Unit 1
Fundamentals of DC circuits
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Note: This rule can be generalized for any number of resistors in series 3
Example for Voltage Division Rule
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Numerical Problem for Current Division Rule
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POLL
A. I1 = 13.33 A
B. I1 = 23.33 A
C. I1 = 6.666 A
D. I1 = 8.666 A
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POLL
R1=2Ω R1=2Ω, R2=4Ω R2=4Ω, R3=1Ω R3=1Ω, Is=5A and VS=4V
Find current at R2?
A. I1 = 1 A
B. I1 = 2 A
C. I1 = 3 A
D.I1 = 4 A
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SERIES CONNECTIONS
• SERIES CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
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Point to Remember for Series Circuits
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PARELLEL CONNECTION
• PARALLEL CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them
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BATTERY VOLTAGE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
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SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• A Source is a device which converts mechanical, chemical,
thermal or some other form of energy into electrical energy. In
other words, the source is an active network element meant for
generating electrical energy.
• The various types of sources available in the electrical network
are voltage source and current sources.
• Voltage Source and Current Source
• A voltage source has a forcing function of emf, whereas the
current source has a forcing function of current.
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INDEPENDENT SOURCES
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Ideal and non ideal
(Practical) energy
sources
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INDEPENDENT SOURCES
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Independent Dependent Voltage and Current Source
• The source which supplies the active power to the network is
known as the electrical source.
• The electrical source is of two types namely independent source
and dependent source.
• The Independent and Dependent source means, whether the
voltage or current sources are either depending upon some other
source, or they are acting independently.
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Independent and Dependent Sources
Independent Voltage and Current Source
• Independent sources are that which does not depend on any other quantity in the
circuit. They are two terminal devices and has a constant value, i.e. the voltage across
the two terminals remains constant irrespective of all circuit conditions.
• The strength of voltage or current is not changed by any variation in the connected
network the source is said to be either independent voltage or independent current
source. In this, the value of voltage or current is fixed and is not adjustable
Dependent Voltage and Current Source
• The sources whose output voltage or current is not fixed but depends on the voltage or
current in another part of the circuit is called Dependent or Controlled source. They are
four terminal devices. When the strength of voltage or current changes in the source
for any change in the connected network, they are called dependent sources. The
dependent sources are represented by a diamond shape.
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DEPENDENT OR CONTROLLED SOURCES
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IDEAL AND PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE
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Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
• In voltage controlled voltage
source the voltage source is
dependent on any element of
the circuit.
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SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source V in series with
a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
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Source Transformation
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SOURCE TRANSFORMATION FOR INDEPENDENT SOURCES
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION FOR DEPENDENT SOURCES
Note: Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided, we need to carefully handle the dependent
variable 33
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Example for Source Transformation
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STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
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DELTA-STAR TRANSFORMATION
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Example: Delta to Star
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POLL
A. Ra 140 , Rb 70, Rc 35
B. Ra 180 , Rb 80, Rc 40
C. Ra 140 , Rb 35, Rc 70
D. Ra 140 , Rb 140, Rc 35
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