Science

Grade 10
Job S. Zape, Jr.
PIVOT 4A Instructional Design & Development Lead

Owen Agustin Peña

Content Creator & Writer

Jhonathan S. Cadavido
Internal Reviewer & Editor

Lhovie A. Cauilan & Jael Faith T. Ledesma Layout Artist &

Illustrator

Jhucel A. del Rosario & Melanie Mae N. Moreno Graphic Artist &
Cover Designer

Ephraim L. Gibas IT &

Logistics

Crist John Pastor, Philippine Normal University

External Reviewer & Language Editor

Published by: Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Regional Director: Wilfredo E. Cabral
Assistant Regional Director: Ruth L. Fuentes
 WEEK
5
The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Living
things and the Environment
Lesson
I
Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum include radio waves, microwaves, infrared,
visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and Gamma rays in order of decreasing
wavelength.

The waves in the various regions in the EM spectrum share similar properties but
differ in wavelength, frequency, energy and method of production.

Study the activity. Follow the procedure before answering the questions.

Match the EM radiation in Column A with its application/uses in Column B.

EM Wave Application

1. Radio waves a. sterilization, fluorescence

2. Microwaves b. medical use, engineering applications

3. Infrared waves c. medical treatment

4. Visible light d. artificial lighting, optical fibers in medical uses

5. Ultraviolet e. remote control, household electrical appliances

6. X-rays f. satellite television and communication

7. Gamma Rays g. radio and television communication

D
Learning Task 1: Read and analyze the various effects of electromagnetic radiation
in the environment and other living things. Then, answer the questions that follow.

Electromagnetic Radiation: Environmental Indicators in Our

Surroundings
All living tissues have magnetic properties that are affected to some extent by
the existence of electromagnetic radiation in the environment. Therefore all living
creatures including plants, microbes, animals and humans are environmental
indicators of exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is the process through
which energy travels in the form of waves or particles through space or some other
medium. Electromagnetic radiation is the propagation of waves that have an electric
(E) and a magnetic (H) field component. Biological cell proliferation and
differentiation can be affected by both AC and DC magnetic fields.
 Radiofrequency and microwave wavelengths can be made to carry information
via amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation, such as data from television,
mobile phones, wireless networking and amateur radio.

Chromosomal damage is a mechanism relevant to causation of birth defects

and cancer. Long-term continuous or daily repeated EMF exposure has been found
to induce cellular stress responses at non-thermal power levels that lead to an
accumulation of DNA errors.
Comparative studies in animals that rely on electromagnetic orientation
provide valuable information. The effects of electromagnetic radiation on plants and
animal life include the diminished radial growth of pine trees, lowered density of
bird species and mammals, such as storks, sparrows and bats, effects on bees,
effects on magnetic-based homing mechanisms of birds, and many other effects.
Plants and animals can be monitored as environmental indicators to assess the
effects of electromagnetic radiation.
Adapted from: Environmental Indicators by: Yael Stein and Osmo Hänninen, 2014

1.Can living things serve as an indicator of exposure to electromagnetic radiation? Why?

2. Explain the process of electromagnetic radiation.
3. Based on the article, what are some of the advantages that can be given by radio
frequency and microwaves?
4. How about the disadvantages or the negative effects of EM radiation? Cite some
examples.
5. As a conclusion, explain whether EM radiation is beneficial or harmful to the
environment and the living things. Support your idea by giving some points.

E
Learning Task 2: Read and answer the given questions after the article.

Benefits and Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves, Telecommunications,

Physical and Biomedical: A Review
S. Batool, A. Bibi, F. Frezza, F. Mangini

Electromagnetic Radiations

Radiations consist of both electric and magnetic fields. They are coming from natural
and manmade resources. EMR is present in some scenario of everyone’s life. Some
of the most common sources of electromagnetic fields that everybody experiences
are the solar radiation, the electric current that supplies household (Mobile Phone,
Television set, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Computer, etc.) and antennas for
telecommunications. Artificial resources are used to generate high-level
electromagnetic radiations which may be typically found in medical devices such as
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), laser lithotripsy, X-ray Computed Tomography
(CT), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) etc. In a residential environment, the diffusion of the induction
cooktop, hairdryers, cordless phones, modems, routers, appliances, alarm system,
etc. increases the possibility of domestic exposure to magnetic fields. Nevertheless,
electromagnetic fields can also be used for the treatment of different diseases (e.g.,
cancer, kidney stones, gallstones, brain, liver etc.) The practicality of above-
described technologies is due to the range of frequencies decreasing from ultra-high
frequencies to extra low frequencies available in the electromagnetic spectrum. This
EMR spectrum includes ionizing and non-ionizing radiations.
The health problems due to long-term effects of EMR from
telecommunication and biomedical devices have been addressed among the people
all over the world. The organizations like World Health Organization (WHO), Federal
Communication Commission (FCC), and International Commission on Non -
Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have recommended some safety guidelines
for the protection of all living beings.

