FORMULAS

1. Scalar product

(i)
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
(ii) 0 = cos - 1 ( A.ii ]
A. B = I A 11B I cos 0 ➔ ➔

IAIIBI
➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔
(iii) ax. ax = ay.ay = az .az = 1 (iv) ax .ay = ay. az = az. ax = 0
➔➔
➔➔ ➔ ➔ AB
(v) A. B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz (vi) Projection of A on B =~
IBI

(vii) IAl= ✓A;+A;+A;

2. Vector product and addition and subtraction of two vectors
➔
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ A
(i) Ax B =IA 11 BI sin0an (ii) Unit vector a =- ➔

➔ ➔ IAI
AxB
(iii) Unit normal vector an = ➔ ➔

IAxBI
➔➔➔➔➔➔

(iv) ax x ax = ay x ay = az >.< az = 0
➔ ➔ ➔ :-+ ➔ .➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

(v) ax x ay = az; ay x az = ax; az x ax = ay

➔ ➔ ➔

ax ay a~
➔ ➔

AxB = Ax A y A z ·
(vi)
Bx By Bz

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

(vii) A+B = (Ax +Bx )ax+(Ay +By )ay+(Az +Bz )az

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

(viii) A-B = (Ax -Bx )ax+(Ay -By )ay+(Az -Bz )az

3.
~
<":i
Parameter Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical ~ -
t-,

Point P (x, y, z) p = (p,<j>,z) P = (r,0,<I>)

-i-j'
I

➔ ➔ ➔
......
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
Unit vectors ax, ay, az ap, a,, az ar, a 0 , a,
-oo<x< oo
O<p<o o O<r<o o
Limits if Variables -oo<y< oo
0:::; q>:::; 27t O<0<1 t
-oo<z< oo
-oo<z< oo 0:::; q>:::; 27t
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
Differential length di= dxax +dyay +dzaz ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
di= dpap+p dq>a4,+ dzaz di= drar+rd 0a9+rs incJ>ar
➔ ➔
➔ ➔
Differential surface ds = dydz ax ➔ ➔
ds = pdq>dz ap 2
ds =r sin 0d0d<j> ar
or
or or
➔
➔
dzdx az ➔
dpdza, r sin 0drd<I> ae
or
or or
➔

dxdy ay ➔ ➔
pdpdq>az rdrdea ,
Differential volume dv = dxdydz dv = pdpdq>dz
dv = r 2 sin 0drd0d<j>

w
--
w
11.1341 Electromagnetic Theory

4. Transformation of variables
cartesian to cylindrical cylindrical to cartesian

p = ✓x2 + y2 x = rcoscl>

<I>= tan-1 (½) y = rsin<!>

z=z z=z
Cartesian to Spherical Spherical to cartesian

r = .Jx2 + y2 + z2 x = rsin0cos<!>
y = rsin0sin<!>

e = cos-1(
.Jxi + y2z +z2 J z = rcose

5. Transformation of vectors
Cartesian cylindrical

AP coscj, sin cj, 0 Ax

A4, - -sine!> cos<!> 0 Ay
AZ 0 0 1 AZ

Cylindrical is cartesian

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

ax.ap ax .a, ax.az

Ax cos<!> -sine!>

~]
AP ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ AP
sincj, coscj> aY.aP ay .a-i, ay.az
Ay - A-i, - A,
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
AZ 0 0 AZ az .ap AZ
az .a, az.az
 Electrostatics - I l1.13sl
Cartesian to Spherical

■
sin 0coscj, sin 0sin cj, cose
- cos e cos cl> cos0sincj, -sine
-sincj, coscj, 0

