INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Course Title ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Course Code AECB18
Program B.Tech
Semester V ECE
Course Type Core
Regulation IARE - R18
Theory Practical
Course Structure Lecture Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits
2 1 3 - -
Course Coordinator Dr. V Kishen Ajay Kumar, Associate Professor

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The students will try to learn:

I Principles of radiation, antenna parameters and working principle of VHF, UHF and
Microwave antennas used in communications, broad casting, radar, navigation and
similar systems.
II Familiarize with basic antenna types and common structures, measurement of
antenna characteristics and application of antennas over the radio frequency (RF) to
micro wave (MW) frequency range.
III The applications of smart, wideband and ultra wideband (UWB) antennas for
wireless communications, satellite communication, and radar systems.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of the course, students should be able to:

CO 1 Explain the basic antenna parameters and antenna theorems using Understand
electromagnetic field theory.
CO 2 Recall the Maxwell’s equations in illustrating the radiation Remember
mechanism and retarded potentials.
 CO3 Illustrate the field components and radiation resistance of half wave Understand
dipole, quarter wave mono pole and loop antennas using vector
magnetic potentials.
CO 4 Interpret the radiation characteristics of yagi-uda, horn and helical Understand
antennas in far field region.
CO 5 Analyze the radiation characteristics of micro strip antennas using Analyze
electric field distribution on aircraft and missiles.
CO 6 Outline the performance of smart antennas using fixed weight and Understand
adaptive beam forming techniques in digital wireless communication
systems.
CO 7 Develop the pattern characteristics of a parabolic reflector by using Apply
the ratio of focal length to aperture size in domestic satellite television
reception.
CO 8 Illustrate the working principle of lens, slot antennas using Fermat’s Understand
and Babinet’s principle.
CO 9 Identify the radiation patterns of broadside, end fire and binomial Apply
arrays using pattern multiplication principle.
CO 10 Classify the performance of antennas by measuring the radiation Understand
pattern, directivity and gain.
CO 11 Select the different modes of wave propagation through ground wave, Apply
space wave and sky wave.
CO 12 Design basic antenna structures such as aperture, horns and antenna Create
arrays.

QUESTION BANK:
MODULE I
ANTENNA BASICS
PART– A(PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
Q.No QUESTION Taxonomy How does this subsume CO’s
the level
1 The radial component of the Remember —- CO3
radiated power density of an
infinitesimal linear dipole is
given by
W av = A0 sin2/r2 arW/m2 .
Find its maximum
directivity

Page 2
2 Derive the expressions for Apply This would require the CO3
field components of an learner to recall the concept
alternating current element of vector potential, explain
located at the origin? the electric and magnetic
fields in different directions
and derive an expressions
for electric and magnetic
fields using alternating
current element.
3 A radio link has a 15W Remember —- CO1
transmitter connected to an
antenna of 2.5 m*m
effective aperture at 5GHz.
The receiving antenna has
an effective of 0.5 m*m and
is located at a 15 km line of
sight distance from the
transmitting antenna.
Assuming loss less, matched
antennas. Find the power
delivered to the receiver
4 Derive an expression for the Apply This would require the CO3
radiation resistance of a learner to recall the concept
short electric dipole of radiation resistance,
element. explain the radiation
resistance of dipole element
and derive an expression for
radiation resistance of short
dipole element.
5 Solve the field equations Apply This would require the CO3
(E&M fields) of a λ/4 Mono learner to recall the
pole antenna. concepts of electric and
magnetic fields, explain
different lengths of mono
pole antenna and derive an
expression for radiation
resistance of quarter wave
mono pole.

Page 3
6 Derive the radiation Apply This would require the CO3
resistance of a Short dipole learner to recall the
of length λ/15,λ/30. concepts of electric and
magnetic fields, explain
different lengths of short
dipole antenna and derive
an expression for radiation
resistance of short dipole of
different lengths.
7 The radiation efficiency of a Remember — CO1
certain antenna is 95%. The
maximum radiation is 0.5
W/Sr. Find the directivity
of antenna if i) input power
is 0.4W, ii) radiated power
is 0.3W
8 A Transmitting Antenna Remember — CO1
having An Effective Height
of 100 meters has a current
at the base 100A at the
Frequency of 300KHz,
Calculate the Field Strength
at a distance of
100km,Rr,Pr.
9 Explain the radiation Understand This would require the CO3
resistance of a single-turn learner to recall the
small circular loop having radiation resistance concept
mean radius of λ/20 and and explain the concepts of
radiating in free space. small circular loop antenna
10 The mean radius of a small Remember — CO3
circular loop of constant
current is λ/10. Find the
physical area of the loop.

PART– B(LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Illustrate the principle of Understand This would require the CO2
radiation mechanism in learner to recall the concept
antennas with the help of of radiation of antenna and
neat diagrams then explain principle of
radiation mechanism of
different types of antennas.