Rubric for Campaign Material

INDICATORS

4 3 2 1
Above Expectations Meets Expectations Approaching Expectations Below Expectations
CRITERIA

Content The material showcases The material showcases The material showcases The material showcases
clear information about clear information about the quite clear information
clear information about
the effects of one type of effects of one type of EM about the effects of one
the effects of two types
EM wave which persuades wave which quite persuades type of EM wave.
of EM wave which
the reader/audience to the reader/audience to
persuades the reader/
observe precautions when observe precautions when
audience to observe
dealing with those. dealing with those.
precautions when
dealing with those.

Creativity
The pictures and All but 1 of the All but 2 of the More than 2 of
captions reflect an pictures and pictures and the pictures and
exceptional degree of captions reflect an captions reflect an captions reflect
student creativity. exceptional degree exceptional degree little degree of
There is great of student of student student
attention to detail. creativity. creativity. creativity.

Campaign material is easy Campaign material is hard Campaign material is

Campaign material is to read and most elements to read with few illustrations hard to read and
Clarity and easy to read and all understand.
are clearly written, labeled, and labels
Neatness elements are so clearly and illustrated.
written, labeled, and
illustrated.

Originality Campaign material has Campaign material has

Campaign material has focused on the effect a focused on a type of EM Campaign material has
focused on the effect a type of EM wave that is wave that some of the focused on a type of EM
type of EM wave that is timely. learners are aware of. wave that is very
rarely known by the common to the
learners. learners.
 In the present review, we have examined several research papers, on living
beings like rats, cows, plants, and humans etc. By experimental strategies it was
identified that long-term effects of EMR can possibly cause different diseases in a
living being. Even if all those people are attentive to the long-term effects of EMR
hazard, they may not have the other option to move away from it, if the cell phone,
TV and FM tower
are installed
near their
houses, schools,
public
transports, and
hospitals etc.
But the matter is
controversial.

Meanwhile, EMR has many advantages in biomedical and telecommunication

technologies. So, it is impossible for us to stop using these radiations. However,
researchers will try to find out the possible solutions, which may be expensive. But
we will easily reduce the health risk in all living being like humans, animals, and
birds.

A
Learning Task 3: Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False. Write your
answers in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful.
2. Gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer)
and cell death.
3. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is found naturally in sunlight.
4. X-rays can’t damage cells in the body.
5. Microwave radiation is absorbed by water molecules, so it can be used for
cooking.
 Qualitative Characteristics (Orientation, Type, and
Magnification) of Images Formed by Mirrors
WEEK
Lesson
6 I
In the previous lesson, you have learned about electromagnetic spectrum. You
gained an understanding of the different electromagnetic waves and their
applications of the different regions, effects of it on living things and the
environment.
This time, you will learn and predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation,
type, and magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors.
What can you see when you look at a mirror, or a polished metal or a still pool of
water? You can see your image. Why? These objects are image reflecting objects. A
mirror is a smooth reflecting surface, usually made of polished metal or glass that
has been coated with metallic substances. There are two types of mirrors: a plane
mirror and a curved mirror.

Reflection is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane
mirror. In the activity, you used plane mirrors and located the object distance, p
and the image distance, q and found out that p is equal to q. In plane mirrors, the
image appears as if it is behind the mirror but actually not, so the image is virtual.
The value therefore of image distance, q is negative.
The height of the image, h’ in plane mirrors is always the same as the height of the
object, thus its magnification, M is 1.
However, here are some important terms which you need to understand
first.
Incident Ray. The ray of light approaching the
mirror represented by an arrow approaching an optical
element like mirrors.
Reflected Ray. The ray of light which leaves the
mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing away from
the mirror.
Normal Line. An imaginary line (labeled N in Figure 3)
that can be drawn perpendicular to the

Types of Reflection:
1. Specular/ Regular Reflection. This is a reflection of light on smooth surfaces
such as mirrors or a calm body of water. An example of this is the image of the
Mayon volcano on a calm water shown in Figure 1b.

