Developmental Study: Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa)

In Different Types of Water on Hydroponic System

A Quantitative Research

Presented to the Basic Education Department of

Pilar College of Zamboanga City, Inc.
R.T. Lim, Boulevard, Zamboanga City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Vallejo, Jhoanna Razzelle

Samson, Aira Kristine Jane

Masdal, Yuri Gibrail

Panganiban, Ronald

Salgado, Annie Mae

Sappari, Al-Faisal

Abalos, Ruderick

Wagas, Nurben

Grade 12- St. Paul The Apostle

Ronald M. Soriano, LPT

Research Adviser

May 2022
 Abstract

The study, "Developmental Study: Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Different Types

of Water on Hydroponic System," looked at how different types of water, particularly tap,

mineral, distilled, and alkaline, affect lettuce growth in a hydroponic system. The purpose of this

study was to determine the efficacy of these water on lettuce and the changes present in the

lettuce while they are being hydroponically grown. Hydroponics, defined as plant development

without soil using just water and dissolved nutrients, has several advantages, including quicker

growth, higher production, ease of handling, and improved water efficiency. Lettuce (Lactuca

sativa), as the plant chosen in the study, possesses health benefits such as vitamin A, iron,

calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K. It is one of the most widely consumed leaf vegetables. What

differentiates lettuce from other vegetables is that it is easy to grow as it only has a short growing

cycle (45-55 days). The classification of water types is significant for its usage in hydroponic

plants. The number of nutrients acquired in a plant grown with various types of water at each

stage of growth, on the other hand, might give useful information about the actual availability of

these nutrients.

In this study, the researchers used the Quantitative Research Method with the application

of the Quasi-experimental Research Approach. The researchers utilized the weekly observation

done on the premises of Pilar College in Zamboanga City as part of the gathering of data.

Observing and measuring the required variables such as the height of the plant and the number of

leaves present in each treatment.

I
 The results showed that hydroponic-planted treatments grew quicker than standard soil-

planted treatments. Due to the limitations encountered during this study, the lettuce did not

complete its full growing cycle.

Keywords: Lettuce, Hydroponics, Tap Water, Mineral Water, Distilled Water, Alkaline Water,

Sugar, Nutrients, Height of the Plant, Number of Leaves, Observation, Treatment, Mean,

Standard Deviation.

II
 Acknowledgement

To the greatest extent, the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to Mr.

Ronald Soriano for administering throughout the whole duration of our study. He has been

guiding us and supporting us in the process of creating this paper, and especially for the service

he has done on our construction of the hydroponic set-up. It would be a difficult task without his

instructions and guidance that he personally offered. The researchers were extremely thankful for

what he had provided.

We would also like to thank the Pilar College administration for granting us the chance to

perform our research at school, and allowing us to use the dedicated area for constructing our

materials.

Our Family, who served us our inspiration, motivator and provider of our financial

expense for the research.

Lastly, we would like to give our gratitude to our classmates and friends in helping us in

this research, and the support they have invested in us.

Most especially, the researchers would like to praise and thank our Almighty God for the

blessings and wisdom He bestowed throughout the research work to complete.

III
 Dedication

The researchers would like to dedicate this research to the research teacher, Mr. Ronald

Soriano for the guidance and support he has given us.

To the Pilar College, in the school quality education the researchers grew as an individual

and learned so many things.

To our classmates and friends for assistance and love.

To the researchers’ parents and family for their moral support, unconditional love and

financial support.

Above all, we would also like to dedicate to our Almighty God for love, wisdom,

guidance, and provision He bestowed upon the researchers.

-The Researchers

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................I

Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................III

Dedication.....................................................................................................................................IV

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................VI

Chapter 1

1.1 Background of the Study...............................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................4

1.3 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................4

1.4 Scope and Delimitation.................................................................................................6

Chapter 2

2.1 Related Literature..........................................................................................................7

2.2 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework.............................................................................19

2.3 Research Hypothesis....................................................................................................19

2.4 Definition of Terms and Variables…..........................................................................20

Chapter 3

3.1 Research Design...........................................................................................................23

3.2 Research Instrument.....................................................................................................23

3.3 Data Collection Procedure...........................................................................................23

3.4 Plan for Data Analysis.................................................................................................24

Chapter 4

4.1 Data Presentation.........................................................................................................25

V
 4.2 Control Group..............................................................................................................28

4.3 Experimental Group.....................................................................................................29

4.4 Height of the Plant.......................................................................................................33

4.5 Number of Leaves........................................................................................................35

4.6 Discussion....................................................................................................................35

4.7 Re-Conceptualized Framework...................................................................................37

Chapter 5

5.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................38

5.2 Recommendation.........................................................................................................39

Bibliography.................................................................................................................................42

Appendices....................................................................................................................................44

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.........................................................................................................................................13

Table 1...........................................................................................................................................25

Figure 2

Figure 2.1...........................................................................................................................26

Figure 2.2...........................................................................................................................26

Figure 2.3...........................................................................................................................26

Figure 3

Figure 3.1...........................................................................................................................27

Figure 3.2...........................................................................................................................27

Figure 3.3...........................................................................................................................27

Figure 3.4...........................................................................................................................27

Figure 4

Figure 4.1...........................................................................................................................28

Figure 4.2...........................................................................................................................28

Figure 4.3...........................................................................................................................28

Figure 4.4...........................................................................................................................28

Figure 5

Figure 5.1...........................................................................................................................29

Figure 5.2...........................................................................................................................29

VII
 Figure 5.3...........................................................................................................................29

Figure 6

Figure 6.1...........................................................................................................................30

Figure 6.2...........................................................................................................................30

Figure 6.3...........................................................................................................................30

Figure 7.........................................................................................................................................32

Figure 8.........................................................................................................................................33

Figure 9.........................................................................................................................................37

VIII
 Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting. It includes the background

of the study, the statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation

of the study.

Background of the Study

Hydroponics, defined as plant development without soil using just water and dissolved

nutrients, has several advantages, including quicker growth, higher production, ease of handling,

and improved water efficiency (dos Santos et al., 2013). According to Rana et al. (2011), this

sort of cultivation was developed to boost food output, but the approach may also be used to

clean wastewater. Furthermore, hydroponic cultivation needs high water quality. There are

restrictions in usage if the supplied water includes certain elements. Before beginning a crop, it is

highly necessary to do a water analysis. 2016 (Van Os et al.)

According to Paulus et al. (2012), it is plausible to use nutrient solutions generated with

low quality water or reuse nutrient solutions for hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growing.

The use of alternate water and fertilizer sources may result in lower production costs in the

hydroponic system (Azad et al., 2013), but there is a lack of information on proper nutrient

solution management (Bugbee, 2004). Although effluents include macro and micronutrients, the

quantities discovered may be limiting to plant development due to excess or nutritional shortage

(Almuktar et al., 2015).

