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Ecology 3rd Semester

For BS Botany

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Mohib
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202 views38 pages

Ecology 3rd Semester

For BS Botany

Uploaded by

Mohib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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ai { Be 495 a Fanaa ton Ecole py : Tia ely ap — Ayation ts ebutritabiee , abradance ell Gud “tie Factars __uibuch effect _ the Population is oked — as Apalatiin —ecalyy ; oR as bs 4% Shucly of tte Processes “leat __ Bee “the elistribsction auc abuenclance ef armmnals aed Plaut; — Pypulatins is calleol a Ayla eciyg z te Pypalaton ecelegy * 8 ib — field ecelepy hat cleats wih _~ te dynames of Specs Pypuclations —__auuel__baa_~lese Papua brine — aeterict with ~le_enuttomeut . — aucl also “tte » Population eceloy is ae duly Y paw tte _Pypalaticn _Ugbs ef pecs change over ye tote aul Hace 1 Mace - + Pytuletin Sructare_- J Ue ce Pati hipe ae ee ; ——- 4 a a Spelt "Tia actual numberof individuals — "ay a Papulatrin is aleel as __Papubattn — Sige —4 on Fayest —, te olifferent. — Populations ts Preseai but ig toe abscess only about anual Papillatt ion than Ayelet oe mnt be hice hat k gy? Total Population = tooo ‘ | es tn _Papalaticn he 9 Lins 2 Sa - te Population. pe elephents 2 Jo _ete_ete- — Cait) Papalation Doni ao te mmbr of individuals Rr unit Ee ama stalled as Papalation _clensdy « 6p Total numberof tins —_ia—$0 Sauaje —02_ete- Wi) Distribution Pattren ++ : ee Ea a Ga Sia af — Populatioin | gS apie s-tnformation..about the number — 9 tndidtals Pov unc area Gut Hay Can't gies E 04 sagfoxmation about __amangment or a oléstributrén —— a indiridtab-_Frr___= a. dstributiin 04 inividaals. “in Ppllain lara x —a—_Three efferent _alsfrisehdnn — —_Pattrners ——_seslag be 000 $$ ii ——@)._ Uniform _Digribution = _ EE ny ina eesiere This _ Mine cstrlb tain 0¢etars ey nate ——— 1 — hai Heri — 9 — ois bbc — ae indistduals ame ofa. Popubasién ane eli eeyuad distance fram __one__ angler». aajiteshie seroma (8). Kandame —_ Disfrisution ey Mat dstribection Ahi Occurs iit natitre only lied “My tre drriluafy —_ © thdependent ui. “reyecd la area, ns | or. apace» =| Cc) Clumped —_ Dittrisation 4 Ws tend pitt bitin &ommon in nae In Leys hind 9 a dlistribatrin. tte inaitiduals om colonies at Place Place . 1 Pnnnals talons le Preys or j » Plank frye ete | Cv) Natalltty i (bite rate) Ue vate of bats fey und dim Calltd 8 vatalify. 96 date. techie _duel_‘ct__lepends "upon ~tha Lopaletioo clensity —arnol__envirewental factors» __94_ mereases. the — olensdy of a Populatin 4 (vi) —Tortabely i Ta rate cleat, Per _sunit the — {stall —— a _morfalih» Bull andl___death _watio _is Coblectiiely “called vital —_inclee "ued —~tp mortally mae direct, feed} te mes (uae) ye iractare is 4 a, aa Mypalatrin _"ihere__ are — itfereut- jeune of —tditidluals $0 oe age Straclare com be __clefentel a, F iceakete Prapaxtion af —tmevieluad, _in a di ffarent- op per of a _fapulatron__is_—talecl — 4-99 Sf ructine - _Cuiit Population. _Dizpersion i ‘ a smue mento ——tneeticluals in or ut ta habitat is Krawn ay Ppulaton clispertion- Ua. Population —_clispersion Shows Mat how many 07 (sag cam enter in a Ppulateon, —exit__fram—& Ppnclata aural ia frm 2 Populaton - x Ae edd ts “Dipescal te Sata _ox___dramtpost x Keds _oMmiag from ~ he. Pant Plant wr matue _Place Called 43. Seeds & clipextal + Planks _try__to- disperse te ___ Seeds _fn__orelex ta Proven wer —ttousdirs and ___fa__.Ceeate_a.