Figure 1 (a) Figure 1 (b)

Figure 1 shows Specular Reflection. (a) Parallel light rays reflect in one direction (b)
Mayon Volcano and its reflection on calm water.
2. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. This is a reflection of light on rough surfaces such
as clothing, paper, wavy water, and the asphalt roadway. An example of this is the
image of a mountain on a wavy body of water as shown in Figure 2b.

Figure 2 (a) Figure 2 (b)

Figure 2 shows Diffused Reflection. (a) Parallel light rays reflect in different
directions. (b) A mountain and its reflection on wavy water .
A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of sphere.
There are two kinds of curved mirrors, the concave and the convex mirrors. A
spoon is a kind of a curved mirror with both concave and convex surfaces.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:
1. The Concave Mirror
• It is a curved mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges away from the

• It is called Converging Mirror because

the parallel incident rays converge or
meet/intersect at a focal point after
reflection.
Figure 3. Parallel rays converge after
reflection on a concave mirror

2. The Convex Mirror

• It is a curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light source.
• It is called Diverging Mirror because the
parallel incident rays diverge after reflection.
When extending the reflected rays behind the
mirror, the rays converge at the focus behind
the mirror.

Figure 4: Parallel light rays diverge after

reflection on a convex mirror

light source.
 Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Guidelines for Ray Diagramming on the Concave and Convex Mirrors
1. When a ray strikes concave or convex mirrors obliquely at its pole, it is
reflected obliquely.
2. When a ray, parallel to principal axis strikes concave or convex mirrors,
the reflected ray passes through the focus on the principal axis.
3. When a ray, passing through focus strikes concave or convex mirrors, the
reflected ray will pass parallel to the principal axis.
4. A ray passing through the center of curvature of the spherical mirror will
retrace its path after reflection.
Image Formation by Concave Mirror

By changing the position of the object from the concave mirror, different types of
images can be formed. Different types of images are formed when the object is
placed:
 1. At the infinity
2. Beyond the center of curvature
3. At the center of curvature
4. Between the center of curvature and principal focus
5. At the principal focus
6. Between the principal focus and pole

Concave Mirror Ray Diagram

Concave Mirror Ray Diagram lets us
understand that, when an object is placed at
infinity, a real image is formed at the focus.
The size of the image is much smaller
compared to that of the object.

When an object is placed behind the

center of curvature, a real image is formed
between the center of curvature and focus.
The size of the image is smaller than
compared to that of the object.

When an object is placed at the center of

curvature and focus, the real image is
formed at the center of curvature. The size of
the image is the same as compared to that of
the object.

When an object is placed in between the

center of curvature and focus, the real image is
formed behind the center of curvature. The
size of the image is smaller than compared to
that of the object.

When an object is placed at the focus, the

real image is formed at infinity. The size of
the image is much larger than compared to
that of the object.

When an object is placed in between focus and

pole, a virtual and erect image is formed. The size of
the image is larger than compared to that of the ob-
ject.
 Image Formation By Convex Mirror
The image formed in a convex mirror is
always virtual and erect, whatever be the position
of the object. In this section, let us look at the
types of images formed by a convex mirror.
When an object is placed at infinity, a virtual
image is formed at the focus. The size of the
image is much smaller than compared to that of
the object.
When an object is placed at a finite distance
from the mirror, a virtual image is formed
between the pole and the focus of the convex
mirror. The size of the image is smaller than
compared to that of the object.

D
Learning Task 1: Image in a Plane Mirror
1. Stand in front of a plane mirror. Is your image exactly the same in size as you
are? Where is it apparently found?
2. Raise your left hand. What hand does your image raise?
3. Is your image erect or inverted? Is it real or virtual?

(A real image is an inverted image; a virtual

image is an erect image.)

Learning Task 2: Mirror Left-Right Reversal

Using the following, alphabet chart written in a piece of paper and a plane mirror,
do the following:
1. Place the alphabet chart in front of the plane mirror. Identify all capital letters
in the alphabet that can be read properly in front of the mirror.
2. Write at least 3 words (all in capital letters) that can be read properly both with
a mirror and without a mirror in front of it.

Questions:
1. What are the letters of the alphabet (in capital) that can be read properly in front
of a mirror?
2. Think of words (in capital letters) that can be read properly both with a mirror
and without a mirror. What are these words?
3. Write the sentence below on a clear sheet of paper in such a way that it can be
read properly in front of a mirror:
Honesty is the best policy.

