Consist of a coil of conducting wire

v = L di/dt
Where L is the inductance of the inductor.
The unit of inductance is henry (H)

Inductance – is the property whereby an

inductor exhibits opposition to the change
of current flowing through it.
 Inductance of an inductor depends on its
physical dimension.
 L = N2µA / l
Where N is the number of turn, µ is the
permeability of the core, l is the length and A
is the cross sectional area
LT = L1 +L2 + L3 +……+Ln
VT = V1 +V2 + V3 +……+Vn
i = i1 + i2 + i3 +…….+ in
1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + …..+ 1/Ln
 τ=L/R
 Inductive reactance – the opposition in coils
having inductance can be measured in ohms
Ω.

XL = 2πfL

◦ Inductive reactance varies directly with inductance

and frequency
 Concept Preview
• Impedance is a combination of
resistance and reactance.
• Voltage drops in series RL circuits
are added by phasor addition.
• Oppositions in series RL circuits
are added by phasor addition.
• Currents in parallel RL circuits
are added by phasor addition.
 Series RL Circuit
VL
VT
V
80 V
V
100 V
V
60 V IT
VR

VR + VL does not equal VT because these voltages are out-of-phase.

These voltages must be added using phasor addition.
Solution: VT =  VR2 + VL2 =  602 + 802 = 10000 = 100 V
 Series RL Impedance
XL Z
XL = 60 W

A 1.5 A V
150 V

R = 80 W R

Z does not equal R + XL because R and XL are 90 out-of-phase.

Determine Z using I and V. Z = V / I = 150 V / 1.5 A = 100 W
Or, using phasor addition:
Z =  R2 + XL2 =  802 + 602 =  10000 = 100 W
 Parallel RL Circuit
A IR
VT
1.5 A
A A
0.9 A 1.2 A

IL IT

IR + IL does not equal IT because these currents are out-of-phase.

These currents must be added using phasor addition.
Solution: IT =  IR2 + IL2 =  0.92 + 1.22 =  2.25 = 1.5 A
 RL-Circuits Quiz
VT = ____ when VR = 15 V and VL = 12 V 19.2 V
in a series circuit.

In a series RL circuit, IT ____ VT . lags

In a series circuit, Z = ____ when R = 600 W 1000 W

and XL = 800 W.

In a parallel RL circuit, IT ____ VT. lags

Z of a parallel RL circuit will be ____ W

when IR = 0.7A, IL = 0.4A, and VT = 25 V. 30.85
Example
1. In a series RL circuit, R = 20 ohms and XL = 15
ohms. Find the total impedance.
2. A 40 ohms resistor is connected is series with an
inductor with 0.3 henry coil. The combination is
connected to a 150 V, 45 Hz source. Find the
magnitude of the total current.
3. An RL parallel circuit connected to a 120 V source
has the following current: IR = 12 A, IL = 16 A.
Find the total impedance in ohms.
 Concept Preview
• XL and XC are 180 out-of-phase .

• VL and VC are 180 out-of-phase in

series RCL circuits.

• Either (or both) XL and XC can be

> Z in series RCL circuits.

• ILand IC are 180 out-of-phase in

parallel RCL circuits.
 Series RCL Circuits
Notice that VL
L V either (or both)
38 V VC and VL can VT
V be greater than VX
V
VT . Also, VT
C 26 V 15 V VR
must be greater
R V than VX or VR .
VC
9V

VL +VC +VR does not equal VTbecause these voltages are out-of-pha
VT can be calculated using phasor addition:

VT =  VR2 + (VL - VC)2 = 92 + 122 =  225 = 15

 Series RCL Impedance
A XL
0.6 A XL = 50 W Notice that
either (or both)
XC and XL can Z
V be greater thanX
XC = 30 W 15 V Z . Also, Z R
must be greater
than X or R.
R = 15 W
XC
Z does not equal R +XC + Xbecause
L R and X are 90 out-of-phase.
Determine Z using Iand V. Z = V / I = 15 V / 0.6A = 25 W
Or, using phasor addition:
Z =  R2 + (XL -XC)2 = 152 + 202 =  625 = 25 W
 Parallel RCL Circuits
A IC
0.89 A Notice that
either (or both)
A A A IC and IL can IT
IX
0.6 A 0.8 A 1.0 A be greater than
IT . Also, IT VT
must be greater IR
than IX or IR .

IL
IL + IC + IR does not equal ITbecause these currents are out-of-phase
IT can be calculated using phasor addition:

IT =  IR2 + (IC - IL)2 =  0.82 + 0.42 =  0.8 = 0.89 A

 Concept Preview
• A circuit is resonant when XL equals XC .
• Many LC combinations can be resonant
at the same frequency.

• Selectivity is determined by bandwidth.

• Q and BW are inversely proportional.

• Both low-pass and high-pass filters can

be either RC or RL circuits.
 Resonant Circuits
XL3

XL1
XC3
XL2
XC1
XC2
Frequency fr fr2
Resonance occurs when XLequals XC.
There is only one resonant frequency for each LC combination.
However, an infinite number of LC combinations have the same fr .
L1 and C3 are resonant at fr2 .
Effects Of Q On The BW Of Resonant Circuits

0.707
BW

0.707
BW

Frequency

Response curveand BW for a high-Q circuit.

The curve plots I for series circuits and Z for parallel circuits.
A low-Q circuit has a flatter curve and a wider bandwidth.
A high-Q produces a narrow BW and good selectivity.
 Low-Pass Filters

Voutput
Multiple- Output
frequency voltage
input

Frequency
XC decreases as f increases.
Thus, less V develops across C as f increases.

Voutput
Multiple- Output
frequency voltage
input

Frequency
XL increases as f increases.
Thus, more V develops across L as f increases.
 High-Pass Filters

Voutput
Multiple- Output
frequency voltage
input

Frequency
XC decreases as f increases.
Thus, less V develops across C as f increases.

Voutput
Multiple- Output
frequency voltage
input

Frequency
XL increases as f increases.
Thus, more V develops across L as f increases.
 Resonance and Filters Quiz
A given value of inductance and capacitance
produces ____ value(s) of resonant frequency(ies). one

A circuit is ____ when the inductive reactance resonant

is equal to the capacitive reactance.

The ____ the Q , the wider the BW of the circuit. lower

The ____ the bandwidth, the more selective narrower

the circuit.

An RC filter with the output taken across the

capacitor is a ____ pass filter. low-

An RL filter with the output taken across the

inductor is a ____ pass filter. high-