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

ar .ax ar.ay ar.az

Ax
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

- aa.ax a8 .ay a9.az Ay

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
AZ
a,.ax a,.ay a, .az

l
Spherical to cartesian

[ A, [sffi0oos♦
-cos0coscj,
-sUl♦l
coscj,
Ar
Ay = sin0sincj, cos0sincj, Aa
Ax cos0 -sin0 0 A+
6. Gradient
(i) Cartesian
av ➔ av ➔ av ➔
VV = -OX aX +-a +-a
O)' y OZ Z
(ii) Cylindrical
av ➔ 1av ➔ av ➔
VV = - a +--a♦ +-az
op p p ~ az
(iii) Spherical
av ➔ 1av ➔ 1 av ➔
VV=-a +--a8 + - - -·- · a+
or '
r ae r sin 0 ~

10
11 .136 I Electromagnetic Theory

7. Divergence
➔ ➔

➔
~A.ds
(i) V .A= lim _s_ _
~v ~v
➔
(ii) V .A = 0 for solenoidal field
(iii) Cartesian
➔ ➔ ➔

v .A= a A x + aAY + aAz

ax ay az
(iv) Cylindrical
➔

1 a(
pA )+--A,+--
1 a aAz
➔
V.A=--
p8p P p&p az
(v) Spherical
➔

n
v.
A
➔ _ 1 8
- - - ( r 2Ar ) + 1 . e) +
8 (A sm 1 aA4-
- -
8
r2 ar rsin0 ae rsin0 a~
8. Curl
➔ ➔
➔
(i) VxA = lim pA .dl
~➔O ~

➔
(ii) V x A = O for irrotational field
(iii) Cartesian

➔ ➔ ➔

ax ay az

VxA=
➔ a
-a -ay
a
ax az
Ax Ay AZ
Electro sta tics - J
u.13 7J
(iv ) Cylindrical
➔ ➔ ➔

aP a♦ az
➔
I a
V xA -
p ap
-aq,a a
az
AP pA,t, AZ

(v) Sp he ric al

➔ ➔ ➔

ar ra8 rs in ea ,
➔
I a a a
V xA = -
2
r sin e ar ae a~
Ar rA8 rsinBA+

9. Di ve rg en ce theorem
➔ ➔
➔

pA .ds = f (V .A )d v
S V

10. St ok e's theorem

➔ ➔
➔ ➔
pA . di = f(V x A) .ds
s

11. Co ul om b' s law

(i)

I
(ii ) = 9x l09
41t Eo

(iii) Eo = 8. 85 4x l0- 12 1/n,

12. El ec tri c field in ten sit y
➔

(i) E= !t_ V/
Q, /m

(ii) Elec tric fie ld int en sit y du e

to po int charg e E= 41tEQ R 2 ;:
0
l1.13sf Electromagnetic Theory

13. Line charg e distribution

( i) P, =
dQ C/
di Im

➔ p di
(iii) E = J-..:.-1 -
41t£0R2
➔

(iv) E due to infini te line charge E= pI ;

21t £or r

(v) Edue to circular ring E= P, E- P,Ph ;

21t £or - 2 Eo ( P2 + h2 )½ z

14. Surfa ce charg e distribution

(i)

(ii)

➔ d ➔
(iii) E = J Ps s 2 ar
s41t£0R

(iv) ➔
E due to circul ar disc ➔ Ph
E = -'-[l 1
- - --;::: ==] az
➔
2e0 h ✓hi +a2
➔ ➔ p ➔
(v) E due to infini te sheet of charge E = _ s a
z
2£o
15. Volume charge distribution

( i) P = dQ C/ 3
v dv /m
(ii) Q = JPvdv
V

➔ ➔
(1·1·1·) E =J Pvdv
2 ar
v 47t EoR
Electrostatics - I
11.139f
16. Electric flux density
(i) 'V = Q

(ii)
➔

D= d'V 0➔n r,:

ds m2
➔ ➔

(iii) D=
Q
2 a,
41tR
➔ ➔
(iv) D = e0 E

(v) D= f 47tR.2
P1dl :
r

➔ p ds ➔
(iv) D =f s
2a
s 41tR r

➔ p dv ➔
(vii) D =J v a
v41tR 2 r
17. Gauss's law
➔ ➔

(i) "'= Q = ,o.ds

s

➔
(ii) V.D =pV

' ..
- ~ -
lD!TI
REVIEW QUESTIONS .,

l)eu,c •he relation b<t\'Jttn potenttal and electric field intensity.