__Dews —— cobomey 2 —new- Places. Seeds clspersal duh tanceo and. ——depasitvan Sites _elapendt> —an “lg movement or th. | —e Qe ee pe sechaniom 9 — shed — Dispersed k Fak a. stants hahaa clipe ———deme__ar., —H Bamchoyy aia peti ct hen la feedts —cluportal — accu de ete Jere 1 —radity 1h Caleel —as Sanechoyy « Cad Anemochoy é a la Seals dlaspersal 4 measg_ of wind is called ay amemachayy + 4 Cr) My dwachory M —— - whe a feeds _olspersal acca wih a help water t+ alltel as Hydrathany« Gad Zoochory iy _j Dispersal y Seeds due de animals ts__Called ay for ~ chery - oft has two tends: (a) Epigcochoy : whan “ln Seedt are attached _____. cutsicle 10 _~lhe animal batly Called a - Pigeachey —amel usualy Mh Kind 9 Steels have fairs ar pe for ettackerent __ 0 tha —__— anual body + —4 (79) Lndezuochoy te ad titen_-ltn feeds _are ingestecl — by — te anumale 16 Calle! a5 endapoachepy « and __wswally —Mhis ton. 2 Seach are hards— ectible amt mon ~ digestable qualities. 2 en (y) Oxnithochary ie —_—— ten _Seeols dispersal accu talb— “te help 9 — Bnd ___ is. tala a orailuscnoy Ww) Aayrmeochay ra a For am “abacot biany 5 alee Bh a Oe la Seeds alupercal owurn —4 side Un —_help 9 nats calted —malacochor a -- D(a” _Artlirapachor sts ~ fe the diyporsel 9 Seeds dus. fo Ue harman beugs és _Calleol as anillsrapachory . a= “Dormancy “ge a Panad —duarig, —luite Alar Steps “leas, faith — actwites Usual ead g Spores are —_Btels gala dere how use an Explain a Seed Clormany in detail. — Seed — Dorman: Period. loony edith prom formation 12 Caled sit tte heads are fravented. 5 a Ae Seed ame : Cau Bx _ eed —Darrmangy ca dl aa alias ses table hich stare 3. Seana Cc) Tmmarune — Eonbgye sally the. embyo 4 Tally developed [hile the Sead) before Abecteai team the Pant Plant. bal in.—fouus-—_Lages__. when the clevelepment- of ta embryo remans— incomplete ame tha Seeds Shedlael fuera fannt Plant, eu “there Seals romain dormant and __jfuhs do formate * i CO Hard — Seed Coat: TThsse — Plante taluile Seeds ccentam a hard eee! — oat, So. “Hheig hard Seed ___ceat __ Frevenh fermination because due _te__handrese 9 eect Coat _watey_Com enters in -le — Seeol ancl alto “la exclaype of » jes 1s also block» Cit) Lignt — Serie _ feeds : nad Those Seeds wilatee ts divallyeFPecked ty Met is call Olt Sentchie — beech. “Ban __0m__fao__fypen_9 Seeds a wile _— Teypact ta hylit Sensitive. i ca) Pitta. Photetrape feet: 4 Thase Agee bit — Sede uihtc__Yamaias dormant in dlark, 5 thule ——— ct ferminates sn __~ ta Prasene 9 —Cyat- @ AJegatue Photetrep: Seeds :. aos Those Light _eratitie Seeds wile remaint _claxmmant cs Uyit uct permarate_ tix otaytes —ae) Chibegy Rewucrement :- Some. lind 9 Seed reqnuteed. a chellng Aenymture to break a elormany —(d__ Grrowit____ inhibitors :- - dome keid 2 — Chemical can alsa causes Seeds cermany , and — ltuse clepneals cs call & — growtth_inbibéfor__and_“Mte._ nat __Commran grow inhibitor te fe Aogeisie Acid ~— (BA). (ees _g deeds Dorman i L Gane is 4a types a of i a___ feed. dormang * 7 —t) Primary feed Dormamy bE am tuhun “ta Seeds — Sheclecl tem a Parent Manna dlormant Stage then ls Mend 2. darmany sulted ne a _— ead. dormony : _ a) Secanday Seed pia ig r eden tte Leeds chee cloun fama trent Plant 4 men olormant Sage one After Come cloite __ofhtn sh ke dnyQveurable enviiomental, Codibins pase Seeds. . Stage —gey sid na. cloxmant E “ Seaanatagy al Haig —T “ncalod AAeleds 2 Breatary Seed clarmany Tie Seeds —_dormamy treats ‘ie nd aarteially —_ A nturaly ~ln Leeds. ~darrrangy 48 baeals, when pe _ferminaticn tabjbitone dre 723 — fess t__amaunt__¢r___ushen he Legal ——_ Coat becom weak due yo game _mecthancaf __ achromy._Aindl Aatigitally — —te Seeds _elormangy G___. break i ‘ 3 4 ploy a Joblowsmy sntliads.