A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic map to indicate ground
elevation or depression. A contour interval is the vertical distance or
difference in elevation between contour lines. Index contours are bold or
thicker lines that appear at every fifth contour line. If the numbers
associated with specific contour lines are increasing, the elevation of the
terrain is also increasing. If the numbers associated with the contour lines
are decreasing, there is a decrease in elevation. As a contour approaches
a stream, canyon, or drainage area, the contour lines turn upstream.
They then cross the stream and turn back along the opposite bank of the
stream forming a "v". A rounded contour indicates a flatter or wider
drainage or spur. Contour lines tend to enclose the smallest areas on
ridge tops, which are often narrow or very limited in spatial extent. Sharp
contour points indicate pointed ridges. Disasters take many shapes.
Human-made disasters result from human errors and include industrial
explosions or structure failures. Natural disasters result from physical
phenomena and include earthquakes and droughts. Disasters classified as
complex can include epidemics or armed conflicts.
In whatever form, disasters disrupt communities and can take a serious toll on
people, property, economies, and the environment. They often stretch a
community’s capacity to cope.
Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding
to disasters. It involves strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm
that disasters cause. It also involves a systematic approach to managing the
responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Understanding Risks in Disaster Management
Often, issues such as a poorly maintained levee system or other negligence
can worsen the outcome of a disaster. Such was the case when Hurricane
Katrina overwhelmed New Orleans’ levees in 2005.
By addressing deferred infrastructure maintenance and other causal factors,
governments and organizations can often prevent, or at least reduce, the
fallout of disasters.
Disaster management involves examining and managing causal factors. It
requires assessing the extent to which a community can withstand a disaster.
Some communities are more vulnerable than others. For example, poorer
communities have fewer resources to prepare themselves for a storm or
bounce back from flood damage.
Disaster management also involves analyzing exposure to loss. For example,
homes built below sea level may face greater exposure to flooding if a
hurricane hits them.
The Scope of Disaster Management
Disaster management has a broad scope. To understand what disaster
management is, it is useful to study prevention, preparedness, and response
and recovery.
Prevention
Mitigation and prevention efforts aim to reduce the potential damage and
suffering that disasters can cause. While disaster management cannot
prevent disasters, it can prevent them from becoming compounded as a result
of neglecting causal factors and manageable risks. Mitigation specifically
refers to actions taken that can lessen the severity of a disaster’s impact.
Investing in measures that limit hazards can greatly reduce the burden of
disasters.
Strategies that disaster management professionals implement to protect
vulnerable communities and limit hazards include the following:
Raising awareness about potential hazards and how to address them
Educating the public about how to properly prepare for different types of
disaster
Installing and strengthening prediction and warning systems
Managing hazards and risks means planning to minimize a community’s
vulnerability to disasters. This can involve:
Encouraging community members to buy appropriate insurance to
protect their properties and belongings
Educating families and businesses on how to create effective disaster
plans
Promoting the use of fire-retardant materials in construction
Advocating for capital works initiatives, such as the construction and
maintenance of levees
Building partnerships between sectors and agencies at the federal,
state, and local levels to collaborate on mitigation projects
Disaster management professionals working on mitigation efforts also focus
on the following:
Land Use and Building Codes
Building schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods in flood-prone areas increases
their exposure to disasters. Disaster management spotlights these risks and
presents ideas to use land in safer ways.
For example, rather than constructing homes in floodplains, community
planners can designate those areas as places for outdoor recreation, wildlife
attractions, or hiking trails. They can also urge people to avoid these areas
during flood season. These measures make residents and their homes less
vulnerable to harm.