2 Der,,~ •n csrrcssion for potenttal '1nd electric field intensity due to electric
ctar,ol~
'· lkr,,c on t"Xptts,ion for potential due to charged disc.
◄ l•xptam ubout clcctn1static cn~ra_y and energy density.
~ Oht~m the t).rrcss1on for the energy stored and energy density in :i copacitor.
o Di~US$ brictly about nature of dielectric materials and list out their properties.
7. Obt.ian the equation of continuity in intcg-ral and differential form .
I OM•m • relation bct\\Un polarization and electric field intensity.
9. ~ plaan and dcrh·c the boundary conditions for a conductor freespace interface
10. Dtthc the boundary conditions of the normal and tangential component4i of
dcctrict1eld at the in1erface of two media with different dielectrics.
11 . A cylindrieaJ capacitor consist of an inner conductor of radius a and an outer
conductor of radius b. The space between the conductors filled with a dielectric
\\hose pcnninivity c nnd length L. Determine the capacitance.
12 lkri, c cap:1citoncc of o porollel plate capacitor.
13. Ocrhe an expression for the capacitance of a spherical capacitor with
conducting shells of radius a and b.
14. lkri,c Poisson and Laplace equations.
1S. Two parallel conducting plates arc separated by distance d apart and filled
"'ith daclcctnc mediwn having Eras relative permittivity. Using Laplocc equation
derh can c~prcssion for capacitance per unit length of parallel plate capacitor.
jf its eonn«ted 10 a DC source supplying V volts.
16. find the expression for the cylindrical capacitance using Laplace equation.
17. Use Lapltcc equation to find the capacitance per unit length of n coaxial cable
of inner radius o and outer rndius b. Assume V = V0 at r c. a and V • 0 at
r • b.
 12.1121 Electromagnetic Theory

18. Given the potent ial field V = 2x 2y-5z and a point P (-4, 3, 6). Find
➔ ➔

V, E, D and Pv at P.

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
Answe r: V = 66V (ii) E = 48a -32a + 5a
X y Z

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
(iii) D = 424.99 ax-283 ay+44 .27 az p Ymi (iv)Pv = -106.2 p Ym3
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
19. Given that E = 6x2 ax +6yay +4az VI.
Im
Find VAB AandB specified by A(2,
6, 1) and B (-3 , -3, 2).
Answ er: VAB =-139 V

20. Electric flux density in a charge free region(pv = 0) is given by the value of
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
D = 10xax +5yay +Kz 2 az µ,%2 Find the value ofK.
Answer: K = -15
21. A 15 nC point charge is at origin in free space. Calculate at P (-2, 3, I)
(i) V = 0 at infinity (ii) V = 0 at (6, 5, 4) (iii) V = 5V at (2, 0, 4).
Answ er: (i) V = 36V (ii) V = 20.62V (iii) V = 10.84V
22. Three point charges -lnC, 4nC and 3nC are located at (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, I) and
(I , 0, 0) respectively. Find the energy in the system.
Answer: WE = 13.37 nJ
➔ ->
23. Given J = 104 sin0ar 1,n2, find current passing the spherical shell of
r = 0.02m.
Answer: I = 39.SA
➔ 100 ➔
24. In cylind rical coordi nate J = I Oe- P a cp A/ 2 . Find the current crossing
Im
through the region 0.01 ~ p ~ 0.02m. O< z < Im and intersection of this region
with the <I> =constant plane.

Answer: I= 2.33x1 0- 2A
r
Ir,
Electrostatics - 11 12.1131

25. An aluminium conductor is 600m long and has a circular cro'>s section with a
diameter of 20mm, if there is a DC voltage of 1.2V between the end. Find (i)
current density (ii) current.
Answer: (i) J = 76.4k 7m 2, I= 23A

26. A conductor of uniform cross section and 150m long has a voltage drop of

1.3V and a current density of 4.65xI05 7m 2• What is the conductivity of the

material?
Answer: cr=5.37xI07 Ulm

27. Find the magnitude of Dand pfor a dielectric material in which the
➔

IE I= 0.15m % and Xe= 4.25.