* 4 Seeol coat becomes _urak, edtier by Plysiil de ___ chemeal ‘treatments —Caltol ax Seaxification.- Phpeccelly ta. Scanficaton takes Place le subbing of _j hovd. Stel Coate _, cue v0 which a Cracks an formed — lu tase hand Reel Coats dua 40 wld, “tha Sead —— ® Coat becomes. Soft» z n i Anol _ehevncaly, — ~Ua Staviticaton fakes Hace 43, ta —— hard Seed Coat __Seeols__ave-_Put £4, SAlatis— for bome_Ahie—,—-dtse rhe Uttucls — tteiy —ce0al Coat becomes _£oft- ah i an ed Shatpication :- cS = ie hen nthe Seals tre __Startal allow tram to ornplete "hair che lpastel 2 pravonce- mois Tiaye —y onygen aud boc oh fempeatires 1s — Caled a Stratification a j Git) Applying Prutjure :. 3 E ae By le applying of Specie anncuirdt. ——0f —alr__Preygure_to__the _ hayol Coat __feecls 5 there Leeds Coats __beconres_ Soft _ather tome lane ab? Aight treatment: . - k Those Aagne Sengituic Lecels _usluéle rrermamy —derenanl— in = clase. — Batty. expesing ~theut to Lied ey anna a“ breaks. —l) Met __ water __freatment». Some kinol_ ey hard Seed coat tua hot water contausers >—for_a ——— Specie __dome_, due fo utluilh Mew fecal Coat; becomes _weate, “ eo Arisictil Haut _ormonels-— ‘ Ee ty garry ——— Mant hormones eicternaly fa ; —_ie easily broken > Gtberllris , Yrokinies eke. —— Seedls__ave Pat Benito — feed dormancy ee ") feed. clormaney allows nua feeds. fe Pass Yhroush i “ —Mafaleurable _ eomdibring Mie ceroayag, bl oe, wer lie oe sg a - te Cite) _ts__ecause of chor many that Pegalay Ore ables Stow grains, Falta ee» cle te 4 wleel they are auatfable_Sreughaat “Thy pers A Seed Banke .. 4 Seed bank 1s also talkel pore haute _Ond_s 4 defined ah, “4g. Place wiare Seedy tne Store ta Preserve a femti _abiversifty na & 4 Seect —_bantes tones ahrffeyon? Plant __Spectes ax j a form 9 Seals _Jor__a__faltre __fenerahidme- _4 Different lands 2 Seeds Tearuevee! a different = . tompratere and — ch fferent burvadlly fant. Some brid 9 Seeds reyuurid dy Conditions uit = Ceo tempratnras , ustile Some meee! mand Coneletaig —_— wile Lew — ~lenpralare- : Som — Sead __bantes_ane__ matuyal Seed baxla——~. eo» Stilt a natural Seed bank. _— Ge Sul Stel _ bank are _p Sasa ‘ppt 2 cp Transient Seed Bate wu Seed are Soil 4 called — trattient__Leeel ___banke Ta Seeds BY carly 4 cy Peysistent — feed Bae: : ss ' Wat Sok foocl _bante tt llth “a Seeds ire Sars tin the Dower Payer a Soils is — Calle! __ Pexcéstent Seca halt + 2 —— Sn ls Leeal hank “ln Seeds rermaim — Stored bfx a Cong dime Some feed banks. 4 wrtifucal _Seecl _banfee, because his mn mace» —ueae Seed — barke con alta & Stores. Seals of cle ferent — Mant — pectés » esually theoe ———Seeol___hanke__geede dre useful ar yesearcl ane. experrmental Purposes « Resource Allocation :. bk ‘za energy —cuniabhe to each and ery achiaty Sale Alea in bie tye J 0 lant _fpecies is catheel as ~~ ¢eource_allecatron _~ oR A Prseess tis __ustele _am.auatlable resources in usec - torte boat Plant patil. it. Cale’ a8 vasauace abecarce tote bau rosette —_altrcattion _ Plauli are_cbsteoh tubs fuss __typen + —1.