CNS
PRACTICAL
FILE
Name - Himank Singh.
Branch - IT-E.
ROLL-NO – 20.
Experiment -01
AIM-
To calculate and verify 'Z' & 'Y' parameters of two-port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Power Supply, Bread Board, Three
resistances, Connecting
Leads. Voltmeter , Ammeter, etc.
'Z' PARAMETERS :
THEORY :
In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be
expressed in terms of
input & output currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1,I2 )
V1& V2 are dependent
variables whereas I1 & I2 are independent variables.
Thus, V1 =Z11I1+Z12I2 --- (1)
V2 =Z21I1+Z22I2 --- (2)
Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12
& Z21 are the
reverse & forward transfer impedances.
PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 open circuit i.e.I2
= 0 as
shown in fig.4.a .Set different voltages on V1 and measure V1 , V2 and I1
for each
setting and tabulate Z11 & Z21.
b) Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port1 open circuit i.e.I1
= 0 as
shown in fig.4.b. Set different voltages at V2 and measure V2, V1, I2 for each setting
and tabulate Z12 & Z22
“Z” PARAMETERS CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :
Circuit for determining Z11andZ21
Circuit for determining Z12andZ22
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO When Port 2 is open circuit , I2= 0 When Port 1 is open circuit , I1= 0
V1(V V2(V) I1(mA Z11=V1/ Z21=V2/ V1(V V2(V) I2(mA Z12=V1/ Z22=V2/
) ) I1 I1 ) ) I2 I2
1. 2 1 1 2 1 5 2.5 2.5 2 1
2. 4 2 2 2 1 8 3.99 4 2 1
3. 5 2.5 2.5 2 1 10 4.9 5 2 1
4. 7 3.5 3.5 2 1 12 5.9 6 2 1
5. 8 4 4 2 1 15 7.4 7.5 2 1
6. 10 5 5 2 1 18 8.9 9 2 1
7. 11 5.5 5.5 2 1 20 9.9 10 2 1
8. 18 8.9 9 2 1 22 11 11 2 1
9. 20 9.9 10 2 1 25 12.5 12.5 2 1
10. 25 12.5 12.5 2 1 30 15 15 2 1
'Y'
PARAMETERS
THEORY :
In Y parameters of a two-port , the input & output currents I1 & I2 can
be expressed in terms of
input & output voltages V1 & V2 . Out of four variables (i.e I1, I2, V1, V2 )
I1& I2 are dependent
variables whereas V1 & V2 are
independent variables. I1= Y11V2+Y12V2
(1)
I2= Y21V1 +Y22V2------(2)
Here Y11 & Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while
Y12 & Y21 are the
reverse & forward transfer admittances.
PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 short circuiti.e.
V2 = 0 as
shown in fig.4.a .Set different voltages on V1 and measure V1 , I2 and I1
for each
setting and tabulate Y11 & Y21.
b) Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port1 short circuiti.e.
V1 = 0 as
shown in fig.4.b. Set different voltages at V2 and measure V2, I1, I2 for
each setting
and tabulate Y12 & Y22.
“Y” PARAMETER CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
Circuit for determining Y11and Y21
Circuit for determining Y12and Y22
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
S.NO When Port 2 is open circuit , V2= 0 When Port 1 is open circuit , V1= 0
V1(V I1(mA I2(mA Y11=I1/ Y21=I2/ V2(V I1(mA I2(mA Y12=I1/ Y22=I2/
) ) ) V1 V ) ) ) V2 V2
1
1. 5 10 5 2 1 5 5 10 1 2
2. 8 16 8 2 1 8 8 16 1 2
3. 10 20 10 2 1 10 10 20 1 2
4. 12 24 12 2 1 12 12 24 1 2
5. 15 30 15 2 1 15 15 30 1 2
6. 20 40 20 2 1 20 20 40 1 2
7. 22 44 22 2 1 22 22 44 1 2
8. 25 50 25 2 1 25 25 50 1 2
9. 28 56 28 2 1 28 28 56 1 2
10. 30 60 30 2 1 30 30 60 1 2
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power
supply should be
switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT:
The 'Z' & 'Y' parameters of the two port network has been calculated
and verified &
corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT NO.-02
AIM
To calculate and verify 'ABCD' parameters of two-port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim.com, Resistances, Connecting
Leads, Voltmeter, and Ammeter etc.
THEORY:
ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission
engineering where they are termed as "Circuit Parameters". ABCD
parameters are also known as "Transmission Parameters". In these
parameters, the voltage & current at the sending end terminals can be
expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end. Thus,
V1 = AV2 + B (-I2) I1
= CV2 + D(-I2)
Here "A" is called reverse voltage ratio, "B" is called transfer impedance
"C" is called transfer admittance & "D" is called reverse current ratio.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 open circuit
i.e. I2 = 0 .Set different voltages on V1 and measure V1 , V2 and I1 for
each setting and tabulate A & C.
2. Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 short circuit
i.e. V2 = 0. Set different voltages at V1 and measure V1, I2, I1 for each
setting and tabulate B & D.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :
OBSERVATIONS TABLE
S.NO When Port 2 is open circuit , I2 = 0 When Port 1 is open circuit , I1 = 0
V1(V V2 I1(mA A=V1/ C=I1/ V2(V I1 I2(mA B=- D=-
) (V) ) V2 V2 ) (mA) ) V1/I2 I1/I2
1. 4 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1
2. 6 3 3 2 1 6 3 3 2 1
3. 9 4.5 4.5 2 1 9 4.5 4.5 2 1
4. 11 5.5 5.5 2 1 11 5.5 5.5 2 1
5. 13 6.5 6.5 2 1 13 6.5 6.5 2 1
6. 17 8.5 8.5 2 1 17 8.5 8.5 2 1
7. 19 9.5 9.5 2 1 19 9.5 9.5 2 1
8. 21 10.5 10.5 2 1 21 10.5 10.5 2 1
9. 26 13 13 2 1 26 13 13 2 1
10. 28 14 14 2 1 28 14 14 2 1
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connections according to the
circuit diagram. Power supply should be
switched off.
2. Connections should be
tight.
3. 3.Note the readings
carefully
RESULT:
The ABCD-parameters of the two-port network
has been calculated and verified & corresponding
errors are found.
EXPERIMENT NO.-3
AIM
To verify Reciprocity Theorem
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Multisim, Power Supply, Bread Board, Three resistances, Connecting
Leads. Voltmeter , Ammeter, etc.
THEORY:
In any linear bilateral network, if a source of e.m.f E in any branch
produces a current I in any other branch, then the same e.m.f E acting in
the second branch would produce the same current I in first branch.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply some voltage V.
3. Note down the ammeter reading as “I ”. 1
4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source and read the ammeter
reading as “I2”.
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or V and tabulate the
values.
6. I1 should be equal to I2 in ideal case otherwise find error
( I 1- I 2 ) .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
CIRCUIT FOR CURRENT I1
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Error
S.No. Input I1 I2 I1- I2 (mA)
Voltage V (mA (mA)
(volts) )
1V 0.3 0.3 0
1.
3 3
2. 3V 1.0 1.0 0
3. 5V 1.6 1.6 0
6 6
4. 8V 2.6 2.6 0
6 6
5. 10 3.3 3.3 0
V 3 3
PREACAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram
2. Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements
3. Take the readings carefully and accurately
4. Do not tamper the circuit elements.
RESULT :-
Reciprocity theorem has been verified for different voltage sources &
resistances and corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
AIM: To calculate and verify 'h' parameters of two-port network .
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power supply, Bread Board, Five
resistances, Connecting wires ,Leads, Multimeter.
THEORY:
In 'h' parameters of a two port network, voltage of the input port and
thecurrent of the output port are expressed in terms of the current of
the input port and the voltage of the output port. Due to this reason,
these parameters are called as 'hybrid' parameters,
i.e. out of four variables (i.e. V1, V2, I1, I2) VI & I2 are
dependent variables. Thus,
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
h11 and h22 are input impedance and output admittance.
h21 and h12 are forward current gain and reverse voltage gain.
PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2
short circuit i.e. V2 = 0 as shown in fig.4.a .Set different
voltages on V1 and measure V1, I2 and I1 for each setting
and tabulate h11 and h21.
b) Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port 1
open circuit i.e. I1 = 0 as shown in fig.4.b. Set different
voltages at V2 and measure V1, V2, I2 for each setting and
tabulate h12 and h22.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit for determining h11 & h21
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N When Port 2 is short , V2 = 0 When Port 1 is open circuit , I1 = 0
O
V1(V I1(mA I2(mA h11=V1/ H21=I2/I1 V2(V I2(mA) V1(V) h12=V1/V2 H22=I2/
) ) ) I1 ) V2
1. 5 3.33 1.66 1.5 0.5 5 3.33 2.22 0.4 1.5
2. 10 6.66 3.33 1.5 0.5 10 6.66 4.44 0.4 1.5
3. 15 10 5 1.5 0.5 15 10 6.66 0.4 1.5
4. 20 13.3 6.6 1.5 0.5 20 13.3 8.88 0.4 1.5
5. 25 16.66 8.33 1.5 0.5 25 16.66 11.11 0.4 1.5
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram.
Power supply should be switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT: The h-parameters of the two port network has been
calculated and verified & corresponding errors are found.