➔ ➔

Answer: IDI = 6.97xl0-15 Y,,,2, IP I= 5.64x10- 15 Y,,,2

28. Find the polarization in dielectric material with relative permittivity of
➔

Er = 2.8, if ID I = 3 x 10-7Y,,,2.
➔

Answer: IP I= l.93xl0-7 Jl,,,2

29. An electric field strength 1.2 % is entering a dielectric medium of E =4 from

➔

air . The orientation of E in air is 65° with respect to boundary. Determine

➔

the orientation of E in the dielectric and its strength.

0 ➔
A11swer: e2 = 70.35, IE I= 0.73%
30. At boundary between glass Er= 4 and air, the lines of electric field make an
angle of 40° with normal to the boundary. If the electric flux density in the air

is 0.25 µ Ym2 ,determine the orientation and magnitude of electric flux density
in the glass.
➔

Answer : 02 = 73.4 I°, ID I = 0.67µ c/ 2

Im
12.1141 Electromagnetic Theory

31 . Determin e the value of capacitan ce between two square plates cross sectional
area I sq. crri separated by 1cm placed in a liquid dielectric has Er= 6.
Answer: C = 0.53pF
32. Determin e the capacitan ce of a parallel plate capacitor having tin foil sheets,
25cm square plates separated through a glass dielectric 0.5m thick with Er = 6.
Answer: C = 0.66n F
33. Verify the potentia l field given below satisfied the Laplace equation
V = 2x2 -3y 2 +z 2 .

Answer: V 2V =0

. FORMULAS
1. Electric potentia l
➔ ➔
(i) Work= -QfE.dl
A ➔➔
(ii) Potential differenc e VAB = - f E .di
B

(iii) Potential due to point charge VAB = I I)

Q (- - -
47t Eo _rA rs

(iv) Absolute potential V = Q

47t Eor

➔
(v) E =-VV

18
(vi) Potential due to infinite line VAB = Pt
2 Eo
7t
In( rA
)

-p
(vii) Potential due to infinite sheet of charge V =
2 E: r
(viii) Potential due to point charge when ~eference is other than infinity

V = Q +C
4n Eor
 Electrostatics - II j2.11sj
p1dl
J
(ix) Potential due to line charge V = 47t EoR

Psds
(x) I
Potential due to surface charge V = 47t E R
s 0

(xi) Potential due to volume charge v = J Pvdv

v 41t EoR

(xii) Potential due to circular disc V = ~ (✓a 2 + h2

2 Eo
-h)
(xiii) Potential due to electric dipole V = 47tQEo ( Ri
1 - R1 J
2

➔
(xiv) E due to electric dipole E
➔= Qd ( ➔
2cos0ar+sin0aa
➔J
3
41t Eor
. 1 ➔
r (xv) D1po e moment p =Q➔
d
2. Electrostatic energy and energy density
t 1 n
(i) WE=- LQmVm
2 m=l
1
(ii) WE= - P1Vd/
2
1
(iii) WE =-psVds
2
►
1
(iv) WE= - PvVdv
2

(v) WE=~ !(r>.EJ dv

(vi)
dW
dvE = 21 (➔ ➔J
D. E Ym3
(vii) WE = [( ~ E) dv
12.1161 Elect roma gneti c Theory
3. Current and current density

dQ
(i) Current I = - A
dt
➔ di. ➔ ➔ I
(ii) J =-a n A/ 2 (or)J =-
ds Im s
➔ ➔
(iii) Convection current density J = Pv v
(iv) Conduction current density or point form of Ohm 's law ➔
J
➔
= er E
➔ ➔
(v) Displacement current density J = ao (or) J= s aE
a1 at
➔ ➔
(vi) Relation between current and current density I= JJ .ds
s
4. Continuity equation
➔➔ dQ
(i) Intergral form <f> J •ds =- -
s dt
➔ 8p
(ii) Differential form V. J = _v
at
5. Polarization

