TRIGONOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.", said by Albert
Einstein. Mathematics could be difficult to apply or easy to understand, but in a
complicated way. Most of the people find this subject irritating or tiring to practice.
Solving mathematical problems or formulas open and letting our minds get used of
the different ways in solving them. It is also a form of exercise in our minds in which
it helps us to demonstrate deeply about the concepts of math. What kind math
person are you? Do you enjoy learning mathematical problems?
As students of mathematics who are willing to know more about this subject,
we want to educate other people through a module and to give more informations to
those people who are having a hard time in solving math problems and for those who
like the subject. It is composed of several topics naming Unit circle, Radius and
Degree, Coterminal Angles, Reference Angles, Circular Functions, and Trigonometric
Identities.
In this module, we have dig deeply about certain topics that will surely
understand others. All of the informations are reliable and were practiced
thoroughly before presenting it in a module. This will present legibly and with
complete notes regarding a certain topic for the convenience of the reader and it is
presents easy-to-understand topics.
I. Unit Circle
• Circles whose radius is 1 and whose center is at (0,0)
• Circumference=2πr
There is a relationship between radians and degrees,
• 2π=360°
• 2π radian = 1 revolution of arc length
Unit Circle commonly used to measure sinø, cosø and tanø on an angle.
A full representation of Unit Circle: (cosø, sinø)
Activity: Fill Me!
Fill in the angles (in degrees and radians) and coordinates along the axes of the unit circle.
Check your answers using the complete representation of unit circle on the previous page.
( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , )
II. Radians and Degree
πrad
To convert from degrees to radians, we multiply degrees by 180°
πrad 47
1. 470° x 180° = 18 πrad
πrad
2. 360° x 180° = 2πrad
πrad 13
3. 26° x 180° = 90 πrad
πrad 5
4. -100° x 180° = − 9 πrad
πrad 1
5. -30° x 180° = − 6 πrad
180°
To convert from radians to degrees, we multiply radians by 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 180°
1. π x 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑= 135°
4
3 180°
2. π x 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑= 77°8′34"
7
3 180°
3. π x 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑=
7
1 180°
4. π x 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑=90°
2
180°
5. 3𝝅 x 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 540°
Activity: Time to Make a Change!
Converting from Degrees to Radians
a.) Formula:
b.) 125 c.) 90 d.) −75
Converting from Radians to Degrees
e.) Formula:
3
f.) g.) h.) −
5 4
III. Coterminal Angles
The Angles in Standard Position when
the Vertex is at the origin and one ray in
the positive axis. This ray called Initial
side. The other ray is called Terminal
side on the angle.
Coterminal Angles are angles who share the same initial side and terminal sides.
Finding Coterminal angles is as simple as adding or subtracting 360° or 2π to each
angle, depending on whether the given angle is in degrees or radians. There are an
infinite number of Coterminal angles that can be found.
Example 1: i. 360°. 50° + 360° = 410°
1. Find one positive angle that
is Coterminal to 50°.
Since the terminal side of a 50° angle
resides in quadrant I, the terminal
side of its Coterminal angle must
share that side. This means the new
angle would make one complete ii. 50°-360°= -310°
revolution before having its terminal
side come to rest at the same place.
2. Therefore, to find the
Coterminal angle to a 50° angle,
just (i) add and (ii) subtract.
Example 2: Example 4:
Find one positive angle that is
Note: When the given is in Radians
Coterminal to 110°.
from. Convert it first into Degrees.
110° + 360° = 470°
Find (i)one positive and (ii)one
Example 3: negative angle that are Coterminal
𝟓𝝅
to
𝟑
Find two positive angles that are
Coterminal to -30°.
-30°+ 360° = 330° 1.
𝟓𝝅
= 300°
𝟑
330°+ 360° = 690° 2. (i) 300°+360°=660°
(ii) 300°-360°=-60°
In this case, the two positive
Coterminal angles to -30° are 330°
and 690°.