__¥= Selecting _ Species. Ee ~ 7 “late ‘ae _—e mane ii. i Can used. gaeater_ Artian en Plant. om “preducin 66, Flower aly — ate i tnd tbe a: Tichogis py és 2. Eons ie 4 haga = Characteristics. © dai seit. vate e ay Praduce_a Large © Ty have Small ge camp le 2 Appual Hlayh eg , é Ta common ane» tasueally ut) k- Glecteat ese cased fruter fro ane en Wproduction » Toese Plant. her __ Siege , then after —ltat “they Start 4 But —levr repracteection Compared Mer Selectect have “thea zattecorg woes ee aly oi Sraits. Ta __lemmon. example ¢ aah Poyennial Plants cutlets energy for_@ fora. inérease can dpectés bedy i“ ery i haw fo Procsce dit , heafs, Ieppocluctoh Species. “lere Characteristics + __Dependeuit—ancl De A vidependedt ores on Taprel Member Plank oY Seeds» %_Selectool Secil 4 ktheal etc- Gre ~thase lant. Pition ofa. tends Shoot, , x00 ofc Less ua — Specees_— have oer apron Roe: Pe ie —teumber felt al al up Selected eis Ts —_umber__of - organs _ Pex wnt areas alltel _ _-clensity Tin clengity of a. Population can uid time Yo nine ure _uitth__ Place to Place. — is & clemsily are clepends. op two _kanels_ J factors’ cid Domity — Depenelent Factors: tsleccl es olensity ‘olla ung $ lose __factars Callecl a factors é are @ Competition - slew b/w. ancl for Me. an _a__Competifion. water , Space» Le Prdlatian: : th — action im ae freclatioin » tha because whith tu _—tnereare ——0f — Predlaters— wil alto e Disease Dus__to of obiforact __ inereased— SO Strecs : | i S$ drees 45 —alto becatite cutle — le Chance MCV OAS he exccaseun Mont — ss aldease clvtetly clepenclent upon =the _clembly clepenclonct jfactor=' auc tose. Prpaltation cxausdled, is. Start Jor a food, eese tab + becomes 2265 0b cler atlaclong or Malliig of animals Preclatan ik Cleresihy cleperndeat ¥ clensily Me number snc reane — mmoweax of clentily tha Hreading will be vals sido cetlpess 7 density “they oli fftvent Hei of Stree adult als_—_snevtabing a of 5 Pelutrion meereasing _ Stree ete =a c#1 Leni tndlepondlent Factors» __ Mase are “those factors, tulle is independent _ trom density anc —thase are _ @ wealkey :. - wedlher sane f the clensity _ vnelopondet” — Jactor a vacnfall eke ase nat influence by olensily mevease ap — clecrease + @ “etre — Diagfere fll ~le. _ mataral cldastere _ ie incepencleat yun easel S caglh gyuates, floods, volcano exrygtion Landalides ete: 4 € Keprdichie Lot A “ie omount of erty ewluc. is _Contasneod Y— ie jm.‘ 29pmaolucton __ts__Calleet — voprocluctwe__€ fart » $4 icone ofa maturel — Phenomena _, bat Some __Cetentiiy __ thacupht Mat —— ft au artifical Phenomena, _ Because ty 5 thy —emuyontenctal Stresses _~tr balance of Toprodtactuia effort __Cau_alfo chant = on the basis fa. Reprocluctie_effart, Scuenteie are be Able ta Place an onpasnines frm a = Selected Category te Soleeteel i tually te. _t~ Selected Species __ have higle Yeprodectiue ——_fHat as Compared ofa. k- Seleeteol species. Eats: Seacd Sige us abeat lege + ——Hecol__is__a__eproductwe ___ Structuve wiluch Confauns an. embryo» slut — upon germndtion — Produce Plant Saal — Different Plants have. a oh ferent Weed Sige ancl _wtespht ame Zt heel sige ancl esvight Playa” smportent abe tn a Plant —arvival » Some an Produce numerous heey but — “ly —— dma ts ‘Sije and aaceplt — 44, — apple Alant_, range Plant, Seman Plant aol tase all Alanth ave —valatecl to. Lelecteol _fpectes category. Some havi Produce “Un Seeds few ius tuarmbaa, buf “tye shreds are fange ire ane aygut ef, Cocenal be shoedls__canacl. waaay Nd _ Han are related to hee Selockea —Mpectes—catagary-+ - - — — 7 ~ aa + Community cong sacle abtyibules Chametit 7 Plout Cimtentiiain id Community ie ag Structure ane it om, he Smal" Structine C minor commen) or Structie —_Comayay oe rr Po aSteuctane Commcasify has Yhree bases fa ype $f Characters - _ ¢ 1 Raabyhial OD dyrithetie cat? Phystog nome — (4) Anafyrical Aavacterighice J Wis