Learning Task 3: Image in spherical mirrors

1. Get a shiny metallic spoon. This can serve as your mirror.

2. Look at the concave (inside part) surface of the spoon. Place the mirror very near
your face. Describe your image.
3. Bring the spoon an arm length distance away from you. Describe your image.
4. Look now at the convex (outside part) surface of the spoon. Observe your image
as you bring the spoon farther from you. Describe your image.

E
Learning Task 4: Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Look at the picture at the right.
2. What is in the picture?
3. Why is it that the word AMBULANCE is
written that way?

Learning Task 5: Complete the table below by following the

instructions. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Get a solid object (candle, pencil, pen, notebook, etc.) and a plane mirror.
2. Put the object in front of a mirror.
3. Observe the image formed by the object in the mirror.

Qualitative Description of Image Image

Location of Image (In front (same side of the object) or Behind)

Orientation of Image (Inverted or Upright)

Size of the Image (smaller, the same or bigger)

Type of Image (Real or Virtual)

Learning Task 6:

The differences between concave and convex mirrors are shown by the table below:
(Complete the table by giving the difference between the concave and convex mirror.)
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

Learning Task 7:

Complete the table using the information gathered from Learning Task 3. Do this in
a separate sheet of paper.
 Qualitative Description of Image Convex Mirror Concave Mirror
Location of Image (In front (same side of
the object) or Behind)

Orientation of Image (Inverted or Upright)

Size of the Image (smaller, the same or big-

ger)
Type of Image (Real or Virtual)

(*You can answer 2 or more if applicable.)

A
Learning Task 8: Tell what mirror is used in the following pictures: (Plane
mirror, Convex Mirror, Concave Mirror). Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper
1. 2.

3.
 Qualitative Characteristics (Orientation, Type, and
Magnification) of Images Formed by Lenses
WEEK Lesson
7 I
In the previous lesson, you explored about the qualitative characteristics of
images formed by mirrors both plane and curved mirrors. In this module, you now
learn about basic information about lenses and how they work? Just like in
mirrors, you will also explore the qualitative characteristics of images formed by
lenses.
Well the most apparent distinction between mirrors and lenses are: mirrors
reflect light rays (light bounces back) while light rays are refracted (pass -through)
through a lens. A mirror has only one focal point. A lens has two focal points each
on either side.
Concave Mirror Concave Lens

Figure 1: Basic diagram of a mirror (concave mirror) and lens (convex lens)

A lens works by refraction of light . Light rays bend as they pass through
the lens resulting to a change in direction. This means the rays seem to come
from a point that's closer or further away from where they actually originate and
that's what makes objects seen through a lens seem either bigger or smaller than
they really are.
Lenses are made of transparent substance like glass or plastic which can
bend light rays. Lenses are of two kinds:
a. Converging lens (convex) which is thicker at the middle than at the edge
converges light that passes through it at a particular point called the
focal point or the focus.
b. Diverging lens (concave) which is thicker at the edge than at the middle.

Figure 2: Lens Shapes

Characteristics of Optical Images Formed in Lenses

Lenses, just like curved mirrors can form images that are real or virtual. Real
images formed by lenses are inverted images that can be seen by projecting it on a
screen. While virtual images are upright images that are seen directly from
 Real image and Virtual image formed using lenses

Spherical lenses usually have two centers of curvature which are the
centers of the intersecting spheres which form the lens surfaces. The centers are
shown in Figure 3 as points C and C’.
In lenses, the focus is not midway between the lens and the center of
curvature as we found to be in spherical mirrors. Its position on the principal
axis depends on the index of refraction of the lens. With a double convex lens of
crown glass, the principal focus almost coincides with the centers of curvature,
thus the radius of curvature and the focal length are almost equal.

curvature and passes

through the optical center
3. Secondary ray, S – ray passing through
the optical center but not parallel to the

Figure 3

Image Formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagram

To graphically determine the position and characteristics of the image
formed in lenses, the ray diagram can be used.
Ray 1 or P -F ray is an incident ray parallel to the principal axis and is

Ray 2 or V ray is an incident ray

along the secondary axis which is not
appreciably refracted as it passes
through the optical center or the
Vertex of the lens.
Figure 4
1.Vertex, V – the optical center or geometric center of
the lens
2. Principal axis, P – line joining the centers of

principal axis
4. Focal length, f – the distance between the

focus and the optical center. refracted

through the focus.

