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Electric Circuits

The document summarizes the key concepts in the fundamentals of electrical circuits unit, including: - Circuits are closed loops that allow electric current to flow between interconnected electrical elements. Common elements are resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage/current sources. - Sources are either independent (maintain a set voltage/current regardless of the circuit) or dependent (voltage/current is controlled by another element in the circuit). - Circuit parameters like voltage, current, resistance and power are important to understand how energy transfers within a circuit between its various elements.

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188 views10 pages

Electric Circuits

The document summarizes the key concepts in the fundamentals of electrical circuits unit, including: - Circuits are closed loops that allow electric current to flow between interconnected electrical elements. Common elements are resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage/current sources. - Sources are either independent (maintain a set voltage/current regardless of the circuit) or dependent (voltage/current is controlled by another element in the circuit). - Circuit parameters like voltage, current, resistance and power are important to understand how energy transfers within a circuit between its various elements.

Uploaded by

Eyosias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electromechanical Engineering

Course Title: Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

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UNIT 2: Electric Circuit parameters

1 Circuit

2 Circuits Parameters

3 Electric Sources

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Circuit

Circuit
In electrical engineering, we are often interested in transferring en-
ergy from one point to another.

To do this requires an interconnection of electrical devices (ele-


ments). Such interconnection is referred to as an electric circuit,
and each component of the circuit is known as an element

A circuit is a closed conducting path through which an electric cur-


rent either flows or is intended to flow.

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Circuits Parameters

Circuits Parameters

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive


elements and active elements.

An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive


element is not.

Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Typical active elements include generators, batteries, and opera-


tional amplifiers.

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Electric Sources

Electric Sources
The most important active elements are voltage or current sources
that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them.

There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.

An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a


specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other
circuit elements.

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Electric Sources

Independent voltage source delivers to the circuit whatever current


is necessary to maintain its terminal voltage.

Physical sources such as batteries and generators may be regarded


as approximations to ideal voltage sources

Similarly, an independent current source is an active element that


provides a specified current completely independent of the voltage
across the source.

That is, the current source delivers to the circuit whatever voltage
is necessary to maintain the designated current

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Electric Sources

Dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the


source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current and des-
ignated by diamond-shaped symbols.

Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage


or current of some other element in the circuit

There are four possible types of dependent sources, namely:


A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

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Electric Sources

Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as transis-


tors, operational amplifiers, and integrated circuits.

An example of a current-controlled voltage source is shown on the


Fig., where the voltage of the voltage source depends on the current
i through element C.

It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or in-


dependent) will produce any current required to ensure that the
terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will
produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.

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Electric Sources

Thus, the power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product


of the voltage across the element and the current through it.

If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by


the element. If, on the other hand, the power has a − sign, power
is being supplied by the element.

Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in determin-


ing the sign of power.
Example: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element
in Fig.

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Electric Sources

Example: Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each compo-


nent of the circuit in Fig.

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