1
 Alkalinity and pH are two important factors in determining the suitability of water for

plants. (Cox 1998). pH level is a parameter in determining the acidity of water, and alkalinity of

a solution is its ability to neutralize acids. According to Mcrae (2020) there is some correlation

between the pH level of the water with pH level present in the soil of the plants, ultimately

affecting the growth and health of your plants. Furthermore, according to Sugar Rush: Why

Molasses Is A Must In Hydroponic Growing (2020). Safer Brand that adding sugar in the form

of molasses can help break down nutrients and can give the plant a better result in terms of

growing and absorbing nutrients.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the many vegetables that possesses health benefits such

as vitamin A, iron, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K. It is one of the most widely consumed

leaf vegetables. What differs lettuce from other vegetables is that it is easy to grow as it only has

a short growing cycle (45-55 days). It is commonly produced in many Asian households as it is a

low-input crop, and can be mixed with a variety of dishes available. This vegetable can also be

used as an antioxidant; meaning, it can protect the cells from harmful molecules, called “free

radicals” that may cause serious health problems such as cancers and heart diseases. It is perfect

for individuals who may have severe health conditions or a low immune system. With that,

planting and consuming lettuce would be a significant boost to one’s overall health.

Since lettuce is composed of about 95% water, it can be a good source of hydration

among vegetables. Consuming it would not only make an individual in good shape, but also, it

would make consumers hydrated and far from possible illnesses, as water helps the body to

stabilize the fluids inside it. In addition, ingesting lettuce could also eradicate and/or lessen the

2
stress levels that one might have; for the reason that lettuces contain a high amount of vitamin C

which is good in fighting stress.

Moreover, with food resources expected to become scarce and severely limited in the

future, the need to produce more while using less resources will become increasingly crucial in

the agricultural environment. 'Soil-less' production methods that aren't traditional in-ground

methods are seen as innovative alternatives with the potential to be sustainable. (Davis, Kathryn

Frances Cornelia, 2016). The classification of water types is significant for its usage in

hydroponic plants. The quantity of nutrients acquired in a plant grown with various types of

water at each stage of growth, on the other hand, might give useful information about the actual

availability of these nutrients.

As a result, the performance of a hydroponic lettuce in various types of water was

examined in terms of nutrient absorption and accumulation in the plants throughout the growth

cycle, as well as its impact on production.

3
Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine which type of water is best suitable for growing

lettuce using a hydroponic system. Specifically, this paper is sought to answer the following

questions:

1. Is a hydroponic system sustainable and an innovative alternative for the inevitable

resource scarcity that the field of agriculture will face in the future?

2. Is there any significant variation in lettuce growth depending on the type of water used?

3. Which type of water is best suitable for lettuce growth in a hydroponic set-up?

Significance of the Study

The existing knowledge of the agricultural advantages of hydroponics and the

significance of knowing which water to use to make the system more successful will be

expanded by comparing the control group to the treatment groups presented in this study. This

paper presented these types of water in a clear manner, allowing them to determine which is best

for growing plants.

Benefitting are the various sectors as follows:

The Community

Through this research, the community will further realize promoting the use of

hydroponics as an innovative alternative to traditional in-ground method of planting, and as a

higher-yielding alternative to soil-based food production as it presents a lot of advantages such as

reducing pesticide and herbicide use.

4
The Students

This research will benefit students in growing their interest in lettuce development and

can help them improve their abilities, try new things, be more active, and spend more time

outside. This will guide students in determining whether agricultural knowledge and abilities will

be valuable to them in the future.

The Parents

Because many parents have invested in sowing plants as a result of the pandemic, the

researchers believe that this study will be beneficial to them as it will provide them with tips and

knowledge on developing a hydroponics system as a new method of planting. With that, they

may also be able to share their newfound knowledge with other parents.

The Future Researchers

This study covers information involving which type of water is best suitable for growing

lettuce in hydroponics; thus, the analysis that is presented in this study will convey valuable

information for future studies that will explore the various agricultural benefits of the hydroponic

system.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the average area of the leaves, the

number of leaves, if the lettuces are fresh or dry, and whether the lettuces are still alive after

being immersed in various types of water, including distilled, tap, mineral, and alkaline. Lettuce

growth will be monitored and documented weekly for a month, with all plants grown in the same

5
environment and using the same sort of hydroponic system, with data collected purely by

observation. This will help farmers in determining which type of water will provide the best

nutrients for growing lettuces. The assessments will take place at Pilar College of Zamboanga

City, Inc., and the respondents are the researchers as well.

There will be a limit to the amount of observational data that can be recorded. Because of

the pandemic, there will be a very limited amount of time to collect data. Also, due to a shortage

of materials and funds, the poor construction of the set-up compromised its durability and

stability, which influenced the interpretation of the study findings. Moreover, the researchers will

monitor and gather data on the experimental set-up once a week.

6
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Introduction

A widely used method for cultivating plants without soil is known as hydroponics, which

enables cultivators to have great control over the environmental factors surrounding the root.

This method of cultivating plants has a fascinating history of being utilized and developed in the

middle of the 18th century, although this method of cultivating plants in water rich with nutrients

was also evident even in the earliest history of mankind. In hydroponics, the plants' key

components have been determined using solution culture techniques. (Jones, 2008). The

following are the related literature and studies:

Hydroponics

Hydroponics is also known as a method of cultivating plants in water that contains

fertilizers and is referred to as a nutrient solution. This technique can be utilized either using a

mechanical support medium or without one. Hydroponics has two further classifications, namely

open hydroponics and closed hydroponics. In open hydroponics, the nutrients can't be reused

once they are delivered into the plant roots. Closed hydroponics, on the other hand, allows

cultivators to recover excess nutrient solutions as well as to recycle and replenish the nutrient

solutions for later use. Some of the interesting qualities of hydroponics are that it's

environmentally friendly; it also promotes water and land conservation; and lastly, it's a highly

productive way of cultivating plants. In hydroponic culture, only basic agricultural knowledge

and skills are required for the majority of cultivators to utilize this technique. To manage factors

7
that affect plant growth, such as root and air temperature, water, nutrition of plants, light, and

hostile climate, the production of plants takes place in a designed enclosure—in which regulating

the environment surrounding the root as well as the areal environment is considered a primary

challenge for this system. (Jensen, 1997)

According to Savvas (2003), a modern technology that utilizes inert media as an

alternative to natural soil in order to resolve crop problems such as diseases that are soil-borne,

poor physical qualities of plants, non-arable land, etc. is what is known as commercial

hydroponics. Moving on, these are the substrates for plant cultivation: Rock wool, other volcanic

materials including perlite and pumice, coir dust, polyurethane foam, and other porous materials

that are non-toxic. The substrate pore sizes (whether larger or smaller) must be in equilibrium

distribution in order to guarantee the applicable water accessibility of plants without

compromising the oxygen supply to the roots. Moreover, hydroponics does not affect the quality

of flowers and fruits that are produced in such systems. On the other hand, nutrient solutions can

be used for complete management of nutrition, which may improve the quality of products,

namely, melon, tomatoes, and lettuce. In hydroponics, disinfectants such as pesticides and

agrochemicals that are harmful and that are used to disinfect soil-grown crops and prevent or

control soil infections and diseases, are used less frequently. The recycling of excess fertilizer

solution that is drained following each watering application should significantly help reduce

leaching of phosphate, nitrate, and groundwater resources into the surface. More importantly,

automation of the supply of water and nutrients in order to boost profit and reduce cost is what

hydroponics is increasingly centered on.