Page 4
2 Explain the following terms: Understand This would require the CO1
HPBW BWFN Directivity learner to define the
Aperture efficiency different parameters of
antenna and then explain
how an antenna can produce
HPBW, BWFN, Directivity
and Aperture efficiency.
3 Demonstrate the way in Understand This would require the CO3
which an oscillating dipole learner to define the concept
throws out its radiation. of dipole and explain how
the oscillating dipole will
radiates energy.
4 Show that the radiation Remember —- CO3
resistance of a half wave
dipole is 73Ohms?
5 Label the equivalent circuit Remember —- CO1
of an antenna? Explain the
theorems which are used in
antennas?
6 Demonstrate FRIIS Understand This would require the CO3
transmission formula and learner to recall the
explain its significance? concepts of power of the
receiver and effective
aperture of antenna and
then explain the significance
of FRIIS transmission.
7 Describe the current Understand This would require the CO3
distribution on a thin wire learner to recall the
antenna with neat diagrams concepts of types of
antennas describe the
current distribution on a
thin wire antenna.
8 Explain the relation Understand This would require the CO2
between directivity and learner to define directivity
beam solid angle? and beam solid angle and
explain the relation between
the two parameters.

Page 5
9 Explain the following terms: Understand This would require the CO2
(i)Gain and Resolution learner to define the
(ii)Antenna Apertures antenna parameters and
(iii)Antenna front to back explain the antenna
ratio parameters.
(ii)Antenna Apertures
(iii)Antenna front to back
ratio
(ii)Antenna Apertures
(iii)Antenna front to back
ratio
10 Describe the fields and Understand This would require the CO3
patterns of Thin Linear learner to recall the
Center-fed Antennas of concepts of radiation fields
different lengths with neat and radiation patterns and
diagrams. extend the concepts to
different lengths of the
Antenna.
11 Explain the following terms: Understand This would require the CO2
(i)Radiation Pattern learner to define the
(ii)Beam efficiency antenna parameters and
(iii)Effective length explain the antenna
parameters.
12 Derive reciprocity theorem Apply This would require the CO3
for antennas. Show that the learner to recall the basic
transmitting and receiving network theorem concepts,
patterns of an antenna are explain how these theorem
equal. are useful to antennas and
apply the reciprocity
theorem concepts to
Antenna.
13 Briefly explain about Understand This would require the CO1
effective length of an learner to define the length
antenna of the antenna and then
explain the concept of
effective length of the
antenna.
14 Derive the expression for Apply This would require the CO3
the radiation pattern of a learner to define the
centre fed dipole antenna radiation, explain the
for variable wavelengths. radiation pattern of dipole
antenna and apply the
radiation pattern concept to
centre fed dipole antenna
for variable lengths.

Page 6
15 Illustrate the expression for UnderstandThis would require the CO3
E and H field components of learner to recall the
a radiating element. concepts of electric and
magnetic fields illustrates
the expressions for E and H
fields of a radiating element.
16 Explain the concept of Understand This would require the CO2
Retarded Potentials. learner to recall the concept
of potential and explain the
concept of retarded
potentials.
17 Describe the near field and Understand This would require the CO2
far field region? why is the learner to define near field
condition 2 and far field and describe
D2 /lambdachosenf orf arf ieldregion. the different conditions for
far field and near field
regions.
18 Construct the relationship Apply This would require the CO3
between effective aperture learner to recall the
area and gain of antenna concepts of Gain and
aperture area of antenna,
explain how these are
related to antenna and
derive the relation between
aperture area and gain of
antenna.
19 Compare far fields of small Understand This would require the CO3
loop antenna and short learner to recall the
dipole antenna. concepts of small loop
antenna and short dipole
antenna and compare the
far fields of small loop
antenna and short dipole
antenna.
20 Derive the expression for far Apply This would require the CO3
field components of a small learner to recall the
loop antenna. concepts of loop antenna
explain radiation pattern of
small loop antenna and
derive the expression for far
field components of small
loop antenna.
PART– C(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)

Page 7
1 Explain radiation pattern? Understand This would require the CO1
learner to recall the concept
of radiation and explain
how the radiation pattern
will occur in any type of
antenna.
2 Define Radiation intensity? Remember —- CO1
3 Define Beam efficiency? Remember —- CO2
4 Explain the different types Understand This would require the CO1
of aperture? learner to define the
aperture and explain
different types of apertures.
5 Define Aperture efficiency Remember —- CO2
6 Define an antenna? Remember —- CO1
7 Explain the term effective Understand This would require the CO1
height? learner to recall the
concepts of height of the
antenna, average height of
the antenna and then
explain the effective height
of the antenna from the
known concepts.
8 Define Radiation intensity? Remember —- CO1
9 Define radian and steradian Remember —- CO1
10 Explain the term Beam Understand This would require the CO1
Area? learner to recall the
radiation pattern on a
major lobe and explain
Beam area.
11 What is FRIIS transmission Understand This would require the CO2
formula and explain its learner to recall the FRIIS
Significance? transmission formula and
explain its significance.
12 Define the term antenna Remember —- CO1
beam width?
13 Define radiation resistance? Remember —- CO3
14 Explain the concept of Understand This would require the CO1
isotropic radiator? learner to define the types
of radiators and then
explain the concept of
isotropic radiator.