Activity: Finding Coterminal
I. Complete the table.
Find the nearest negative coterminal angle Find the nearest positive coterminal
of the following: angle of the following:
1.) 110°________ 2.) 270°________ 5.) −30°________ 6.) −240°_________
3.) 45°________ 4.) 315°_______ 7.) −180°_______ 9.) −330°_________
II. For the following angles, find a positive coterminal angle less than 360°.
19
1. πrad______________ 2. 960°______________
6
3. 9𝝅rad______________ 4. 895°______________
IV. Reference Angles
Observe the graphs below.
Reference angle is acute angle
formed by x-axis and the terminal
side.
Remember that Reference Angles
are:
• always acute;
• always positive
• Non-quadrantal angles
Note: Non-quadrantal angles
doesn’t have Reference angles like
for example 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°.
In finding Reference angles, you may use the following formulas:
➢ If angle A is in quadrant I then the reference angle
Ar = A .
➢ If angle A is in quadrant II then the reference angle A r = 180° - A if A is given
degrees and A r = π - A if A is given in radians.
➢ If angle A is in quadrant III then the reference angle A r = A - 180° if A is given
degrees and A r = A - π if A is given in radians.
➢ If angle A is in quadrant IV then the reference angle A r = 360° - A if A is given
degrees and A r = 2π - A if A is given in radians.
Study the example below.
Activity: Finding Reference Angles
I. Problems: Solutions and Answers:
Find the reference angle to angle A = 120 °.
Find the reference to angle A = - 15 π / 4.
Find the reference angle to angle A = - 30°
II. Find the reference angle of the following.
1. A = 1620° ____________
2. A = - 29 π / 6 ____________
3. A = - π / 7 __________
V. Area of Sector and Segment
A sector of a circle is the portion of a circle enclosed by two radii and an
arc. It resembles a "pizza" slice while the segment of a circle is the region
bounded by a chord and the arc subtended by the chord.
✓ Area of Segment
✓ Area of Sector
1 ∅𝜋
∅ A= 2 𝑟²(180 − sin ∅) where Ø is in degrees.
A= 360° πr² where Ø is in degrees.
1 Note: When the given is in Radians form,
A= 2 𝑟²Ø where Ø is in radians. convert it first into Degree before using the
formula.
✓ Area of a circle Example 2:
A = π r2
Example 1:
Segment Example 2:
Example 1: 1 120(3.14)
1 100∗3.14 A= (82 )( − sin 120)
A=2(18²)( − sin 100°) 2 180
180
A=123.06 cm² A=39.27 cm²
Note: We use 3.14 because it is
the equivalent of 𝝅
Example 3:
1 120∗3.14
A=2(24²)( − sin 120°)
180
A=353.46 cm²
Activity: Finding Area of Shaded Part
Find the area of the following:
Given Solution: (Box the final answers)
1. sector HGJ
2. sector ABC
3. sector ACB
4. segment LNM
5. segment RST
VI. Circular Functions
“SOH CAH TOA” is an acronym to represent the following three trigonometric
ratios or formulas:
Hypotenuse – the longest side of a right triangle; the side opposite (across)
from the right angle
Adjacent – means to be next to or touching.
Opposite – means to be across from a angle.
Value of a and b using “soh” and “cao”
Example. Given an acute angle and
one side. Solve the right triangle
a
ABC if angle A is 36°, and side c is 10 = sin 36°
10
cm.
a = 10 × .588 cm = 5.88 cm
Solve the triangle for side b.
b
= cos 36° = .809
10
b = 10 × .809 = 8.09 cm
In determining the size of side of a triangle, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem: a²+b²=c²
Where in this case: Hyp² = Adj² + Opp²
Examples:
SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLES
45°-45°-90° 30°-60°-90°
A right triangle with two congruent legs Another special right triangle.
.
For 30-60-90, the hypotenuse is equal to twice the length of the shorter leg, which
is the side across from the 30 degree and the adjacent will be multiplied by √3 angle while
in 45-45-90, the congruent line are half of the hypotenuse and multiplied by √2. In
addition, you can also use Pythagorean Theorem.
Activity: Find the Missing Side
Write your answers in the blank provided
For numbers 1-4.
For numbers 5-7
VII. Trigonometric Identities
In trigonometry, the reciprocal identity of sine is cosecant, that of cosine is secant and
that of tangent is cotangent.