8
 As stated by Trejo-Tellez Gomez merino (2012), hydroponics is a flexible technique that

may be used in a variety of settings, from production systems in a backyard or in a village to

technologically advanced space-stations. This method can be a cost-effective way to produce

food in harsh environments, including deserts, mountainous regions, and polar towns. This

technique can also produce locally grown products with high value, like green vegetables or cut

flowers, in densely populated areas.

The continuous growth of civilization had an impact on open-field and soil-based

agriculture. The land area per capita In the 1960s with approximately 3 billion people is 0.5

hectare, however in recent years with the population growth of 6 billion people the land per

capita became 0.25 hectare. It is estimated that in the year 2050 the land per capita will reach

0.16 hectare. Because of rapid urbanization as well as global warming, maintenance of

appropriate management therefore, monitoring and proper maintenance of the parameters of

water quality are crucial steps that contribute to plant development. Although there are increased

levels in fertilizer application, the productivity of soil-based agriculture is not increasing further

due to some environmental problems such as frequent drought, unpredictable weather and

climate, pollution, rise in temperature and pollution. It will be impossible to feed the entire

population in the future using only soil-based agriculture under such circumstances. Fortunately,

soilless culture is becoming more relevant nowadays to face these challenges. Soil less culture is

growing plants without soil, it's contribution on water and space conservation have shown

promising results all over the world (Sardare, 2013)

With food resources expected to become scarce and severely limited in the future, the

need to produce more while using less resources will become increasingly crucial in the

agricultural environment. 'Soil-less' production methods that aren't traditional in-ground methods

9
are seen as innovative alternatives that are accompanied with potential to be sustainable. One of

these production systems that has the potential to be sustainable is an aquaponic system.

According to research, an aquaponic system can conserve water provided correct management is

maintained, therefore upkeep and monitoring of water quality parameters are critical for good

plant development. (Davis, Kathryn Frances Cornelia, 2016)

As stated by Trejo-Tellez Gomez merino (2012), hydroponics is a flexible technique that

may be used in a variety of settings, from production systems in a backyard or in a village to

technologically advanced space-stations. This method can be a cost-effective way to produce

food in harsh environments, including deserts, mountainous regions, and polar towns. This

technique can also produce locally grown products with high value, like green vegetables or cut

flowers, in densely populated areas.

Venter (2017) defines hydroponics into two classifications: open and closed. In the

former, the water containing nutrients is given to the plant, but an excess amount of nutrients and

water are wasted due to drainage or seepage of these into the soil. The latter circulates the

nutritional solution to be reused continually. Closed hydroponic systems use less water and

fertilizer than open hydroponic systems, but they require slightly more grower input. In order to

avoid disease build-up, the nutrient solution must be refilled and purified on a regular basis. The

chemical composition of the fertilizer solution must also be adjusted on a regular basis to ensure

that the various chemical elements are kept in balance to fulfill the plant's requirements for

optimal growth.

10
Hydroponic lettuce

As stated by Barbosa et al. (2015), overcoming the high consumption of energy can be

possible by having more potent renewables that produce goods at less cost. In addition,

hydroponics is considered a solution for feeding the growing population more sustainably than

conventional farming.

One of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide is lettuce. However, lettuce's

nutritionary worth is undervalued by many. It has minimal fat, calorie and sodium content, as

well as decent supply of nutrients such as Vitamin C, iron, fiber and folate. Furthermore, lettuce

has varied alternative bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. Studies of In Vitro and

in vivo have shown that these following benefits are attributed to lettuce's bioactive compounds:

anti-diabetic, medicine and lowering cholesterol. Still, bioactive compounds and the composition

of nutrients may vary depending on the types of lettuce. In the U.S., the foremost style in kind of

lettuce is the Iceberg lettuce, however its minerals, bioactive compounds and vitamins is

relatively low. The phenolic compounds are higher in red lettuce than in green lettuce. Baby

lettuce's nutritious value was also investigated due to its growing popularity. The vitamin C

content of baby green romaine was particularly high. Several types of lettuce's nutritional value

and composition in this review were outlined, that can help cultivators and consumers in

choosing a lettuce variety that contains more beneficial nutrients. (Kim et al., 2016)

Landayan (2018) conducted a study to create an innovative, fully functional compact

hydroponic system that combined existing nutrient film technology with Kratky (non-circulating

technique) to create a system that can provide a consistent supply of nutrients for plant growth

and development without the use of specialized greenhouse structures. The method was able to

develop 864 healthy lettuce plants without the need of insecticides or fertilizers, according to the

11
study. Still, further tests must be made with various green leafy vegetables to further prove its

effectiveness.

Majid et al. (2021) conducted an investigation to see if hydroponic lettuce culture was

capable and feasible to be an alternative to greenhouse lettuce cultivated in soil at a moderate

temperature in northern India. Their research findings validated hydroponic lettuce production as

a viable and long-term replacement for traditional soil-based lettuce cultivation.

In a study by Zajkowski & Short (2021), control variables were explored in order to

develop and commercialize a more productive lettuce crop. Results showed the 14 gallon deep

water culture produced lettuce crops with longer lengths; the lettuce crop's spectrometry

recognition in varied nutrient levels being cultivated turned out to be successful. Out of 12

nutritional constituents, 7 of these demonstrated adequate concentration outcomes in a

concentrated lettuce crop.

Nutrient solution

Macronutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, phosphorus and

micronutrients such as iron, boron, zinc, molybdenum, copper, as well as other elements, namely

manganese, chlorine, calcium, nickel, and sulfur, are the elements crucial for the majority of

plants to grow and must be present in a nutrient solution when cultivating lettuce in hydroponics.

(Ross and Salisburry, 1992)

According to Timmons et al. (2002), when the nutrient solution's pH level in a

hydroponics system exceeds 6.5, manganese, iron, boron, copper, and zinc become unavailable.

Dufour and Guérin (2005) stated that plants may accept ions at very low concentrations

when a nutritional solution is provided continually. As a result, it has been observed that a large

12
percentage of nutrients are not utilized by plants or that their intake has no effect on production.

It was discovered that 60% of the nutrients in anthurium are lost in the leachate.

The nutrient solution is the most important component of a hydroponic system.

Controlling the concentration of nutrient solution that enables the cultivation of a wide range of

sorts is referred to as osmotic pressure or electrical conductivity. Furthermore, soilless culture's

fundamental advantage is the precise regulation of nutrient input into the plant. In addition,

increased yield and quality are also a result of controlling pH and root temperature, among other

things. (Trejo Tellez & Gomez Merino, 2012).

Commetti et al. (2013) studied the influence of electrical conductivity as well as the

cooling of nutrient solutions on the development and growth of lettuce plants in hydroponics

through an evaluation. The researchers found that the alteration of behavior of lettuce plants was

influenced by the nutrient solution's temperature, which is influenced by electrical conductivity.