Page 8
15 Explain field zones? Understand This would require the CO2
learner to recall the
concepts of radiation fields
and explain the concept of
field zones.
16 Define Antenna bandwidth. Remember —- CO1
17 Define First-Null beam Remember —- CO1
width
18 Classify the different types Understand This would require the CO3
of loop antennas learner to recall the
concepts of loop antenna
and then classify the
different types of loop
antenna.
19 What is the expression for Remember —- CO3
far-field component of loop
antenna.
20 Define directional antenna. Remember —- CO3
MODULE II
ANTENNA ARRAYS AND MEASUREMENTS
PART– A(PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 Two identical horn antennas Understand This would require the CO4
are separated by a distance learner to recall the
of 100 m. both antennas operation of horn antenna
have directive gains of 15 and determine the power of
dB in the direction of horn antenna for different
transmission and their characteristics.
dimensions are 12cm X 6cm.
the transmitting antenna
sends out 5W at 3GHz,
determine the received
power.
2 Develop a helical antenna Apply This would require the CO4
operating in axial mode that learner to recall the
gives directivity of 14dB at operation of helical antenna
2.4GHz. for this helical in helical mode, explain how
antenna calculate terminal the helical antenna radiates
impedance, HPBW, FNBW radiation in a particular
and axial ratio direction and calculate the
parameters of terminal
impedance, HPBW, FNBW
and axial ratio.

Page 9
3 Frequency is 12 GHz a Remember — CO4
pyramidal horn with
aperture dimensions a1= 20
cm, b1= 15 cm is attached
to a rectangular waveguide
(size: a = 19 mm, b = 9.5
mm). What is the gain of
this horn antenna, if the
length of the horn L is a) L
= 25 cm b) L = 50 cm
4 Find the directivity of 10 Remember — CO4
turn helix antenna having
pitch angle 100,
circumference C equal to λ
and draw the helical
antenna with geometry
5 Explain the radiation Understand This would require the CO4
resistance of a single-turn learner to recall the
small circular loop having operation of small loop
mean radius ofλ /20 and antenna, explain the
radiating in free space. radiation resistance of
circular loop antenna with
different radius.
6 Find the required aperture Remember — CO4
area for an optimum
rectangular horn antenna
operating at 2GHz with 12
dBi gain
7 Find the required aperture Remember — CO4
area for an optimum
rectangular horn antenna
operating at 2GHz with 12
dBi gain.
8 For a 6-element Yagi array Remember — CO4
for operation of 500 MHz
with a folded dipole, find
the length of reflector
element and driven element
and Draw the 6-element
Yagi array.

Page 10
9 Model an optimum horn Apply This would require the CO4
antenna with mouth height learner to recall the basic
h=20λ and path difference parameters of horn antenna
= 0.20 λ. Find L and θ. explain the characteristics
of horn antenna and design
optimum horn antenna for
with different parameters.
10 A pyramidal horn antenna Remember — CO4
has an aperture of 20 X 15
cm. Assuming the field
distribution to be uniform
over the aperture. Find the
maximum directivity and
the beam width of the
antenna.

PART– B(LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)

1 Explain the radiation Understand This would require the CO4
pattern and fields on the learner to recall the electric
axis of an E- plane and and magnetic planes and
H-plane sectoral horns explain the radiation
pattern and fields on the
axis of an E- plane and
H-plane sectoral horns.
2 Explain the working of Understand This would require the CO4
helical antenna in axial learner to recall the
mode? principle of helical antenna
and explain the working
principle of helical antenna
in axial mode.
3 With a neat sketch explain Understand This would require the CO4
the operation of Yagi-Uda learner to recall the basic
array. antenna operation end
extend the concept to
Yagi-Uda array.
4 Derive the expression for Apply This would require the CO4
radiation resistance of a learner to recall the
loop antenna. operation of basic loop
antenna, explain the
radiation resistance of loop
antenna and derive an
expression for radiation
resistance of Loop Antenna.

Page 11
5 Compare far fields of small Understand This would require the CO4
loop antenna and short learner to recall the
dipole antenna. operations of small loop
antenna and short dipole
and compare the operations
and radiation resistances of
small loop antenna and
short dipole antenna.
6 Derive the expression for Apply This would require the CO4
pitch angle to get circularly learner to recall the basic
polarized radiation pattern operation of circularly
for a helical antenna, polarized antenna, explain
operating in broadside mode the operation of circularly
and sketch its pattern. polarized antenna in
broadside mode and derive
an expression for circularly
polarized radiation pattern
for a helical antenna,
operating in broadside mode
7 Explain the construction Understand This would require the CO4
and operation of helical learner to recall the
antenna under normal mode operation of helical antenna
with the suitable diagram and types of helical antenna
describe and explain normal mode of
helical antenna.
8 Explain briefly a Parasitic Understand This would require the CO4
elements. learner to define the
parasitic element and
explain how it is used in
practical antenna
applications.
9 Derive the expression for far Apply This would require the CO4
field components of a small learner to recall the
loop antenna. concepts of far field and
near field of antenna and
explain the concept of small
loop antenna and derive an
expression for far field
components of a small loop
antenna.