tesla earache are cleectlyabserual — fn =m fall» Ty anatyheel _cuaracteraphis —cansish — f —-tun__hasie ‘ype _Sualitatrie and quiaetitatin ctantstie- (a) Qualitatec Chavacenac fe Tose analytical Chavackrwstics uch aD “a called _ quallitatwe charachrste, i %__Aetal number Pap — ef Lome agpon — Tere 15. —clifferent _qualitatue _ Charactevestitey — tome are + ns Tr cia Flora makin ss 3 . _ whith lend 9 Mant ar found is —talled _»__ flava Conpasifon- ui ratification .. =m - - wig of Plank ix. Calleel Stratification. canal in fovesh__elifffeyent?___ Strate { Cant layers A Present, - 0 Emergent layer Oo Plant welch erst & abou _—_4__-meters__is__¢allael emergent lage —* Canopy dager: Be Those Plant ultucs Aeagit above meters ealleol___a coy Qaper 0 under - y Those Hoh wll hajtt— EBay ay 5° —-mehrs, A Caftedl.__on under Story die. le Shrubs 4- _@ Hurbs:- o_pround. lyer/ toast ie i - aa Lager Contains a —leaal Temuns, Biyaphytes e+ © Root cle / boon ae teh, sia ete» L Gitty Phenalhgy. dt Fa dlpiaient sap tnits. dah odbc fa different Seasons. is___called. Prenalogy spies. aid qd Pail F of Plant _ Ta continaow —Frocesteh Calta! Rriadicily 0 — row — flowering» _ Palltinaton ef @ vital » 4 4 oy Plax —% complete Utes Oife cycles — i —callect__vitalify-- 4 (8) Quniiter Camano x tose anal siowaateaghee eutuch is -measetrabfe__ is calhel 08 gyuamtitatwe __charracTevestes a Aan August ete ancl ~lta avn qyaantitatide Chanacterestrie__are slow * 4 oe) Densely | -Rrumber sndlévielualt ia _a_ une _— area is. Cale 44__derity = ui) Relative a — Y— Goectes ae aa of a peeks x Teo 7 (i) Fregutncy “ / “a legree of —_accuxance_f 0 individual, 1a _Specipi aren, it Cato 20. jroo 2 —Freqnueng. a sSpectes Soe ex EC _—_—— ——Freaptiemey of all fpectts——— fej Cover - pee Uy Tu area ~ Coverect by a Aland ina Community is collec _04.__Cower » [cua tet Fegan 2 | | wi) Plate Cover :- cover of — pectes ~ xX [090 | erp 0h Secres > : wd tui | Jopartant value tnlex (Iv ) | aero | sts are of -relatie elensity » selatue freyreng, | ——twl__trdatve— Cover anette htdicleol on 3! cas “ —Wose cluaracterestiic_wluel_¢s seta Fram “S pep eel ee re a ao Peg Paihia —Tipncectaitinh asl ~ ences. ; 5 Hoes Capusally — cpeccet o.Ccltre ay Inany. Strand, Cgreup ap — Plant —_utluch hae tame fe ave age) of te dame we of a Plant éommuanitfies » Cit’) Constancy uy “Wase Plant __sfpectes glue v's aw Present Joh ax ___more__~ thea foun Same ip Calleel _as__Constant _Mpectes ancl tees Charadlereihe is __calleel as Constamey 2 Git) Fidelity 7 obilily Y 2 Alant hecies to_comfine __Ugelf to. one 06 mare “than one clifferent_tands_¢f Plant Communes is callect es Hidelly Ww) Dommance : ? Tose — Plaut Specees _ uitucl teawse bigh — sinportant vale idler is Caleel _claminant x spect, ancl —lus __ Characterestie__i¢ Calle! dominance. | Wore '¢__0___ different __ fone. of dhenalaaitts asi a _—4 e ecological colorant... —4 “Wuese pects luc axe pare ina Particwlor _habitet is cated a4 eeclogiel ° Seasonal clominant :. : : “hase species _ wile are — clommant oh a Parttular lean is cablact- amt 0 Family clemmant b Ware Species are clomirant ir a family. 