(i) Polarization ➔ .
P = hm LN -QKdK
-=~
Yn 2
av➔O K=I dV m

➔ ➔
(ii) In case of an isotropic homogeneous material P = Xe s 0 E
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
(iii) Electric flux density D = s 0 E + P = s 0 (I+ Xe) E

(iv) Dielectric constant or relative permittivity Er =(I+ Xe) = ~

Eo
➔ ➔
(v) Dipole moment p = Q d
 Electrostatics - II
12.1111
6. Boundary conditions
(i) Conducto r and free space interface
DNl = EoENI = Ps and DNI = EoENl = Ps
(ii) Conducto r and dielectric interface
DNI = Eo Er ENI = Ps and D,1 = Eo Er E,1 = 0
(iii) Boundar y between different dielectric
DN1 = DN2 or D 1 cos0 1 = D 2 cos0 2
E, 1 = E, 2 or E 1sin01 = E 2 sin02

tan0 1 _ E1 . . tan0 1 = Eo
- -
t an 0 2 E2 . In case of d1electnc and free space tan 9 E
2 2
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
Et= EN1+E11 a nd D1 = DNt+D11
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
E2 = EN2+ E,2 a nd D2 = DN2+ D12

01 = tan-I (DNt
D,1
J or 01 = tan-I (ENI
E,1
J
02 =tan-I (~~:]or 02 =tan-I ( !: J
7. Resistance of a conductor
.
(i) Res1stance R = - I
CJS
a ➔➔

-JE.d/ V
(ii) Resistan ce for non uniform field R= b =_El!_
➔➔ I
JaE.dl
s

8. Capacita nce
➔ ➔

. Q fsEE.ds
(i) Capacita nce C = - = ➔ ➔
V E.dl -J
. ES
(ii) Parallel plate capacito r C = d
12.11sj Electromagnetic Theory

(1·1·1·) C 1· d . l 2 EL
y 1n nca capac1·tor C = In7t(Ya)

(iv) Spherica l capacitor c= 41t E

I I
a b
(v) Isolated spherical capacitor C = 41t e a

(vi) Energy stored in the capacitor WE = .!.cv2

2
I I I
(vii) Equivale nt capacitan ce for series capacitor s C =C
equ l
+c2

(viii) Equivale nt capacitan ce for parallel capacitor s Cequ = C1 + C2

(ix) Two wire line C = In(¾)
9. Possion and Laplace equation

(i) Poisson equation V 2V = - P;{

(ii) Laplace equation v2v = o
2 2
(iii) Cartesian coordinate v2v = fPV + a v + a v
ax2 ay2 az2

(iv) .
Cylindric .
al coord1an te V 2V 1 a ( p-a
= --a av) + (a--2v) +-2-
av
21
2 2

. PPP P ~ az
j • , r-r

(v) Spherica l coordian te V 2V = ~.E_(r

r ar
2
av)+ r sm
. ar 2
1
_
0 00
a

.. av) a2
+2- - - - v
1
-
( sm 0 -
00 r sin 2 0 ~ 2
Electrostatics - II 12.1191
(vi) Parallel plate capacitor
V=Ax+B

x
Applying boundary conditions ( x : d:O vV==0)
y V = Jx
0
V,

C = E-s
d
(vii) Cylindrical capacitor
V = Alnp+B

p=b, v =0) V- Vo/n(;{)

Applying boundary conditions ( p =a,
V=Vo - In~)
➔ V, ➔
E = o ap
pin{¾)
.' '

C = 21tEL .

In (bl a)

(viii) Spherical capacitor

A
V =--+B
r

r =b,
Applying boundary conditions ( _
_
V=O) -
r-a V =Vo V -Vo 1
G-:) 1
b a

C= 47tE
1 1
a b