Page 12
10 Explain the design Understand This would require the CO4
considerations for mono-filar learner to recall the concept
helical antennas in different of mono-filar helical
modes. antennas and explain the
design constraints of
mono-filar helical antennas.
11 Illustrate a horn antenna. Understand This would require the CO4
How this antenna fed and learner to recall the
what are its applications? operation of helical antenna
in different modes and
explain the horn antenna
practical applications.
12 Demonstrate different types Understand This would require the CO4
of horn antennas with neat learner to recall the
sketches. operation of horn antenna
and demonstrate the
different modes of horn
antenna.
13 Explain the characteristics Understand This would require the CO4
and constructional details of learner to recall the
Yagi-Uda antenna. construction details of basic
Yagi-Uda antenna and
explain its characteristics.
14 Summarize the Understand This would require the CO4
electromagnetic horn learner to recall the types
antenna and describe their and operation of horn
practical applications? antenna and summarize the
practical applications of
horn antenna.
15 Find out the length, width Remember — CO4
& flare angles of θE &θH of
pyramidal horn antenna for
which the mouth height is
10λ
16 Find the directivity and Remember — CO4
power gain of a square
shape optimum horn with
side of 10 λ
17 Explain the directivity of 20 Understand This would require the CO4
turn helix with α = 12 and learner to recall the
circumference is 1λ. operation of helical antenna
and explain the directivity
of helical antenna for
different characteristics.

Page 13
18 Build a pyramidal horn with Apply This would require the CO4
dimensions a=2.286 cm and learner to recall the
b=1.016 cm, operating at operation of horn antenna
frequency 11GHz and gain and explain the operation of
is22.6dB horn antenna for different
characteristics.
PART– C(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Define the principle of Horn Remember —- CO4
antenna.
2 Find the value of θ in Remember —- CO4
accordance with the
directivity of a small loop to
achieve the maximum value
of radiation intensity
(Umax)?
3 List out the types of horn Remember —- CO4
antennas
4 List the applications of Remember —- CO4
helical antenna?
5 Explain the a normal mode Understand This would require the CO4
of helix antenna learner to recall the
operation of helical antenna
and explain the operation of
normal mode of helical
antenna
6 Explain the a axial mode of Understand This would require the CO4
helix antenna learner to recall the
operation of helical antenna
and explain the operation of
axial mode of helical
antenna
7 Discriminate the axial mode Understand This would require the CO4
with Normal Mode learner to recall the
operation of helical antenna
and types of helical antenna
and discriminate axial and
normal mode of helical
antenna.
8 What are the parameters to Remember — CO4
be considered for the design
of a helical antenna.
9 What are the Advantages of Remember — CO4
folded dipole?

Page 14
10 Explain the Application of Understand This would require the CO4
folded dipole? learner to recall the
operation of folded dipole
antenna and explain the
applications of folded dipole
antenna in practical
antenna.
11 Illustrate the Fermat’s Understand This would require the CO4
principle learner to define the
Fermat’s principle and
illustrates Fermat’s
principle for antennas.
12 Compare half wave dipole Understand This would require the CO4
and folded dipole? learner to recall the
concepts of half wave dipole
and folded dipole and
compare half wave dipole
and folded dipole
folded dipole antennas.
13 Explain the radiation Understand This would require the CO4
characteristics of basic yagi learner to recall the basic
antenna concepts of Yagi-Uda
antenna and extend the
radiation characteristics of
yagi-uda antenna.
14 Explain the characteristics Understand This would require the CO4
of Yagi uda antenna? learner to recall the basic
concepts of Yagi-Uda
antenna and extend the
radiation characteristics of
yagi-uda antenna.
15 Demonstrate the different Understand This would require the CO4
types of horn antennas used learner to recall the
in practical applications different types of horn
antenna and demonstrate
the practical applications of
horn antenna.
16 What are the advantages Remember — CO4
horn antennas
17 List the applications of Remember — CO4
Horn antenna
18 Recall the expression for Remember — CO4
Axial length of Horn
antenna.

Page 15
19 What is a conformal array? Remember — CO4
20 What is an adaptive array? Remember — CO4
MODULE III
VHF,UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS-I
PART– A(PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 A paraboloid reflector of Remember — CO7
circular cross-sectional area
8000 sq.cm is uniformly
excited at 5GHz. Find the
HPBW and the gain.
2 Find the diameter of the Understand This would require the CO7
reflector antenna that has a learner to recall the basic
0.5 deg HPBW at a parameters of antenna and
frequency of 8.2 GHz. calculate the antenna gain
Assume an efficiency and effective aperture.
constant = 0.6. Calculate
the antenna gain and
effective aperture.
3 The diameter of a parabolic Understand This would require the CO7
reflector is 2m. For learner to recall the concept
operation at 6 GHz, find the of parabolic reflector and
beam width between first find the beam width
nulls and the gain between first nulls and the
gain
4 A paraboloid reflector Remember — CO7
antenna of diameter is 1.5 m
with illumination efficiency
k = 0.8 and is operating at
9GHz. Find the gain.
5 Find the beam width Remember — CO7
between the first nulls,
HPBW of a 2.5m paraboloid
reflector used at 6GHz .
6 A parabolic dish antenna Remember — CO7
provides a gain of 75dB at a
frequency of 15GHz. Find
the capture area, HPBW
and FNBW.