In a demonstration, lettuce production didn't reduce when electrical conductivity was increased

and the nutrient solution's peak temperature was limited, which in the experiment was evaluated

at 26 degrees Celsius. They also discovered that cooling the nutrient solution resulted in more

biomass buildup and a better biomass yield.

In a unique setting in hydroponic research, plant responses to various nutrient

accessibility and phenotypes can be tested. Diverse experiments can be designed by the

researchers to evaluate the influence of insufficiency, sufficiency, or the non-essential and

essential nutrients in hazardous quantities by altering the concentration of certain elements of

interest. The hydroponic system delivers a more homogenous nutritional medium to the plants

than the soil-based method, which reduces the risks of plants acquiring illnesses that are soil-

13
borne. Moreover, it is easier to extract shoot and root tissues for additional plant tissue analysis.

(Nguyen et al., 2016)

In a study by Tomenes, Bayla & Tapio (2017) organic-based nutrient solutions were

investigated as alternatives to inorganic nutrient solutions in a passive hydroponics system. Five

treatments of nutrient solution were investigated namely: Fish amino acid (at 55% and 100%

concentration), Fermented plant juice (at 50% and 100% concentration), Vermicompost tea (at

50% and 100% concentration), advisable rate of inorganic solution, and water as control.

Vermicompost tea was found to be a good alternative nutrient solution for lettuce production in a

passive hydroponics system at 50 percent and 100 percent concentrations.

Sapkota et al. (2019) conducted an investigation into the weight and development of two

lettuce cultivars that are affected by several nutrient solutions in a floating hydroponic system.

Black Seed Simpson and buttercrunch lettuce varieties were used in the study. They found that

the Butter crunch cultivar exhibited the largest fresh weight, leaf number, as well as leaf and root

length when compared to Black Seed Simpson. For both cultivars, the solutions containing

nitrogen concentration exhibited a strong positive connection with chlorophyll content.

Salas and Salas (2019) reported that Plant height and number of leaves of lettuce are

equivalent between lettuce produced on fermented golden snail (FGS) and lettuce grown on

commercial inorganic nutrient solution. However, lettuce produced on FGS had much larger

leaves and yields. It was also found that the maximum chlorophyll A and total carotenoid content

was found in plants cultivated on tilapia fish wastewater. Moreover, the lettuce with the highest

chlorophyll B concentration and free radical scavenging activity was cultivated on fermented

golden snail. These findings suggest that FGS and tilapia fish effluent have the potential to be

14
effective sources of organic fertilizer material for lettuce production in an aggregate hydroponic

system, which might be beneficial in community resilience projects.

A study by Suhardiyanto (2020) found that the control system successfully did well in

preserving the temperature for lettuce cultivation, as evidenced by better lettuce growth in the

controlled floating raft hydroponics than in the uncontrolled floating raft hydroponics.

An investigation was conducted by Ahmed et al. (2021) on fish waste in which a nutrient

solution that is organic-based is made out of it and used in a hydroponic system compared to a

conventional inorganic water-containing fertilizer for cultivation and production of lettuce. The

plant yield, growth, and physiological parameters of nutrients were discovered. The findings

showed that the effect of organic nutrient solutions on grown lettuce on overall biomass and

growth was relatively lower compared to inorganic nutrient solutions. However, lettuce grown in

organic nutrient solution had higher antioxidant activity, as well as higher total phenolic

compounds, chlorophyll, flavonoid and carotene content.

Types of Water

Kang and Kim (2007) investigated how micronutrient quality, such as vitamin C and

nitrate levels, altered in a variety of hydroponically grown leaf vegetables under different

nutritional settings. One of their findings was that tap water had the highest vitamin C

concentration in two of the three plants they tested (Chungchima lettuce, Pak-choi, and Romaine

lettuce).

Water alkalinity is thought to be important for plant growth. On lettuce, the effects of the

pH of solution and the alkalinity of water were studied. In perlite-filled pots irrigated with

nutrient solution with high alkalinity at four different levels of pH 5, 6, 7, and 8, romaine lettuce

15
seeds were planted. At a pH of 7, magnesium content in leaves increased, but then decreased at a

pH of 8. Moreover, the concentrations of zinc, iron, and manganese in leaves consistently

declined at higher levels of pH in solutions. Utilizing safe acids is preferable in reducing the

level of pH to 5 in nutrient solutions in commercial production of lettuce, where carbonate

species as well as water that has high pH levels are commonly applied. (Roosta, 2011)

Keeratiurai (2013) conducted an investigation on the treatment of effluent from a fish

pond using hydroponic system, Results revealed that Hydroponics is capable of treating waste

water from a fish pond. The findings of this study suggest that nutritional compounds can be

recovered from wastewater using hydroponics. In intensive aquaculture systems, hydroponic

production methods offer the capacity to treat and utilize waste water.

Pelesco & Alagao (2015) conducted an experiment to compare the lettuce production and

its growth in the field, a randomized complete block design experiment was set up. Utilizing tap

water and desalinated seawater from a solar still. It was discovered that the growth and output of

lettuce are much higher when utilizing desalinated seawater than tap water, Because of its quality

which is more conducive to plants' requirements in hydroponics. However, in order to achieve a

higher yield from plants in hydroponics, a desalinated water from solar still must be used.

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants by controlling the flow of water. There are

numerous water sources available, including groundwater, rainwater, distilled water, and so on.

Each sort of water has a varied quality and availability. The amount of production varies

depending on the type of water. The type of water used in a hydroponic system has an impact. In

practice, distilled water and rainwater have no minerals, whereas ground water has more than

zero minerals that can affect the growth of plants significantly. (Johnson, 2017)

16
 A study was conducted by Al-tawaha (2018) on the ideal water flow for crops grown

using the hydroponics method. It was revealed that the growth of lettuce plants in hydroponics

was enhanced at a flow rate of 20 liters per hour rather than 10 liters per hour and 30 liters per

hour flow rates.

Identifying the ideal water flow is essential for plants to accumulate all the necessary

elements that they require from water containing nutrients in hydroponics. In order to ensure the

appropriate time of contact between the water flow and the roots, the rate of turnover and water

movement should be designed contemplatively. (Al-tawaha, 2018).

An experimental study was conducted by Hakim (2019) on suitable water types for

lettuce growth in the hydroponic system. The appropriateness of water was investigated using

three types of water namely ground water, rain water and distilled water. It was found that

groundwater emerged as the best acceptable in terms of production, availability, and cost.

Ground water also has the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.32, distilled water has a BCR of

1.11 and 1.15 for rain water.