0 Aiysiognomic _claminant «- cb “these specter urlich paue Close ancl olenge vegetation are Calleel Maysignorne olominant - - [3 } Prysicpromi Chectanstecy: » tise are “these cluarattemstric _catuelr is. related "b Tee pearance of Plant Commanities ° Tear are folowng Mysiagnanve cuaraclerstes : +2. Mhysiognomy lee exfernal Ypearance J “le Comma nily kcal 04 Dhyatngnerg- on —-lia—Kass 9 Piypagnony it tan be elected. that, wither “Te cemmandy a fart, chert, prland ete: — a Paltren b ¢ 4 prup 9 —-Alaats— ft —sibans_faatt, deep ax preselaud is Cole Patten» Git) fife Form» k tif ie veg eTahut aenen 4 ange ete Muck adaptapiis 9 Plant body 1h cohet as Life farm cur ae 3 empl of - Adit 9 atl 40 Littcly “te. ecelogy oy ay ___ Plant. commmuncly + le —_eletail Arotdaclge of J Composidon , ype ete of — Wat Plant Grmmeniy & essential . To Suely —~ ta Sampliig of Alan cemmnunidy Ure _¢s a dlifferent —_ ymethads Mseol , a. Some ares c) Qluatlete Atel « Quaydate isa i melted sect for la quantitate Study Y Haxt communities, buardlate maybe rectampulor , circular 0 Spur in Miape , bat eually a rectangular yuoreate 1g usecl for aryplaig » an Sie of Ytardate __ clepends pon the yee 9. uagetation wsecally Wuardate are _macte ae ae a | weed fe» n__ Plout Communely _aruarclates ave clistributed by taudorily ratwrig tdtervel _betuten each Quarelate - Be Study te Plant Com mnacvity minimum (5 querctatis— ove _uueel_» After Mtaanig ¥ 2b gaaydaty , write —Ue— rama ef “Use Plant Spectés wie ts Prasat —~ qysnrdates oho “Me rumber__9 here Shecrés counted — cach gusarclate. i mt with a Yartlue Stepp — Ta Karen —0f hae — pecs measured ty messi type ast“ Lbe cently emanty arte each Aitardate js taladatie —tparafely by reformat” i) —lyansect _ /tehodt :- 9} tual 44a te vesctation with their _enusomental__ covelctine of» Main Yasifall Lol type, Gea Deval ete ~tau use eee th se transect aeeodl gu lst pe of Sampluis yf larch —te fation is Lamplecl only curr “lx Lane Aint - thes bin ie _Placeel. am vageotaton. witha —_talp J Stee ——4pe—_ ar _hteel chain, will a belp 9 Story hooks» hin eda esl touch. forme Phan on th —tey from ane Pact oll __ oer. Te ecolagist will Stark observing tase Plants from é tne Ondo ettey.»__ Pf tex collecting a dlata, ecolopst law “fet Qu_thormaton about ‘he habitat, eouitemental ——tondchons Treyuouyy, —clensily ake” ae WV etation of Wo prin Pakistan __one__ef — — Me tropical ceantyy Qa worlel ~—Scoeet am area abuat 2, 98, 096 Soe fem an tn weet of Pakistan duane is — ran tort, _unegt thane Stain, hn — ast tart —i8——ineio— ane in. Stl phere jg Arabian — Sear Mbout__-bo'/. rea) Pateittan is. E oe » Patedstau hag harse_clomate >In ammers. i tempratire rier upto 60°C whale ie eyeister a ' oo Fall, typo 1h informe _areae, wilulle i br “das plactes~ta -femprature Fal _uypta. -Sr'e Ee wns e TeAS tnt, bait 9 oluvmate , altitude anol Lhe of Plow la __uegetation of Paltistay cau be Chididlaol __iucto 4 Catapariés + a Ci Tropical Favest 4 “Wese—faneyh —ewtute th ta “ta—stugpical areas of Pabis tau és calle! Arapuedl forest tenella _taeal orate ty Patusfau _jn_Freseat iM —tndes Alas, abuetaiton id aut alge _a Some areas of forty « tin “lene yeas ey Fly act —Aguagp , clurniy a -™ongorn Season» ct) dub Arepieal forest : Une five! doves ave fund in Pakisfau ins payee 1 Margala bills Azad kashmiy, Napare, Seat ete» Tease jores tre Prasat —cswally above Yor Joe. Tia dersmnaat Speck de Tue __fareyy. is Prig ree - omongoon _raiu Season MR cs ~ hese Farag Incluced vepetatiin . Gi) Termprate Fort . dese reste in Pater — in Prawst iu Ziaral, woth wwagrrefon Kara teucrum fil ete Aejyeut-Obove _ ~ han S200 feet. (it Alpine forest +. Wis teiel 99 forage is Pakistan found ie Meaghan» gibyit etc: (a “hase foes wap the ravigall 13 Maw ose ler waiters Snowfall is. commen + +. Local Vegetation Hoe use Cam chicas “te wegelation > Lanne 3 1 Mocatect.. iu PK Province JY Patetian. — Rannu —heundeol__by kara, Mautang. , Araap Sha —anel DT Khan - tn — bamnu —eliffereut — Hines «J water —ourees ie Progen 1, Raier Karem, Packt, Baran ~ dam akc auol__tu_freyla__ewater ome _ Sources are _ Presse Pamge,tabewily_ ete» aud algo Same —usater channels it also Proseute , (water canals). “ase 0ft__ puater___deupors Alay ax cnporlend role tit Us. - yetation of — Bama» “tw getioverng lacs of Uegetatwn Me fouunol it Banna i —_Cagpp sel slbeesctees 3 Tritieum —cestiuum (wheat) , nya Lata (ace) > faccharum —offieinaxam usar cane Krasuca campestris _(sausfard) ete. Cs eet : Solanum vdileadie, CPatate) ~ iene tanger Chengun) ,_Lactuca Satuig (tues, Qteume Satwas C Cucumber.) . ies Gia Fruih » : ee Ayres amalus (apple) —— Morus Nigra (toot) : rtvus alba (Shah reat), A-rangifera india Cosaugo ) > Ara — Psécliam —guadava (Amroad,) Phoenix lactylifera (asda (wu) __1 Fees» —— : Dalbergia St8g00 (stistumm), _ Reacia_ arabica C kerio) , Eucalyptus alba (sect bs ete @) Shrubs got Heltantaus anus C Sunflower D>» 3 Rosa__indiea 7 Aloe _vewa__ate + we! + EcoSyS TEM: - ‘a natural area ___ustre _~ the. Caiaig gangs poral —— and exchange —— dhe wnat among __—thamselwesamd——— with _~Wuatr__ enuevoment _. ra Ta ecodystem ___a__Self Sufficient avd ~~ functional Stable _kurl of ystern at Strackure_Yf — Ceatystem s. ; ——facatystem baw a gy fw wend. factors ay, Bishi factors ond Abiotee factors. . Sadia ) Biohe — ‘ as - - biotic cConponert wnchucl. ath int fraseust iu __geasy stem. Bratt __ compantnth_u_edler __auatatraphie__ ar Hetero teaphee—— tbtlie Aad Componenly ‘= Those devcig “ltaups alec Are __be— edi to___Lysrthes peo! “thane eo pods lied 0b auetatraphie componente, diel ~ Muse —compenen- —“tnclacle al green Plavits a sf component L “(eose feivng ergamsv0s Wlhtels typeof beable _ to Gyntleesigeo! bhai foal —li_calleal —a__hetrotrophie- conporenth.. “Mese org amesins have a different sore ast 0 Herbivores - Tue apni Foal on i Alavi» £45 pe ogo pete on ta Flap | herbivores. ae ie mie ore: e “ay enelueole __ fungi —s bacterta_e#e- Tluse ae. those _argameione luck attack —_9n__~ ls. oleaal Bemache sf Herbi'vores, Caroreres aud Omni vere, * @uecl Convert = tow. fo a _Sungp le compounds eo wdrites, nitrates ate + @) Abiotic Component « i Abistit component _is_a Set_Y an nig Jactors, hat have effect an all of “ten. ecosystem. we abdtic Compo nenh has a Soltswonrg Ahree Categoriis CD hmatii__Factorg » de chematc factors of an ccegystem are, dail, Ai, water , Terpretire , Lae» 3 ue, Sabsity » rauyall ete + _ ae? Lnarganie Lebstauces * Ce. Inergauie Suissfauces — of teosystem ove, AKtrypn y — C "Sl, at lit) Organic fabptencet: _ Wa optic bubsteues 9 an — Cecsystem are, Cavbolyclratey , — Prateins _, Lepds ete» ~~ ys enim Wye 7 —ceoiystem ere eal Gy Aatiral Eeasystera — That ecasyeterm wluch.4i _dlewalapeel __witteaut = tty influene f purvay bangs, ts caleal.__ 44. natural Leosystem. - te natural Ceosyctom cs of uo Kenda @ Brastral Ccasystone :. %,Fowsl , pressleud, desert ecosys fem . @ Ayuatic Ceotyyteus :- Bus si Frey watery auel ynarme Cosy eter» a. a Arvigieal Ceo gpstenn:- Mat ecosgetour wie ts tet = tin help 9 humane basge ts Calle! ao —Ardifieual ecosystem 4, gur aun heme fonteas» Crops. fields Che an wink ppd Ae ccalystemt has hearts ae 4 a - . city Tis ecegystem —_i_ate fulfell by lla f PeaTer ——___ ony — 4 — poe 7 Type of. Terrutnal Leoy sem a a Temustridl. casytem has Shree Yo: ci) farast ces tem a? Braland ecatgptew «ir Desert can * Foxest "Lett: 4 te bh uneuttwatel amd wilucs _contauns trek, Shyubs aud __hurbs__ate__18 Catto ay ores angel “Uny —_e is_called as forest Cersystem: Taree 0 hme func of “Frese eh i) Trapreal — forest 1 Terpprate Jaret Cat comforaus forest ci) Tropical —_ Fora. me Wat frat tte jg ruse? — 7 - tapi te wuvlel it Caled gy trp — forts All aur te taoeld the tana Fath ae — fad ia _fagtealiy indip — Snagit » Uh ete Ty tropical faethe die oo - charatterged —h. hale —ravifall op about 200 em annual, amd ware _Yemmprature “te Uapettatein Covey le very deat, in —— lade foreg —ttaye forest are _mot_ Preverit ta a —Pokustan. Taye Josue alo tonfavis a faye amount of ——dommals 2 —weptiler_, amphibtinns,, mammals , _bads,lont_ete~ anet_algo a abifferent clecompasers. are a Bacteria, Fungi ete Ws Temperake _Fangt Pe These forest; are Present ya Pakistanis Shogran > Neelam vally ete and — warhol ~ wide, “they ane Prseut_ india, Cluna 4 usa ote: Tae —foreph—_0re__Cluarachenyg el fy & madlerate climate anal haie__yeqpuetree! an armaal rainfall of Absut 100 mm: —Zthse- forgave Bsc lenses Gompard to tropiaal — porte Tase farts apo contains _difprreut _onmals a2, — manic, Bear, Leoparolcleer utahves fe auel have —aljo__a_cliffernt Tmcroarganies a fom) , Bacteria ee — ond xt __ hail. — these af weft ave very pertdle- it) Coniferous Forest 2 ~ i These farejly are also Present - ne Appar _Kaghan, Swat, Div, dealam. Jaba te el puardel ele —— Trey an __Pruent sn europe, Usp, ~Kamacla ore, tere ~ ln —__Chenaker— condition are baryh ~~ compared ta temprate oul —trprcal _ Jorugly . becaseye — tg —tasirtfers are fay tea Aaauy Snanjall es Yo tas. reagan ~ Me gies feagon £ these ries Plant ore vary Short» Ta maxemum Hengpmaore Of “Mase Jang ame. foe. ane le Meni’ mum ctemmpratune__clureng wurtters —& below 0+ 4 ually _~Wase fore Contac _Coniforaus faeegy touch: ame _ever__freen _ Trees - Ditterent Mads ¥- ammal are aha founel_w Hse __ perso, Bear, oleer, fre, rabbit , wales ofer nol cut _b__fnauifell __aael_ dow __dermpratewe “a ameuut tf __decompotere an minute - 4 + Grass Lard Ecosystem + | Tia ecosystem wut pratsy lomdy called gre banel ecosgglem Tn annual Yacsifall is here = Jo~ 30 —_inth» —9n__ a falti¢fan gress Aang ecesystoon 4 js Present peat > Kashoonr Ng, chitral ob + and warhol __ uncle" __ i$ June iu new Zealand, — ush, Afrila_ete— r—tawnly a vast boucl Ceegyytoces — Pravieles a free _Sayftres_( place wstery —annnals foe) jor a_frigging annals» oe | Guts ecosystem a Lage seedy Tres_and __ Shaubs-—— are absent, only herbs anel. (frees ae Pratt > — dis _ecegyttem —contans different —harbiveres Amaral 08, — Rebra, horses» rabbi ete___amet__iar.__ngecty Shure ——~ Bees Butter flres argh ete _it__ Prune Bactena _,fuugi —_aucl__fome warms. area -clesapats— a Desest Ecosystem F - Wat ecosystem in ustutcl Hea annual raiapall isles thau the fo tne ie calted as olesert ecosystem. lus ecosystem alta Prsent i Pakiston__ui__ west Punta, Sout Punjab» pehan Pur, Raker or Khav ete In Sindt. Proviree ella clatrt ecosystem — is alta Intent wit 1k Callaol__ag lhay > aucl ther __warket biggest olesert ceetystom 5 cali! “ Gohara” — wei is Present ai Afsica Due % a Scanstly of water, “lure —mw vegetation afoul» _ But Lome Wr __ of. Shrug are a few Trees fe Prtseit whet havea Specral adaptations ta Sawwe a_alesert_ecasgtem Wn ammale yf 4 aleser? ~ tcabystom has_alo Special actaprations - Las —Aatecong annals are Preteut tw olerert ecojystens ——begarl Sraler,_teangran _, Rat _eke- ih. ot Ayuatic — Ccoxgplom = water based! ttesystem 4 Callecl ab Aquatic __ecoyys tem — Ts___aquatii_ecosystena ~h Yo tally elt fferent _prmQ__ fexyestual

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