Page 16
7 Find the diameter of the Remember — CO7
reflector antenna that has a
0.5 deg HPBW at a
frequency of 8.2 GHz.
Assume an efficiency
constant = 0.6. Find the
antenna gain and effective
aperture.
8 A parabolic antenna having Understand This would require the CO7
circular mouth is to have a learner to recall the concept
power gain of 1000 at λ=10 of parabolic reflector and
cm. Estimate the diameter estimate the diameter of the
of the mouth and half power mouth and half power beam
beam width of the antenna. width of the antenna
9 The diameter of a parabolic Understand This would require the CO7
reflector is 2m. For learner to recall the basic
operation at 6 GHz, find the antenna concepts and find
beam width between first the beam width between
nulls and the gain first nulls and the gain.
10 Construct a plano- convex Apply This would require the CO7
dielectric lens for 5GHz learner to recall the basic
with a diameter of 10λ. The lens antenna concept and
lens material is to be construct a plano convex
paraffin and the F number dielectric lens antenna.
is to be unity.
PART– B(LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Explain the principle of Remember — CO8
operation of Lens antennas
with necessary diagrams
2 List out the differences Remember — CO7
between active and passive
corner reflectors.
3 List the advantages, Remember — CO8
disadvantages and
applications of lens antenna
4 Demonstrate the adaptive Understand This would require the CO6
beam forming technique in learner to recall the smart
smart antenna antenna concept and
demonstrate the adaptive
beam forming technique in
smart antenna

Page 17
5 Explain about Flat Sheet Understand This would require the CO7
Reflectors briefly learner to define the
reflector antenna and
explain about Flat Sheet
Reflectors briefly.
6 Explain the features and Understand This would require the CO5
radiation properties of learner to recall the
rectangular patch antennas. Microstrip patch antenna
and explain the features and
radiation properties of
rectangular patch antennas
7 Explain the principle of Understand This would require the CO8
operation of Slot antennas learner to recall the
with necessary diagrams operation of slot antenna
and explain the principle of
operation of Slot antennas.
8 What are the types of Remember — CO5
feeding structures used for a
microstrip patch.
9 Explain the impact of Understand This would require the CO5
different parameters on learner to recall the
characteristics of micro strip Microstrip patch antenna
antennas and explain the impact of
different parameters on
characteristics of micro strip
antennas.
10 Recall Babinet’s principle Remember — CO8
and how does it give rise to
the concept of
complementary antenna.
11 Comment on fringing effect, Understand This would require the CO5
describe the design learner to recall the
considerations and how Microstrip patch antenna
microstrip antenna radiates and explain on fringing
with neat diagram. effect, describe the design
considerations and of
microstrip antenna
12 Infer in detail about the Understand This would require the CO7
pyramidal horn antenna and learner to recall the
write down its merits and principle of horn antenna
demerits? and explain the merits and
demerits of pyramidal horn
antenna.

Page 18
13 Explain the concept of the Understand This would require the CO7
electromagnetic horn learner to recall the
antenna and describe their principle of horn antenna
practical applications? and explain the concept of
the electromagnetic horn
antenna and their practical
applications
14 What are different types of Remember — CO8
antennas used at VHF.
Discuss the advantages of a
slot antenna.
15 What are different types of Remember — CO7
antennas used at UHF. Give
the list of antennas used for
broadband communication.
16 Outline the methods of Understand This would require the CO7
feeding a paraboloid learner to recall the concept
reflector in which the of paraboloid reflector and
primary antenna is located explain the methods of
at the focal point feeding a paraboloid
reflector
17 Explain the working of a Understand This would require the CO5
rectangular patch antenna learner to recall the
and mention its principle of microstrip patch
applications. antenna and explain the
working of a rectangular
patch antenna and its
applications.
18 Find the expressions for Remember — CO5
impedance, bandwidth and
directivity of rectangular
patch antenna.
19 Demonstrate a horn Understand This would require the CO7
antenna. How this antenna learner to recall the
fed and what is are its principle of horn antenna
applications? and demonstrate the feed
mechanism and its
applications.

Page 19
20 Explain in detail about Understand This would require the CO5
parasitic antenna learner to recall the concept
,broadband antenna and of parasitic element,
microstrip antenna broadband antenna,
microstrip antenna and
explain the radiation
mechanism of parasitic
antenna, broad side antenna
and microstrip antenna.
PART– C(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Classify the different types Understand This would require the CO7
of reflector antennas learner to define the
reflector antenna and
Classify the different types
of reflector antennas.
2 What are the advantages of Remember — CO7
parabolic reflector antenna?
3 What are the drawbacks of Remember — CO7
parabolic reflector antenna
4 What are the drawbacks of Remember — CO7
corner and flat sheet
reflector antennas
5 List the Applications of Remember — CO7
reflector antennas
6 Explain the Paraboloidal Understand This would require the CO7
Reflector antenna along learner to define the
with its radiation pattern reflector antenna, types and
Explain the Paraboloidal
Reflector antenna along
with its radiation pattern.
7 List the drawbacks of lens Remember — CO7
antenna?
6 Relate thickness and Remember — CO8
frequency of Lens antenna.
8 What are the different types Remember — CO8
of Lens antennas
9 What is the expression for Remember — CO7
flare angle of Horn antenna.
10 Compare Delay lens with Understand This would require the CO8
Metal plate lens learner to recall the concept
of lens antenna and
compare delay lens with
metal plate lens