Poor water quality and variety are attributed to poor aesthetic quality, gradual growth,

and progressive death of the crops. Plant life can be compromised by the high alkalinity of water

because it changes the pH of growing media, impeding the absorption of nutrients and resulting

in nutritional deficiencies. Before utilizing water (reclaimed water, recycled water, and runoff

water) for irrigation, it needs to be reconditioned because salts that are soluble, organic

compound residues, and organisms that can cause diseases may be present. In order to verify if

the water is suitable for plant cultivation, water quality should be checked to also reduce the risk

of pollution discharge to groundwater and surface. (Center for Agriculture, Food, and the

Environment, 2019)

17
 Irani et al. (2020) investigated the development of onion hydroponically under four

different water sources: Kirtonkhola, Andamanik, Kuakata, and accessible ground water. One of

their findings was that in hydroponic growth, ground water produced the best outcomes in the

formation of new roots and shoots from mature onions without the addition of nutrients or

growth hormones.

The previous studies reviewed have shown that hydroponic systems are capable of

cultivating lettuce plants comparable to natural soil. Along with this, it is also clear that

hydroponics can solve problems regarding limited resources, treating wastewater, and can offer

more efficient farming. In addition, these studies contributed to the development of hydroponic

lettuce farming through findings on the suitable amount and concentration of nutrient solutions

as well as the types of water that can be suitable for the growth of lettuce in hydroponics. Even

so, further research must be conducted, especially on identifying the best water type for

cultivating lettuce in a hydroponic system.

18
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

Figure 1

Figure 1 presents the Conceptual Framework of the study. The different types of water

used by the researchers were the independent variables in this study, namely distilled water,

alkaline water, mineral water, tap water, and tap water with sugar. Meanwhile, the dependent

variables in this study are the characteristics of lettuce that change in response to the independent

variable, which are the average area, quantity, status, and freshness of the leaves. Furthermore,

the amount of water in each setup is labeled as the controlled variable or the constant variable in

the study. The empirical data and statistical analysis presented in this study indicate a direct

correlation between these variables.

Research Hypotheses

Null

Different types of water used in the hydroponics system, as well as the nutrients given,

have no significant effect on the lettuces’ growth and characteristics.

19
Alternative

Different types of water used in the hydroponics system and the nutrients given to

lettuces affect the plants’ growth and characteristics more significantly than the accustomed way

of planting in hydroponics.

Definition of Terms and Variables

Hydroponic System - Also referred to as “soilless culture”, is a method of cultivating

plants in water rather than soil. In this research it was utilized to study and cultivate lettuce

plants.

Aquaponic system – Is a production system with aquaculture wherein plants will grow

in using different kinds of waters to be fed in plants to hydroponically-grown plants, where

nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates.

Randomized Complete Block Design - A standard design in agricultural experiments

wherein it is similar to experimentation that is grouped into blocks or replicas.

Lettuce - An annual plant in the Asteraceae family of daisies with the scientific name

Lactuca sativa. It is most commonly grown as a leaf vegetable, but it is also grown for its stem

and seeds. The growth of lettuce is the dependent variable observed in this study.

Iceberg Lettuce – It is also known as crisp head lettuce, has pale green leaves and grows

in cabbage-like bulbs. This type of lettuce will only grow in cool temperatures such in artic

regions. And it requires a long winter season to be fully grown.

Black Seed Simpson - A type of leaf lettuce that does well in cooler weather and so well

in hot weather. A delicious pale green, curled leaves lettuce. This is also a high yielding cultivar

in production.

20
 Buttercrunch Lettuce - A pale green lettuce with a juicy crisp leaf type of lettuce. That

will be fully grown about 55 to 65 days in a normal season.

Alkaline Water - Refers to water that has a greater pH level than that of conventional

drinking water. (Independent variable)

Distilled Water - A water that has been heated into vapor then condenses back into

liquid in a very separate instrumentality. (Independent variable)

Mineral Water - A type of water that contains numerous minerals such as salt and sulfur

compounds. Also known as spring water. (Independent variable)

Tap Water - A type of water is imparted through a tap, a water dispenser valve. Tap

water is frequently used in drinking, washing and also for cooking. (Independent Variable)

Wastewater - This type of water is a water that has been used, and can be used in

flushing toilets, and can be also used in different kinds of situations about washing things.

Nutrient Deficiency - The lack of nutrients that the plant needs such as Iron, Phosphorus,

Potassium, Nitrogen, Magnesium.

Nutrient Solution - A liquid filled with all of the necessary nutrients for the plants to

grow naturally. It is given to plants present in a hydroponic system after being mixed with water.

Phenolic Chemicals - A set of small molecules distinguished by their composition

having at least a phenol unit, furthermore used as disinfectants in household cleaners and can

have anti-inflammatory effects in mouthwash.

Fish Amino Acid - Produced from spoiled fish and fish trash, that includes fish bones,

heads, internal organs, and skin with crude sugar.

21
 Fermented Plant Juice - A fermented plant that has been extracted its sap and

chlorophyll. This is rich in enzyme solution full microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and

yeast that invigorates plants and animals.

Vermicompost Tea - It is an all-natural liquid fertilizer that is made from steeping worm

castings (worm manure) in water.

pH Level - A scale that is being used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous

solution. This can also help to determine the pH level of such types of liquids.

Molasses - An adhesive substance develops from refining sugarcane or sugar beets in to

sugar. Molasses differs in terms of sugar content, the method of extraction, and the age of the

plant.

Carotene - A fat-soluble vitamin A precursor found in green and yellow type of plants.

Hydration - A chemical reaction that can also occur when a substance will react with

water. In organic chemistry water is added to an unsaturated substrate, whereby it is generally an

alkene or an alkyne.

Fertilizer - A spontaneous or artificial substance that contains the chemical elements that

boosts growth and the productivity of plants.

Cultivation - The loosening and breaking up (tilling) of the soil or, more generally, the

raising of crops.

22
 Chapter 3

Methodology

Research Design

In this study, a quantitative-developmental research design was used. A quantitative

study is one in which the researchers collect data using numerical data in a systematic manner.

Moreover, developmental research focuses on the gradual changes that occur as an organism

grows. The researchers have been tasked with going to school and monitoring the lettuces to

check if there has been any progress in growth or if any damage has been spotted on each lettuce,

as well as recording all of the information on the observation form, which will be used to collect

data on a weekly basis.

Research Instrument

The researchers have come up with a research observation form that they will use to

collect necessary data. Each researcher will be given a sheet to fill out in order to keep track of

the information gathered during the given frame time for observation. The questions provided on

the form will be used to monitor and assess the lettuce for any growth or damages.

Data Collection Procedure

The construction of the project will be executed in Pilar College of Zamboanga City, Inc.

and will be administered by Mr. Ronald Soriano. This project is part of the greenhouse project at

the school and needs the approval of the school's administration for progress to take place. The

23
researchers will then bring the required materials, ensuring no damages will occur, and generally

follow the timeframe submitted.

Plan for Data Analysis

The data gathered from the instrument will be tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted by the

researchers using Microsoft Excel. In interpreting the data, three different stages of the lettuce,

namely the seedling stage, vegetarian stage and the leafy stage, will be incorporated on the table

corresponding to the weeks required for each stage. The table will have the inclusion of the

documented photos that the researchers took throughout each stage of the lettuce’s survival, and

each treatment will be assessed based on the dependent variables present as well as the

succession of each treatment.

Moreover, a detailed explanation of each treatment’s status and justification of the results

will be presented in chapter 5, which will thoroughly explain all the findings of the study.

