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CHAPTER 4 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

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4. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Among the power quality problems (sags, swells, harmonics) voltage sags are the most severe disturbances. In order to overcome these problems the concept of custom power devices is introduced recently. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the most efficient and effective modern custom power device used in power distribution networks. DVR is a recently proposed series connected solid state device that injects voltage into the system in order to regulate the load side voltage. It is normally installed in a distribution system between the supply and the critical load feeder at the point of common coupling (PCC). Other than voltage sags and swells compensation, DVR can also added other features like: line voltage harmonics compensation, reduction of transients in voltage and fault current limitations.

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Fig 4.1 Location of DVR

4.2 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF DVR

The general configuration of the DVR consists of:  An Injection/ Booster transformer.  A Harmonic filter.  A Voltage Source Converter (VSC).  Storage Devices.  DC charging circuit.  A Control and Protection system.

Fig 4.2 Schematic Diagram of DVR

4.2.1 Injection/ Booster Transformer

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The Injection / Booster transformer is a specially designed transformer that attempts to limit the coupling of noise and transient energy from the primary side to the secondary side. Its main tasks are: 1. It connects the DVR to the distribution network via the HV-windings and transforms and couples the injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source converters to the I incoming supply voltage. 2. In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer serves the purpose of isolating the load from the system (VSC and control mechanism).

4.2.2 Harmonic Filter

The main task of harmonic filter is to keep the harmonic voltage content generated by the VSC to the permissible level. It has a small rating approximately 2% of the load MVA connected to delta-connected tertiary winding of the injection transformer.

4.2.3 Voltage Source Converter

A VSC is a power electronic system consists of a storage device and switching devices, which can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and phase angle. In the DVR application, the VSC is used to temporarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the part of the supply voltage which is missing. Numerous circuit topologies are available for the VSC. A widely used method is the two level or multilevel three-phase converters which shares a dc capacitor between all phases. The purpose of this capacitor is mainly to absorb harmonic ripple and hence it has a relatively small energy storage requirement, particularly when operating in balanced conditions. The size of this capacitor has to be increased if needed to provide voltage support in unbalanced conditions. Also, as the capacitor is shared between the three phases, sag on only one phase may cause a distortion in the injected current waveforms on the other phases. Another popularly used converter topology is the H-bridge cascade inverter Converters with this topology are suitable in high-voltage and power system applications

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due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrums, and attain higher voltages with a limited maximum device rating. Some characteristics of this topology are: 1. Modularized circuit layout and packaging is possible because each level has the same structure. Thus adapting the converter for use in various systems with different operating voltages can be achieved by increasing or reducing the number of modules. This also permits transformer-free operation as the voltage of the converter can be matched to the system. 2. Each bridge can be controlled independently permitting efficient single phase voltage compensation. 3. The inherent energy storage capability of the capacitors makes this topology ideal for transient injection of real power. There are four main types of switching devices: a. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET), b. Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTO), c. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors(IGBT), and d. Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT). Each type has its own benefits and drawbacks. The IGCT is a recent compact device with enhanced performance and reliability that allows building VSC with very large power ratings. Because of the highly sophisticated converter design with IGCTs, the DVR can compensate dips which are beyond the capability of the past DVRs using conventional devices. The purpose of storage devices is to supply the necessary energy to the VSC via a dc link for the generation of injected voltages. The different kinds of energy storage devices are Superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES), batteries and capacitance.

4.2.4 Storage Devices

The purpose is to supply the necessary energy to the VSC via a dc link for the generation of injected voltages. The different kinds of energy storage devices are superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES), batteries, and capacitance. In fact, the
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capacity of the stored energy directly determines the duration of the sag which can be mitigating by the DVR. Batteries are the common choice and can be highly effective if a high voltage battery configuration is used. This high voltage string of batteries can be placed across the regulated dc bus with little or no additional circuitry. However, batteries in general have a short lifetime and often require some type of battery management system, which can be quite costly. An interesting alternative to batteries is the use of ultra capacitors, which have a wider voltage range than batteries and can be directly paralleled across the input bus. Ultra capacitors have a specific energy density less than that of a battery, but a specific power greater than a battery, making them ideal for short (up to several seconds) pulses of power. Certain ultra capacitors can hold charge over extended periods of time, so as to act like a battery. However, unlike batteries, these ultra capacitors have a short charge time and much longer lifetime.

4.2.5 DC Charging Circuit

The dc charging circuit has two main tasks. The first task is to charge the energy source after a sag compensation event. The second task is to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc link voltage. Different topologies are used to charge the dc-link such as an external power supply or by connecting the dc side of the DVR to the controlled or uncontrolled rectifier to maintain the dc voltage. The other side of the rectifier can be from a main power line or from an auxiliary feeder.