Page 20
11 List the applications of Lens Remember —- CO8
antenna
12 List the applications of Remember — CO7
Horn antenna
13 Recall the expression for Remember — CO7
Axial length of Horn
antenna.
14 Explain the advantages of Understand This would require the CO8
Zoning? learner to recall the concept
of lens antenna and explain
the advantages of Zoning.
15 Define the features of slot Remember — CO8
antennas
16 What are the limitations of Remember — CO5
strip antennas
17 Explain arrays of two point Understand
This would require the CO9
sources with unequal learner to define the basic
amplitude and any opposite array concept, and explain
phase arrays of two point sources
with unequal amplitude and
any opposite phase
18 Explain the broadside array Understand This would require the CO9
and derive the expression learner to define the basic
for angles of nulls, maxima array concept, and explain
and half power points? the broadside array and
derive the expression for
angles of nulls, maxima and
half power points
MODULE IV
VHF,UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS-II
PART– A(PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 Demonstrate an expression Understand This would require the CO9
for the radiation pattern of learner to define the basic
an end-fire array with N array concept, and
vertical dipoles demonstrate an expression
for the radiation pattern of
an end-fire array with N
vertical dipoles

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2 A broadside array operating Understand This would require the CO9
at 100cm wavelength learner to recall the basic
consists of four half wave array concept and compute
dipoles spaced 50 cm. Each the power radiated by
element carries radio broadside array.
frequency current in the
same phase and magnitude
0.5 Amp. Calculate the
radiated power.

3 Derive an expression for the Apply This would require the CO9
radiation pattern of a learner to recall the basic
Broadside uniform linear array concept, explain
array of 4-elements with broadside uniform linear
λ/2spacing and obtain its array and derive an
radiation pattern expression for the radiation
pattern of a Broadside
uniform linear array of
4-elements
4 Build a 19-element uniform Apply This would require the CO9
linear scanning array with a learner to recall the basic
spacing of λ/4 between the array concept, explain the
elements. What is the concept of linear phase
progressive phase excitation array and derive expressions
between the elements so for HPBW and progressive
that the maximum of the phase.
array factor is 30o from the
line where the elements are
placed?
5 A BSA of identical antenna Remember — CO9
consists of 8 isotropic
radiators separated by a
λ/2. Find radiation field in
a plane containing line of
array showing the directions
of maxima and minima also
find directivity
6 Find the minimum spacing Remember — CO9
between the elements in a
broadside array of 10
isotropic radiators to have
directivity of 7dB.

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7 For a uniform broadside Understand This would require the CO9
linear array of 10 isotropic learner to recall the basic
elements ,Summarize the array concept and
approximate directivity (in summarize the approximate
dB) when the spacing directivity (in dB) when the
between the element is (a) spacing between the element
λ/4 (b) λ/2 (c) 3 λ/4 (d)λ. is of different length.

8 Explain binomial arrays and Understand

This would require the CO9
describe how side levels are learner to define the basic
reduced by non-uniform array concept and explain
amplitude distribution in binomial arrays and
broadside array. describe how side levels are
reduced by non-uniform
amplitude distribution in
broadside array.
9 Explain how an array of 2 Understand This would require the CO9
isotropic point sources can learner to recall the basic
produce different radiation array concept and explain
patterns by varying the how an array of 2 isotropic
phase excitation with neat point sources can produce
diagram different radiation patterns
by varying the phase
excitation
10 Explain about the linear Understand This would require the CO9
array, compare broad side learner to recall the basic
array and end fire array? array concept and explain
about the linear array,
compare broad side array
and end fire array.
PART– B(LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Illustrate the radiation Understand This would require the CO9
pattern of 8 – isotropic learner to recall the basic
elements fed in phase, antenna array concept and
spaced λ/2 apart with the Illustrate the radiation
principle of pattern pattern of 8 – isotropic
multiplication. elements fed in phase
2 Classify various antenna Understand This would require the CO9
arrays and its applications learner to recall the basic
antenna array concept and
classify various antenna
arrays and its applications

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3 Explain the procedure of Understand This would require the CO10
gain measurement using learner to recall the
3antennas with a neat concepts of basic
sketch instruments and explain the
procedure of gain
measurement using
3antennas
4 Illustrate Sources of Error Understand This would require the CO10
while doing the learner to recall the
Measurement. concepts of basic
instruments and illustrate
Sources of Error while doing
the Measurement
5 Explain the Gain Understand This would require the CO10
Measurement by learner to recall the
Comparison Method with concepts of basic
Neat Sketch. instruments and explain the
Gain Measurement by
Comparison Method
6 Briefly explain about Understand This would require the CO9
various antenna arrays and learner to recall the basic
its applications antenna array concept and
explain about various
antenna arrays and its
applications
7 Explain arrays of two point Understand This would require the CO9
sources under the following learner to recall the basic
condition with equal antenna array concept and
amplitude and phase explain arrays of two point
sources under the following
condition with equal
amplitude and phase.
8 Name and explain the Remember — CO10
methods for measuring
a)directivity b)power gain
9 Outline the absolute and Understand This would require the CO10
three antenna methods for learner to recall the
gain measurement. concepts of basic
instruments and explain the
absolute and three antenna
methods for gain
measurement.