24
 Chapter 4

Presentation and Analysis of Data

Data Description

In this chapter, the researchers aim to know which type of water is best for growing

lettuce in a hydroponics system. The study was carried out by conducting an experiment and

gathering data through observation. Data analysis was done using an experimental set-up that

included five treatments and a control group of water with nutrient solution. All the setup was

filled with 7 liters of each water type. The whole experiment took two weeks to complete. The

growth of the plants was measured for exactly seventeen days starting 11 April 2022 to 28 April

2022. The height of the plants and the number of the leaves were measured to indicate any

difference in growth from week 1 to week 2. The results showed that hydroponic-planted

treatments grew quicker than standard soil-planted treatments. Due to the limitations encountered

during this study, the lettuce did not complete its full growing cycle. Over two weeks, the

lettuce's growth in these treatments was measured and observed using an observation sheet. The

data gathered are tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted by the researchers, as seen below:

25
Table 1 (Raw data gathered from weekly observation)

26
 I. Control Group

a. Tap with Nutrients

Figure 2.1 (Bar Graph - Height of the Plant) Figure 2.2 (Bar Graph - Number of Leaves)

The Figure 2.1 shows that in the first week, the cup # 2 has the higher height measuring

10.24 with 5 leaves followed by the cup # 1 measuring 9.97cm also having 5 leaves.

Figure 2.3 (Bell graph representation of the descriptive statistics)

Limitations such as lack of construction resources affected the outcome of the treatment,

resulting in poor condition of the plant which ultimately led to its death. The results gathered

from this treatment may be deemed unfeasible as it lacks detailed information needed in the

study.

27
 II. Experimental Group

Alkaline Water

Figure 3.1 (Bar graph - Height of the Plant) Figure 3.2 (Bar graph - Number of Leaves)

Figure 3.1 shows that in week 1, cup 1 has the highest height of the plant, measuring 2.62

cm having 5 leaves, followed by cup 2 with a height of 0.98 obtaining the least height and it has

5 leaves. Bothe cups have the same number of leaves.

In week 2, cup 2 also has the tallest height of the plant, which is 10.12 cm and 4 leaves,

followed by cup 1 with a height of 8.66 cm and it has 4 leaves. Both cups have the same number

of leaves, which is 6.

Figure 3.3 (Bell Graph: Week 1) Figure 3.4 (Bell Graph : Week 2)

28
Tap Water

Figure 4.1 (Bar graph - Height of the Plant) Figure 4.2 (Bar graph - Number of Leaves)\

The Figure 4.1 shows that in week 1, cup # 3 has the highest plant height, measuring 2.6

cm and having 4 leaves, followed by cup # 1 with a height of 2.1 cm and 3 leaves, and cup # 2

with a height of 1.9 cm and 5 leaves.

In week 2, cup # 2 has the tallest plant, with a height of 4.97 cm and 5 leaves, followed by

cup # 3, with a height of 4.92 cm and 5 leaves, and lastly, cup # 1, with a height of 4.51 cm and

has the most leaves, which is 6.

Figure 4.3 (Bell Graph: Week 1) Figure 4.4 (Bell Graph : Week 2)

29
Mineral Water

Figure 5.1 (Bar graph - Height of the Plant) Figure 5.2 (Bar graph - Number of Leaves)

The table shows that in week 1, cup # 2 has the highest height of plant, which is 3.82 cm,

followed by cup # 3 (3.42cm) and cup # 1 (2.72cm) obtaining the least height. However, when it

comes to the number of leaves, cup # 1 has more leaves compared to cups # 2 and # 3.

In week 2, cup # 2 also has the highest height of plant, which is 15.38cm, followed by cup

# 3, 13.72cm, and cup # 1, 13.71 cm. Among the 3 cups, cup # 1 has a leaf number of 7, which is

the highest. Cups #2 and #3 have the same number of leaves, which is 6.

Figure 5.2 (Bell Graph : Week 1) Figure 5.3 (Bell Graph : Week 2)

30
Distilled Water

Figure 6.1 (Bar graph - Height of the Plant) Figure 6.1 (Bar graph - Number of Leaves)

The table shows that cup # 3 had the largest plant height in week 1, measuring 1.97 cm

and having 4 leaves, followed by cup # 1 with a height of 1.89 cm and 3 leaves, and cup # 2 with

a height of 1.84 cm and 3 leaves.

In week 2, cup # 3 has the highest height of plant, which is 7.19 cm, followed by cup # 2

(6.27cm) and cup # 1 (6.95cm) obtaining the least height. All cups (#1, 2, 3) have the same leaf

number.

Figure 6.2 (Bell Graph: Week 1) Figure 6.3 (Bell Graph : Week 2)

31
Tap with Sugar

In this treatment, no data were recorded since the growth of the plants were not

successful due to the chemical reaction of the sugar and a certain reactant on the loam soil, which

resulted in the process of fermentation.

When added to the water source, sugar affects the ability of plants to absorb water. Plants

employ photosynthesis to produce the nutrients they require, and adding sugar when the plants

are already doing well on their own, will only cause the roots to reject the sugar, the water will

stay in the soil and no water in the plant, causing the plants to wilt and eventually, die.

In connection to the study, the roots of the lettuce present in this treatment did reject the

properties of sugar, which activated the chemical process of fermentation. Researchers have also

observed a foul odor on the quality of the water, therefore may be deemed as ineffective for

further gathering of data.

32
Height of the Plant

Figure 7 (Descriptive Statistics: Height of the Plant)

The graph shows the average height of the plant of four different types of water present in

the study, comparing the different measurements per week as recorded by the researchers

through weekly observation. It is shown that in week 1, Mineral water has the highest average

height of the plant, while Distilled Water only had 1.3. However on week 2, tap water has the

lowest average among the four treatments, while Mineral Water averaging 14.13 which has the

highest average height of the plant.

It shows that the Mineral Water has the constant growth of all the four treatments, with

76% improvement from week 1 to week 2. Moreover, tap water has the least shown growth

throughout the duration of gathering of the data, with only 54% improvement from its week 1

state to week 2.

33
Number of Leaves

Figure 8 (Descriptive Statistics: Number of Leaves)

In this graph, it shows the average number of leaves of the four dependent variables

involved in the study. As shown on the figure 8, the week 1 comparison of each treatment tells

that Mineral Water (10.33) has the highest average number of leaves followed by the Tap Water

(7.5), then, Distilled Water (6.23), and lastly Alkaline water (5) which has the lowest average

among the four treatments. Similarly, in week 2, Mineral water also has the highest average

number of leaves compared to the two treatments, which are the Distilled Water and Alkaline

Water averaging only to 4 leaves.

The comparison of the four treatments shows that Mineral has the constant measurement

among the four treatments mentioned, with 26% difference to the second highest average

measurements which is the Tap Water. Additionally, the Distilled Water shows the lowest

average which is only 5 for the first week and decreased to 4 in the last week of data gathering.

34
Discussion

They studied the effects of high alkalinity in plants in a study by Cox, D.A (1995). They

discover that high-alkalinity water has the greatest impact on plant nutrition and growing

medium fertility.