4.2.6 Control and Protection

The control technique to be adopted depends on the type of load as some loads are sensitive to only magnitude change whereas some other loads are sensitive to both magnitude and phase angle shift. Control techniques that utilize real and reactive power compensation are generally classified as pre- sag compensation, in-phase compensation and energy optimization technique. For our study, pre-sag compensation was used where the load voltage is restored to its pre-sag magnitude and phase. Therefore, this method is suitable for loads which are sensitive to magnitude and also phase angle shift. Differential

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current protection of the transformer, or short circuit current on the customer load side are only two examples of many protection functions possibility.

4.3 EQUATIONS RELATED TO DVR

The system impedance Zth depends on the fault level of the load bus. When the system voltage (Vth) drops, the DVR injects a series voltage VDVR through the injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude VL can be maintained.

Fig 4.3 Equivalent Circuit diagram of DVR

The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as (4.1)

Where : The desired load voltage magnitude : The load impedance. : The load current. : The system voltage during fault condition. The load current IL is given by,

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 (4.2)

When VL is considered as a reference equation can be rewritten as,  (4.3)

, , are angles of

respectively and

is Load power angle

 (4.4)

The complex power injection of the DVR can be written as,

(4.5)

It requires the injection of only reactive power and the DVR itself is capable of generating the reactive power.

4.4 OPERATING MODES OF DVR

The basic function of the DVR is to inject a dynamically controlled voltage VDVR generated by a forced commutated converter in series to the bus voltage by means of a booster transformer. The momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase voltages are controlled such as to eliminate any detrimental effects of a bus fault to the load voltage VL. This means that any differential voltages caused by transient disturbances in the ac feeder will be compensated by an equivalent voltage generated by the converter and injected on the medium voltage level through the booster transformer.
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The DVR has three modes of operation which are: protection mode, standby mode, injection/boost mode.

4.4.1 Protection Mode

Fig 4.4 Protection Mode If the over current on the load side exceeds a permissible limit due to short circuit on the load or large inrush current, the DVR will be isolated from the systems by using the bypass switches (S2 and S3 will open) and supplying another path for current (S1 will be closed).

4.4.2 Standby Mode (VDVR= 0)

In the standby mode the booster transformers low voltage winding is shorted through the converter. No switching of semiconductors occurs in this mode of operation and the full load current will pass through the primary.

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Fig 4.5 Standby Mode

4.4.3 Injection/Boost Mode (VDVR>0)

In the Injection/Boost mode the DVR is injecting a compensating voltage through the booster transformer due to the detection of a disturbance in the supply voltage.

4.5 VOLTAGE INJECTION METHODS OF DVR

Voltage injection or compensation methods by means of a DVR depend upon the limiting factors such as: DVR power ratings, various conditions of load, and different types of voltage sags. Some loads are sensitive towards phase angel jump and some are sensitive towards change in magnitude and others are tolerant to these. Therefore the control strategies depend upon the type of load characteristics. There are four different methods of DVR voltage injection which are  Pre-sag compensation method  In-phase compensation method  In-phase advanced compensation method  Voltage tolerance method with minimum energy injection

4.5.1 Pre-Sag/Dip Compensation Method

The pre-sag method tracks the supply voltage continuously and if it detects any disturbances in supply voltage it will inject the difference voltage between the sag or voltage at PCC and pre-fault condition, so that the load voltage can be restored back to the pre-fault condition. Compensation of voltage sags in the both phase angle and amplitude sensitive loads would be achieved by pre-sag compensation method. In this method the injected active power cannot be controlled and it is determined by external conditions such as the type of faults and load conditions.

(4.6)
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Fig 4.6 Pre-sag compensation

4.5.2 In-Phase Compensation Method

This is the most straight forward method. In this method the injected voltage is in phase with the supply side voltage irrespective of the load current and pre-fault voltage. The phase angles of the pre-sag and load voltage are different but the most important criteria for power quality that is the constant magnitude of load voltage are satisfied.

Fig 4.7 In-Phase Compensation Method

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(4.7)
One of the advantages of this method is that the amplitude of DVR injection voltage is minimum for certain voltage sag in comparison with other strategies. Practical application of this method is in non-sensitive loads to phase angle jump.

4.5.3 In-Phase Advanced Compensation Method

In this method the real power spent by the DVR is decreased by minimizing the power angle between the sag voltage and load current. In case of pre-sag and in-phase compensation method the active power is injected into the system during disturbances. The active power supply is limited stored energy in the DC links and this part is one of the most expensive parts of DVR. The minimization of injected energy is achieved by making the active power component zero by having the injection voltage phasor perpendicular to the load current phasor. In this method the values of load current and voltage are fixed in the system so we can change only the phase of the sag voltage. IPAC method uses only reactive power and unfortunately, not al1 the sags can be mitigated without real power, as a consequence, this method is only suitable for a limited range of sags.

4.5.4 Voltage Tolerance Method with Minimum Energy Injection

A small drop in voltage and small jump in phase angle can be tolerated by the load itself. If the voltage magnitude lies between 90%-110% of nominal voltage and 5%-10% of state nominal

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Fig 4.8 Voltage tolerance method with minimum energy injection

that will not disturb the operation characteristics of loads Both magnitude and phase are the control parameter for this method which can be achieved by small energy injection

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