Reciprocal
1 1 1
sin = cos = tan =
csc sec cot
1 1 1
csc = sec = cot =
sin cos tan
Quotient Identities Pythagorean Identities
sin
tan = sin2Ө + cos2Ө = 1
cos
1+ tan2Ө = sec2Ө
cos
cot = 1 + cot2Ө = csc2Ө
sin
Example 2:
In simplifying trigonometric expressions, using
sin 2
trigonometric identities is a must. Given,
sec 2 − 1
Examples 1:
locate the needed identity, 1 + tan 2 = sec 2
sec cos2
given
cot tan 2 = sec 2 − 1
1 sin 2 sin 2
cos2 cos substitute, becomes
substitute cos becomes tan 2 sin 2
cos cos
cos2
sin sin
cross multiplication,
cos sin
reciprocal becomes cos sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos cos = = cos2
sin 2 1 sin 2
sin
cos2
The cosines cancel and we’re left with sin .
sin 2
Therefore, = cos 2
sec − 1
Therefore, sec cos = sin
2 2
cot
Example 3:
Example 4:
Given, sec²x tan ² x + sec ² x
Given, sec²x tan ² x + sec ² x
Factor out, sec ² x (tan ²x + 1)
Factor out, sec ² x (tan ²x + 1)
Substitute, sec ² x sec ² x
Substitute, sec ² x sec ² x
Therefore, sec²x tan ² x + sec ² x = sec 4 x
Therefore, sec²x tan ² x + sec ² x = sec 4 x
Activity: Simplify using Identities
Show your solution.
1. (1 − sin 2 x) sec 2 x
2. cot x sin x
3. cos 2 x (sec 2 x − 1)
1
4.
csc2 x − 1
Reciprocal Identities
5. csc u = sec u = cot u =
6. sin u = cos u = tan u =
Quotient Identities
7. tan u = cot u =
8.
Pythagorean Identities
Check your answers by scanning this
9. module:
10.
11.
VIII. Area of Triangle
Heron’s Formula
New for us: If you know the 3 side lengths of a triangle, you can use Heron’s
formula to find the area.
The area, A, of a triangle with sides measuring a, b, and c is:
a +b +c
A= s (s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) , where s =
2
9m 5m
Example : Use Heron’s formula to find the area of the triangle.
9 + 5 + 12
First, we need to find s: s = = 13
2
12m
Now, we can plug in to Heron’s Formula to find the Area:
A= 13(13 − 5)(13 − 9)(13 − 12)
=20.4m2
Activity: Area of Triangle
30 cm
45 cm
50 cm
Find the area of the rectangle above and show your solution:
Key to Corrections of Activities:
Activity: Time to Activity: Finding Activity: Finding Reference Angles
Make a Change!
Coterminal
Test I.
πrad I. 1. )-250°
a.) ° x 180 2.) -90° 1.) Angle A is in quadrant II and the
25 3.) -315° reference angle is given by
b.) 𝝅rad A r = 180° - 120° = 60°
36 4.) -45°
1
5.) 330° 2.) The given angle is not positive and
c.) 𝝅rad 6.) 120° less than 2π. We can use the positive
2
7. )180° and less than 2π coterminal Ac to
5
d.) − 12 𝝅rad 8. )30° angle A.
II. 1.) 210° Ac = - 15 π / 4 + 2 (2 π) = π / 4
180 Angle A and Ac are coterminal and
e.) πrad x 2.) 240°
πrad have the same reference angle. Ac is in
3.) 180° quadrant I, therefore
f.) 36° 4.) 175° A r = A c = π / 4.
g.) 135°
h.) -180° 3.) Angle A is negative, in quadrant IV
and its absolute value is less than 90°.
Hence
A r = | -30° | = 30°
Test II.
Activity: Simplify using Identities
1. A r = 25°
1. 1 2. A r = π / 6
3. A r = π / 7
2. Cosx
3. sin²x
4. tan²x
Activity: Find the
Activity: Area of
Missing Side
Activity: Finding Area of Shaded Part Triangle
1. 164.62 m² 1. 4
2.4√2 =666.59 cm 2
2. 5.45 ft²
3. 0.79 m² 3.3√3
4. 49.75 cm² 4.6
5. 4.57 m² 5. 10
6. 9.7
7. 12cm
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