 From the object, draw ray 1 (P-F ray). Then, from the same point on the object,
draw ray 2 (V ray). The intersection of the rays is the image point corresponding to
the object point. For example, if you started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-
shaped object, the intersection of the refracted ray is also the tip of the arrow-shaped
image.

Images formed are qualitatively described according to its location, orientation,

size and type.
A. Location – images may fall at points identified along the principal axis such as at
the focus F, at twice the focus 2F, between F and 2F, between F and vertex V, or
beyond 2F.
B. Orientation – images may be inverted or upright (erect).
C. Size – the relative size of the image compared to the object may be diminished
(reduced), enlarged, or same size.
D. Type – image formed by a lens that is on the same side as the object is a virtual
image while image formed on the other side is a real image.
 D
Learning Task 1: Identify if the given lens is converging or diverging.
1. 2. 3. 4.

Learning Task 2: Construct ray diagrams to locate and describe the image formed
by a thin lens at different positions of the object from the lens. Use red ink for ray
1, black ink for ray 2, and red ink for the image. Describe the image formed in
terms of LOST, L for location, O for orientation, S for size, and T for type.

Image at Different Positions of the Object from the Lens

Convex Lens
a. Image Formation in Concave Lens
b. Object is beyond twice the focal length (2F)

L = _______________ L = _______________
O = _______________ O = _______________
S = _______________ S = _______________
T = _______________ T = _______________

c. Object is at twice the focal length (2F) d. Object is between 2F and F

L = _______________ L = _______________
O = _______________ O = _______________
S = _______________ S = _______________
T = _______________ T = _______________
 f. Object is between the focus and the
e. Object is at the focus (F)
optical center

L = _______________
O = _______________ L = _______________
S = _______________ O = _______________
T = _______________ S = _______________
T = _______________

E
Learning Task 3: Complete the table with the information gathered from the ray
diagramming task you have completed. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

Location of Location of Type of Orientation of Size of

Object image Image image image
A. CONVEX LENS
At infinity
Far from 2F
At 2F
Between F & 2F
At F
Between vertex & F
B. CONCAVE
All locations

A
Learning Task 4: Complete the table below with the most appropriate answer.
Do this in a separate sheet of paper.
Location of Object Location of Kind of Orientation Size of
Image Image of Image Image
A. Convex Lens

Between F and lens virtual enlarged

Beyond 2F inverted
Beyond 2F real

B. Concave Lens

Anywhere upright
 Applications of Mirrors and Lenses in
WEEK
Optical Instruments
Lesson
8 I
In your previous lesson you have learned about the qualitative characteristics
of images formed by plane, curved mirrors and lenses. In this module you are
going to study the different ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses
determine their use in optical instruments.
When you look into a mirror, you see images of yourself and the objects nearby. If
the surface of the mirror is flat, the images look just like those in the real world
except with the right and left reversed. This type of mirrors is called plane mirror.
On the other hand, if the surface of the mirror is curved, the images can be larger
or smaller than life size, or even upside-down. This type of mirrors is called curved
mirrors. In general, mirrors are objects that are good at reflecting light waves.
Mirrors are part of our everyday life. We regularly use plane mirror in checking our
physical appearance every morning before we leave our homes. There are mirrors
found in our vehicles. While driving we use different-shaped mirrors to check on the
position of vehicles on the next lane.

Figure 1: Use of Mirrors in Vehicles

A type of curved mirrors called convex mirrors are used for safety and security
purposes suitable for outdoor and indoor use in shops to prevent theft. This type of
mirrors can also be placed in locations where vehicles are risks of conflicts from blind
corners and generally in places with limited visibility.

Figure 2: Curved Mirrors used for Safety and Security

Curved mirrors (concave) are used in optical instruments such as ophthalmoscope.

This instrument consists of a concave mirror with a hole in the center. The doctor
focuses through the small hole from behind the concave mirror while a light beam
is directed into the pupil of the patient’s eye. This makes the retina visible and
makes it easy for doctors to check.
 Figure 3: Doctor use the ophthalmoscope to check on the patient’s eye.