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10 Explain the principle of Understand This would require the CO9
pattern multiplication, learner to define basic array
explain with an example. concept and explain the
principle of pattern
multiplication
11 Explain the comparison Understand This would require the CO10
method for gain learner to recall the
measurement. concepts of basic
instruments and explain the
comparison method for gain
measurement.
12 Illustrate the near field and Remember —- CO10
far field region with respect
to antenna measurements.
13 Demonstrate arrays of two Understand — CO10
point sources with equal
amplitude and phase
.
14 Explain in detail about Understand This would require the CO10
Broadside arrays. learner to define basic array
concept and explain in
detail about Broadside
arrays.
15 Demonstrate in detail about Understand This would require the CO10
End-fire arrays. learner to define basic array
concept and explain in
detail about End fire arrays.
16 What is a binomial arrays Remember — CO10
and describe how side levels
are reduced by non-uniform
amplitude distribution in
broadside array.

17 Explain the End fire array Understand

This would require the CO9
learner to define basic array
and explain the end fire
array.
18 List out the types of array Remember — CO9
19 What is a driven element? Remember — CO9
20 Define a collinear array? Remember — CO9
PART– C(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 What is a phased array? Remember — CO9
2 Define a conformal array? Remember — CO9
3 Define the broad side array Remember — CO9

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4 Explain the principle of Understand This would require the CO9
pattern multiplication learner to define basic array
concept and explain the
principle of pattern
multiplication
5 Define capture area ? Remember — CO9
6 What is a collinear array? Remember — CO9
7 What is the phase difference Remember — CO9
in a array?
8 What is Hansen wood yard Remember — CO9
array?
9 List out the types of gain Remember — CO10
measurement
10 Explain the need for Understand This would require the CO10
Antenna Measurement learner to recall the
concepts of basic
instruments and explain the
need for Antenna
Measurement.
11 Explain the Sources of Error Understand This would require the CO10
in brief learner to recall the
concepts of basic
instruments and explain the
sources of errors.
12 List out the sources of Remember — CO10
errors in measurements
13 List out the differences Remember — CO9
between BSA and EFA
14 What are the advantages of Remember — CO9
EFA
15 What is great circle cut? Remember — CO10
16 What is elevation and Remember — CO10
Azimuth angle
MODULE V
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
PART– A(PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)

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1 Derive the field strength Apply This would require the CO11
equation at a distance in learner to recall the concept
space wave propagation of space wave propagation,
explain how it propagates
the radiation in space wave
and derive an expression for
the field strength equation
at a distance in space wave
propagation
2 A high frequency radio link Understand This would require the CO11
has to be established learner to recall the
between two points at a concepts of MUF, critical
distance of 2500 km on frequency and compute the
earth’s surface. Considering MUF, critical frequency at
the ionospheric height to be different frequencies.
200km and its critical
frequency 5MHz. calculate
the MUF for the given path

3 Derive the relation between Apply This would require the CO11
Maximum usable frequency learner to recall the wave
(MUF) and skip distance. propagation characteristics
and explain the parameters
of Maximum usable
frequency (MUF) and skip
distance , and derive the
relation between Maximum
usable frequency (MUF)
and skip distance
4 Explain the effects of Earths Understand This would require the CO11
magnetic field on ionosphere learner to recall the
radio wave propagation? concepts of ionosphere radio
wave propagation and
explain the effects of Earths
magnetic field on ionosphere
radio wave propagation
5 Explain the mechanism of Understand This would require the CO11
space wave propagation over learner to recall the
ideal flat earth With a neat concepts of space wave
sketch Propagation and explain the
mechanism of space wave
propagation over ideal flat
earth With a neat sketch.

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6 Derive an expression for Apply This would require the CO11
refractive index of an learner to define the
ionospheric Layer refractive index, explain
how it is related to
ionosphere and derive the
expression for refractive
index of a ionosphere
7 Compute the critical Understand This would require the CO11
frequency for the F1, F2 learner to define the
and E layers for which the parameter critical frequency
maximum ionic densities are and compute the critical
2.3x106, 3.5x106 and frequency for the F1, F2
1.7x106 electrons per c.c and E layers
respectively?
8 Assume that reflection takes Remember — CO11
place at a height of 400km
and that the maximum
density in the ionosphere
corresponds to 0.9 refractive
index at10MHz. what will
be the range ( assume flat
earth condition) for which
the MUF is 10MHz?
9 Derive that the refractive Apply This would require the CO11
index of a layer of the learner to define the
ionosphere is given by refractive index, explain
how it is related to
ionosphere and derive the
expression for refractive
index of a ionosphere
10 Find the value of operating Remember —– CO11
frequency of ionosphere
layer specified by refractive
index of 0.85 and electron
density of5Ö105
electrons/m3. Calculate the
critical frequency and MUF
with øi =300
PART– B(LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Explain briefly the salient Understand This would require the CO11
features of ground wave learner to recall the
propagation. concepts of ground wave
propagation and explain the
salient features of ground
wave propagation.