The researchers discovered that alkaline water does not help considerably to lettuce

development since it is unconducive and does not match the plant's requirements in hydroponics

after conducting multiple tests and observations.

Distilled

The researchers found out that using distilled water in growing lettuces is less effective as

the other type of water in growing lettuces. As presented on the chart, the usage of distilled water

in growing lettuces is effective but not as effective as the other types of water. With that, distilled

water cannot serve as an alternate way of using this type of water in production of lettuces. The

plants’ height and the growth of leaves grew in proportion with each other.

Tap

The data in the table indicates that, despite the fact that the plants' height isn't particularly

high, and the number of leaves grew inconsistently, the plant's considerable growth in tap water

has been seen and demonstrated. In comparison to the first week, the plants' height increased

only 2-3 times and the leaves' growth only increased 1-3 times in the second week. This could

imply that tap water cannot greatly contribute to the growth of lettuce in hydroponics. In a study

by Palesco & Alagao (2015), they conducted a study that focuses on the comparison of the

growth lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using tap water and desalinated seawater. After conducting

35
several tests and observations, the researchers discovered that tap water does not contribute

significantly to lettuce development since tap water is unconducive and does not meet the plant's

requirements in hydroponics.

Mineral

The data in the table shows that although the number of leaves increased slightly by one,

significant growth of the plant in mineral water has been observed. The plant height increased by

4–5 times in the second week compared to the first week. This could imply that mineral water

can greatly contribute to the growth of lettuce in hydroponics. In a study by Johnson (2017), the

amount of mineral content in water is said to significantly affect plant growth. In this case, the

sudden increase in the height of lettuce plants.

Alkaline

The data in the table shows that there was a significant growth of plants in alkaline water,

but the number of leaves in both cups decreased by one. The plants’ height increased for about 9-

10 times (first cup) within the two weeks, while the other cup increased for about 3-4 times. This

sample size indicates that alkaline water can help the growth of lettuce in a hydroponic type of

planting system. Though according to a study by Cox, D.A (1995), which states that alkaline

water does not help considerably to lettuce development since it is unconducive and does not

match the plant's requirements in hydroponics and another study by the Center for Agriculture,

Food, and the Environment (2019) which mentioned that high alkalinity water can alter the pH of

the growing media, obstructing nutrient uptake and resulting in nutritional deficiencies that

jeopardize plant life, the data gathered showed opposite results. Due to the limitations that the

36
researchers had to work with, such as poor construction, rainwater entered the alkaline water set-

up and the level of alkalinity was altered thus, affecting the lettuce’s growth present in the said

treatment.

Re-Conceptualized Framework

Figure 9

The researchers have made some changes to the conceptual framework as shown on

Figure 1, removing some variables such as Living or Dead, Fresh or Dry, and Color of Leaves

that are not necessary for the study. The researchers have decided not to include the two

variables as they will not significantly affect the results, focusing only on the two dependent

variables that can contribute to the outcome of the study.

37
 Chapter 5

Conclusions and Recommendation

Summary of Findings

Based on the results of the study, a hydroponic system is a sustainable and innovative

alternative to the inevitable resource scarcity that the field of agriculture will face in the future.

However, due to the research’s limitations, the claim was not proven enough. But, with complete

and proper construction, the researchers believe that it could greatly impact and promote soil-less

planting.

The weekly observations from the various treatments revealed that the height of the plant

and the number of leaves vary significantly depending on the type of water it has been

submerged in. Mineral water has exhibited some major distinctions among the other water kinds,

with a 76 % improvement compared to just 54% of tap water, which is deemed to have the least

plant growth during the period of the trial.

Lettuce planted on mineral water exhibited substantial development in terms of height

and number of leaves, hence the most suitable water type for the growth of lettuce in a

hydroponic set-up.

Conclusions

This research looked into a cost-effective alternative planting system called the

hydroponic system, as well as which sort of water is optimal for growing plants in such a system.

By sowing lettuce plants in each treatment, the quantitative develospmental design technique

was utilized to analyze and compare a control group of tap with nutrients and an experimental

38
group of different types of water accessible, namely: tap, alkaline, mineral, distilled, and tap with

sugar.

After the analysis of data, final results showed that mineral water is the best suitable

water type for growing lettuce in a hydroponic system. Mineral water has components such as

sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and is high in calcium carbonate which helps the plant to

grow faster and have greater root mass. These elements affected the growth of lettuce in mineral

water and were a big part as to why the researchers deemed the mineral water as the best type of

water suitable for a hydroponic system. Firstly, calcium, an element essential for the formation

of plant tissues and for the improvement of plant growth, is crucial for keeping plant cell walls

together. It is also important for activating enzymes and sending signals that coordinate cellular

functions. Mineral waters were found to have greater calcium contents, with an average calcium

concentration of 208 mg/L. Secondly, magnesium is needed for leaves to get their green color;

without it, the pigment which gives the green color to plants, called “chlorophyll,” cannot apprehend

solar energy that is required for the photosynthesis process. It also has an average magnesium

concentration of 20.3 mg/L. Lastly, sodium, one of the primary components found in Mineral Water

which comprises 240 mg/L, helps the lettuce to be crispier and a more defined darker tone on its

leaves as the plant was exposed to a high salinity level of water.

Recommendations

Based on the study completed during this experiment and the prior conclusions, the

following recommendations are suggested:

39
• Budget - In comparison to soil-based planting, hydroponics produces more since plants

have more direct access to nutrients, however it is more expensive and involves the use of

technology. Therefore, the researchers recommend to the future investigators to have a

more balanced budget. With this, they can attain a better outcome of the same study.

• Construction - Better construction could have been done if the researchers had enough

and better materials to be used during the study. The materials used by the researchers in

building the set-up were subpar as they did not have much supply of necessaries.

• Implementation - The hydroponics method is recommended by the researchers because

it is more direct – as plants have more access to nutrients. Thus, implementing such a

system produces better quality crops.

• Precision - Correct information and accurate knowledge about the different types of

lettuce could greatly impact the study. As it would be an advantage if the future

researchers know what type of lettuce, they are planting.

• Time Frame - Since the researchers only had a limited amount of time to conduct the

experiment, the results were unexpected. Future researchers should allow adequate time

for the lettuce to complete its whole growth cycle in order to come up with the best

results.

• Water Varieties - To find out more accurate results, the researchers recommend having

as many varieties of water to be examined, so that there may be a wider range of

knowledge learned after the study has been done. The more water varieties to be tested,

the broader information would be absorbed.

40
 The experiment may be redone on a broader scale in the future, which will aid in

determining whether the hydroponic system can match the current and future market demand.

Taking into account several elements such as the potting medium and solution type will aid in

the larger-scale implementation of the experiment. In addition, the experiment's timeframe

should be extended since additional developments may emerge after some time. The kind of

water to be utilized is also an essential factor to consider. Only five different types of water were

studied in this experiment. However, the experiment might be replicated with a wider range of

types to determine if the results can be applied to a broader range of situations.