Lenses, however are also essential in our daily lives. We are able to see because
each of our eyes has a lens that produces an image. In fact, all optical devices are
part of our everyday life. Many people use eyeglasses while doing their activities.
Likewise, magnifying lenses, cameras, microscopes and telescopes are important
instruments used for specific purpose. Images are formed when using these devices
following the laws of reflection and refraction.
Just like how images are formed in our eyes, the
camera is also simple application of a lens. The
basic element of a camera is a double convex
lens that forms a real, upside down image on an
optical sensor usually a charge-coupled device
(CCD) in a digital camera. To focus a camera,
lens is moved either toward or away from the
optical sensor. The lens is moved toward the
CCD to focus on a distant object or away from
the CCD to focus on close objects. The distances
involved in moving the lens back and forth in a
camera are typically small.
Figure 4: Basic Elements of a Camera

Although a magnifying lens is a useful

instrument, higher magnification
and improved optical quality can be
obtained in using a microscope. The basic
optical elements of a microscope are the
object lens and the eye piece lens. The
objective lens is a converging lens with a
relatively short focal length that is placed
near the object to be viewed. It forms a real,
upside-down and enlarged image of the
object. To focus the microscope the precise
location of this image is adjusted by moving
the tube containing the eyepiece lens and the
objective lens up or down. The image formed
by the objective lens serves as the object of
the second lens
Figure 5: Image formation in a Microscope of the microscope which is the eye piece.

A refracting telescope is similar in many ways to a microscope. Both optical

instruments use two converging lenses to produce a magnified image of an object.
In the case of a microscope, the object is small and close at hand. However, in the
case of the telescope, the object is large but its apparent size can be very small
because of its great distance. The major difference between these instruments is
that the telescope must deal with an object that is essentially infinitely far away.
 A ray diagram is a representation of the possible paths a light can take to
get from one place to another. This is often from a source or object to an observer
or screen. In situations involving two or more lenses, the image formed from one of
its components can act as the object for another one. This is true in the case of a
refracting telescope.
A refracting telescope consist of two convex lenses that is used to enlarge
an image. The refracting telescope has a large primary lens with a long focal length
to gather a lot of light. The lenses of a refracting telescope share a focal point. This
ensures that parallel rays entering the telescope are again parallel when they
reach your eye.

Figure 6: Layout of lenses in a refracting telescope

Another type of telescopes use mirrors as well as lenses and are called
reflecting telescopes. A reflecting telescope uses a convex lens and two mirrors to
make an object appear bigger. The light is collected by the large concave mirror.
Then the parallel rays traveling toward this mirror are reflected and focused to
certain point. The secondary plane mirror is placed within the focal length of the
primary concave mirror. This changes the direction of the light. A final eyepiece
lens diverges the rays so that they are parallel when they reach your eye.

Figure 7: Layout of mirrors and lenses in a reflecting telescope

D
Learning Task 1: In terms of image formation, optical instruments follow that basic
principles of reflection and refraction. Study and analyze the names of the given
devices inside the box. Classify the optical devices based of the basic principle that
they obey in terms of image formation. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.
 Head lights Telescope Microscope
Shaving mirror Side mirror Camera
Magnifying lens Ophthalmoscope Eyeglasses

REFLECTION REFRACTION

An Optical Image is the apparent reproduction of an object, formed by a lens

or mirror system from reflected, refracted, or diffracted light waves. There are two
kinds of images, real and virtual. For real image the light rays actually are brought
to a focus at the image position, and the real image may be made visible on a screen
like a sheet of paper whereas a virtual image cannot.
Real images are those made by a camera lens on film or a projection lens on a
motion-picture screen. Virtual images are made by rays that do not actually come
from where the image seems to be for example the virtual image in a plane mirror is
at some distance behind the mirror.

Learning Task 2: Identify the type of optical image (Real or Virtual Image) formed
using the following optical instruments. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

_________________ 1. Image form in the optical sensor of the camera

_________________2. Eyepiece of a telescope
_________________3. Side mirror of a vehicle
_________________4. Vanity mirror
_________________5. Objective lens of a microscope
_________________6. Magnifying lens
_________________7. Contact lenses
_________________8. Eyeglasses
_________________9. Security mirror in a convenient store
________________10. Improvised Periscope

E
Learning Task 3: Applying what you learned about ray diagraming. Draw a labelled
ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Show the images formed by the two lenses.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
 A
Learning Task 4: Read and answer the following questions. Use illustrations to
further support your answers. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the different properties of light that apply to the image formation of
optical devices such as mirrors and lenses?

2. The process of how images are formed in a camera is similar to that of our
own eyes. What do you think is the difference between a camera and the
human eye in terms of the process of image formation?

3. Why do you think the primary or objective lens of a refracting telescope

should have a longer focal length?

4. What is the advantage of using a convex mirror as safety mirror placed on

blind corners or area with limited visibility?
5. What are the advantages of using optical instruments in our daily activities?
Share your own experiences.
WEEK 5
WEEK 6