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2 Explain the term” wave tilt Understand This would require the CO11
of surface waves” learner to recall the
concepts of surface wave
and explain term wave tilt
of surface waves
3 Explain the following terms: Understand This would require the CO11
(i) Critical frequency (ii) learner to recall the
MUF (iii)Skip Distance (iv) characteristics of wave
Virtual height propagation and explain the
parameters of Critical
frequency MUF, Skip
Distance and Virtual height
4 Write short notes on i) Remember — CO11
Super refraction ii)
Tropospheric scattering
5 Derive the Curved Earth Apply This would require the CO11
Reflections in Ground Wave learner to recall the concept
Propagation of ground wave, explain the
characteristics of ground
wave propagation and
derive an expression for
Curved Earth Reflections in
Ground Wave Propagation
6 Outline and Explain the Understand This would require the CO11
Field Strength Variation of learner to recall the
Space wave with Antenna characteristics of space wave
Height and explain the Field
Strength Variation of Space
wave with Antenna Height.
7 Explain the Concept of Understand This would require the CO11
Refraction and Reflection of learner to recall the
Sky Waves by Ionosphere concepts of sky wave and
explain the Concept of
Refraction and Reflection of
Sky Waves by Ionosphere.
8 Explain the phenomenon of Understand This would require the CO11
ducting? What are the learner to define duct
conditions required for phenomenon and explains
manifestation of this the conditions required for
phenomenon manifestation of this
phenomenon.

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9 Fin an expression for the Remember — CO11
critical frequency of an
ionized region in terms of its
Maximum ionization
density.
10 Write short notes on: a) Remember — CO11
Line of sight propagation b)
Effect of earth’s curvature
11 Summarize the structure of Understand This would require the CO11
the atmosphere and explain learner to recall the
each layer in detail. different layers in sky and
Summarize the structure of
the atmosphere.
12 The receiver and the Understand This would require the CO11
transmitter are located at learner to recall the LOS
the LOS on the earth. For concepts and solve an
such a case, solve and find expression for distance
the distance between these between these two points on
two points on the earth. the earth.
13 Derive the expression for Apply This would require the CO11
the MUF for flat earth and learner to define the
curved earth. concepts of MUF, explain
how it differs for flat earth
and curved earth and derive
an expression for the MUF
for flat earth and curved
earth.
14 Demonstrate the field Understand This would require the CO11
strength of a space wave learner to recall the space
neglecting the curvature of wave and demonstrate the
the earth. field strength of a space
wave
15 Explain the how the EM Understand This would require the CO11
waves are propagated in learner to recall the
troposphere layer. concepts of troposphere and
explain the how the EM
waves are propagated in
troposphere layer.
16 Briefly explain the Understand This would require the CO11
mechanism of ionospheric learner to recall the concept
propagation with neat of inospheric propagation
diagram? and explain the mechanism
of ionospheric propagation.

Page 30
17 Find out Critical frequency Remember — CO11
and maximum usable
frequency in wave
propagation.
PART– C(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Define Ground wave? Remember — CO11
2 Explain the types of Understand This would require the CO11
Ground waves learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain types of ground
wave.
3 Explain the Space Wave in Understand This would require the CO11
detail learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain the propagation of
Space wave.
4 Explain Surface Wave in Understand This would require the CO11
detail learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain propagation of
surface wave.
5 Define the Ray Path. Remember — CO11
6 Define Skip Distance? Remember — CO11
7 Explain the Scattering Remember — CO11
Phenomena.
8 Define Lowest Usable Remember — CO11
Frequency
9 Define maximum Usable Remember — CO11
Frequency
10 Explain the concept of Understand This would require the CO11
Virtual Height. learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain the virtual height
for wave propagation.
11 Define Optimum frequency? Remember —- CO11
12 Explain the Structure of Understand This would require the CO11
Atmosphere? learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain the Structure of
Atmosphere

Page 31
 13 Classify the various layers of Understand This would require the CO11
Ionosphere? learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
Classify the various layers of
Ionosphere.
14 What is the Absorption Remember —- CO11
15 Outline the Structure of Understand This would require the CO11
Ionosphere learner to recall the concept
of wave propagation and
explain the structure of
Ionosphere
16 Define guided waves Remember — CO11
17 Define unguided waves Remember —
18 Define ground wave or Remember — CO11
surface wave propagation
19 Define sky wave or Remember — CO11
ionospheric wave
propagation
20 Define space wave Remember — CO11
propagation

Signature of Course Coordinator HOD,ECE

Dr V Kishen Ajay Kumar,Associate Professor

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