41
 Bibliography

Ahmed, Z. F., Alnuaimi, A. K., Askri, A., & Tzortzakis, N. (2021). Evaluation of Lettuce

(Lactuca sativa L.) production under hydroponic system: Nutrient solution derived from

fish waste vs. Inorganic nutrient solution. Horticulturae, 7(9), 292.

Carvalho, R. D. S. C., Bastos, R. G., & Souza, C. F. (2018). Influence of the use of wastewater

on nutrient absorption and production of lettuce grown in a hydroponic

system.Agricultural Water Management, 203, 311-321.

Cox, D. (n.d.). Greenhouse & Floriculture: Water Quality: pH and Alkalinity | Center for

Agriculture, Food, and the Environment at UMass Amherst. UMass Extension. Retrieved

May 10, 2022, from https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/fact-sheets/water-

quality-ph-alkalinity

Hydroponics: The power of water to grow food - Science in the News. (2019, September 26).

Science In The News, Harvard University. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/hydroponics-the-power-of-water-to-grow-food/

King, M. J., & King, M. A. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,544,207. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and

Trademark Office.

Landayan, M. J. C. P. (2018, March). Effectiveness of Compact Hydroponic System in Outdoor

Gardening. In Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Conference

Proceedings (Vol. 2, No. 1).

Maucieri, C., Nicoletto, C., Junge, R., Schmautz, Z., Sambo, P., & Borin, M. (2018). Hydroponic

systems and water management in aquaponics: a review. Italian Journal of Agronomy,

13(1), 1-11.

42
Pascual, C. M., Balizon, W. D., Caraang, J. M., Castro, L. A., Ganda, M. O., & dela Cruz, S. N.

(2009). Quantifying the impacts of water environment and conservation for sustainability

in Northern Philippines. Southeast Asian Water Environment 3, 3.

Pelesco, V. A., & Alagao, F. B. (2015). The Use of Desalinated Seawater from a Solar Still

Favors the Growth and Yield of Lactuca sativa L. in a Hydroponics System. Journal of

Society and Technology, 5(1), 48-55.

Pelesco, V. A., & Bentor Jr, M. A. (2016). Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., asteraceae)

Production in a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System Under the Climatic Condition of

Biliran, Philippines: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Society and Technology,

3(1), 1-7.

Sapkota, S., Sapkota, S., & Liu, Z. (2019). Effects of nutrient composition and lettuce cultivar on

crop production in hydroponic culture. Horticulturae, 5(4), 72.

Venter, G. (2017). Different types of hydroponic systems: Farming for tomorrow. Farmer’s

Weekly, 2017(17009), 26-27.

Water Quality for Crop Production | Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. (n.d.).

UMass Extension. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-

floriculture/greenhouse-best-management-practices-bmp-manual/water-quality-for-crop

Yasay, J. J. R. (2021, May). An Overview of Smart Farming ProductionTechnology for the

Advancement of Home-grown Farmers in the Philippines. International Journal of

Research and Review, 8(5), 35. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210539

43
 Appendices

Week 1 observation form

Week 2 Observation Form

44
Pre- Construction of Set-up (March 7) Post-Construction of Set-up (March 7)

Week 1 (Sprouting Stage) Week 2 (Sprouting Stage)

Week 3 (Seedling Stage)

45
 Week 1 Observation (Tap Water) Week 1 Observation (Mineral Water)

Week 1 Observation (Distilled Water) Week 1 Observation (Alkaline Water)

46
Week 1 Observation (Tap with Nutrients Water) Week 1 Observation (Tap with Sugar Water)

Week 2 Observation (Tap Water) Week 2 Observation (Mineral Water)

47
Week 2 Observation (Distilled Water) Week 2 Observation (Alkaline Water)

48
 Curriculum Vitae

ABALOS, RUDERICK ALICER

Lower Cabatangan Purok 4,
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09954326980
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” ― Aristotle

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: August 22, 2004

Place of Birth: Pasonanca, Zamboanga City
Age: 17
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’6
Weight: 55kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2010-2016)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

49
MASDAL, YURI GIBRAIL CALDERON
13th Lustre Street, Sta. Catalina,
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09269881064
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Obstacles don’t have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don’t turn around and give up.
Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it.” – Michael Jordan

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: December 28, 2002

Place of Birth: Zamboanga City Doctor’s Hospital
Age: 19
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’8
Weight: 56kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2010-2016)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

50
PANGANIBAN, RONALD JR.
Camino Nuevo Governor B Alvarez Street,
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09277638269
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Every good input, makes a great outcome”

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: November 24, 2003

Place of Birth: Ciudad Medical de Zamboanga
Age: 18
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Height: 5'6
Weight: 60 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2010-2016)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

51
SALGADO, ANNIE MAE
Lobregat Village, Barangay Calarian
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09150754510
[email protected]

MOTTO:

"Be who you needed when you were younger."

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: February 14, 2004

Place of Birth: Lobregat Vill., Brgy. Calarian, ZC.
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5'6
Weight: 62 kgs

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2010-2016)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

52
SAMSON, AIRA KRISTINE JANE T.
Sto. Niño Plaza, Tumaga
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09759519565
[email protected]

MOTTO:

"You will face many defeats in life, but never let yourself be defeated." - Maya Angelou

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: December 25, 2003

Place of Birth: Zamboanga City
Age: 18
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5'6
Weight: 51 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Maria Clara Lorenzo Lobregat National High School
MCLL Highway Divisoria, Zamboanga City

Primary
Catalina Vida. De Jalon Memorial School
Tumaga, Zamboanga City

53
SAPPARI, ALFAISAL M.
Zone 6, Mercedes,
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09350823988
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Don't let yesterday use up too much of today.”

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: September 29, 2003

Place of Birth: Huraymala, Riyadh, K.S.A.
Age: 18
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Height: 5'5
Weight: 65 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Mulu-Muluan Elementary School
Zone 6, Mercedes, Zamboanga City

54
WAGAS, NURBEN CONDESA
Barangay Upper & Lower Cabatangan
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines
Mobile # 09672759790
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Those who know, do. Those that understand, teach.” ― Aristotle

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: June 01, 2004

Place of Birth: Puerto Princesa, Palawan
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Islam
Height: 5'5
Weight: 69 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Pilar College of Zamboanga City (2016-2022)
R.T. Lim Boulevard, Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga City

Primary
Barangay Upper Cabatangan Central School, Zamboanga City
Zion Evangelical School Zamboanga City
Sta. Maria Central School, Zamboanga City

55
VALLEJO, JHOANNA RAZZELLE DOMINGO
Purok 4 Labuan,
Zamboanga City, 7000
Philippines,
Mobile # 09067593842
[email protected]

MOTTO:

“Success is not final; failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.”–
Winston Churchill

PERSONAL DATA:

Date of Birth: June 16, 2004

Place of Birth: Zamboanga City Medical Center
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’4
Weight: 48kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Ramon Enriquez High School
Labuan, Zamboanga City
(2016-2020)

Primary
Labuan Central School
Labuan, Zamboanga City
(2010-2016)

56