goes towards
compressor.
Evaporator absorbs heat and liquid
refrigerant changes into vapour. The heat inside
the room absorbs by the refrigerant and room
becomes cold. The pressure of vapour
refrigerant becomes less and goes towards
compressor.
Blower driven by single phase motor and
used to draw air through the filter and forces it
over the evaporator coils. The condenser fan
and blower may be operated by the same
motor or each may have a separate motor.
Split type air-conditioner consists the indoor
and outdoor sections. These are separated into
two units. The distance between the indoor and
outdoor units of a split air-conditioner should
kept as small as possible otherwise the increase
in distance increases the pressure drop in the
suction line and liquid line.
Indoor unit consists of evaporator,blower,
air filter, grills etc. and is installed inside the
room to conditioned. It may be ceiling
suspended, wall mounted or kept on floor as
console model.
Outdoor unit consists of compressor, air
cooled condenser, fan and is installed outside
the room
Packaged air -conditioner is a self-
contained unit with all needed equipment in a
single cabinet. This available up to 20 ton
capacity. In this, the evaporator, condenser, and
compressor are all located in one cabinet. This is
usually placed on roof. Air supply and return
ducts come from indoors through the house
exterior wall or roof to connect with the