Experiment 5
AIM: To determine the 'ABCD' parameters of the cascade connection of two-
port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board, Resistances,
Connecting Leads, Multi-meter etc.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the
experiment board.
2) Open the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs so
that V1=VS & I2 =0. We determine to V2(V2b), V1(V1a), V1b(V2a), I1(I1a) &
I2a(I1b) to obtain A, A1, A2, C, C1 & C2 as shown in fig 4-a.
3) Port 1 is excited with the same voltage source Vs so that V1 = Vs &
port 2 short-circuited & V2=0. We determine V1(V1a), V1b(V2a), I1(I1a) &
I2a(I1b) & I2(I2b) to obtain B, B1 B2, D, D1 & D2 as shown in fig 4-b.
4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Circuit for determining A & C parameters
Circuit for determining B & D parameters
OBSERVATION TABLE:
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power
supply should be switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT/CONCLUSION: 'ABCD' parameters of the cascade
connection of two-port network has been determined &
corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT 6
AIM: To determine the equivalent parameters of series connection of two
port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board,
Resistances, Connecting Leads, Multimeter etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Circuit for determining Z11 & Z21
Circuit for determining Z12 & Z22
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit and switch ‘ON’ the experiment board.
2) Open the output port & excite input port with a known voltage
source Vs so that V1= VS &I2 = 0. We determine to V2, V1a, V1b, V2a, V2b &
I1 to obtain Z11, Z11a, Z11b, Z21, Z21a & Z21b.
3) Input port is open circuited & Output port is excited with the
same voltage source Vs so that V2 = Vs & I1 = 0. We determine V1, V1a,
V1b, V2a, V2b & I2 to obtain Z22, Z22a, Z22b, Z12 , Z12a & Z12b.
4) Switch ‘OFF’ the supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. When output is open
NO. circuit Z Z Z Z Z Z
V2 V1 V1a V1b V2a V2b I1=I1a 11a= 11b = 21a= 21b = 11 = 21 =
V V V V
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V) = I1b 1a/ I1a 1b/I1b 2a/I1a 2b / I1b V1/I1 V2/I1
(mA) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
1 5
3.7 2.5 2.5 1.25 1.25 1.25
2 2 1 1 4 3
2 7
5.24 3.5 3.5 1.74 1.74 1.74 2 2 1 1 4 3
3 15
11.2 7.5 7.5 3.75 3.75 3.75 2 2 1 1 4 3
4 15 20 10 10 5 5 5 2 2 1 1 4 3
5 13.7 25 12.5 12.5 6.25 6.25 6.25 2 2 1 1 4 3
S. When input is open
NO. circuit Z Z Z Z Z Z
V2 V1 V1a V1b V2a V2b I2=I2a 22a= 22b = 12a= 12b = 22 = 12 =
V V V V
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V) = I2b 2a/ I2a 2b/I2b 1a/I2a 1b / I2b V2/I2 V1/I2
(mA) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
1 5 3.75 1.25 1.25 2.5 2.5 1.25
2 2 1 1 4 3
2 7 5.24 1.74 1.74 3.5 3.5 1.74
2 2 1 1 4 3
3 15 11.2 3.75 3.75 7.5 7.5 3.75 2 2 1 1 4 3
4 20 15 5 5 10 10 5 2 2 1 1 4 3
5 25 18.7 6.25 6.25 12.5 12.5 6.25 2 2 1 1 4 3
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power
supply should be switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
The Z-parameters of series connection of two-port network has been
determined & corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: To determine the equivalent parameters of parallel connection of two
port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board,
Resistances, Connecting Leads, Multimeter etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Circuit for determining Y11 & Y21
Circuit for determining Y12 & Y22
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the
experiment board.
2) Short the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs
so that V1= VS & V2 = 0. We determine to V1, V1a, V1b, I2a, I2b, I2 & I1
to obtain Y11, Y11a, Y11b, Y21, Z21a & Y21b.
3) Port 1 is short-circuited & port 2 is excited with the same voltage
source Vs so that V2=Vs & I1=0. We determine I1a, I1b, I2a, I2b, I1, I2
&V2 to obtain Y22, Y22a, Y22b, Y12, Y12a & Y12b.
4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. When port 2 is short-circuited,
V2=0
NO.
V1=V1b I2 . Y11 = Y21 = Y11a= Y 11b = Y21a= Y 21b =
I1 I1a I1b I2a I2b I2 /V1 I1a/V1a I1b /V1b I2a/V1a( I 2b /V1b
(mA) I1 /V1
= V1a (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( (℧) (℧) (℧) ℧) (℧)
(V) ℧)
4.93 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
1
3.7 2.47 2.47 2.47 1.23 1.23 1.33
6.98 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
2
5.24 3.49 3.49 3.49 1.74 1.74 1.33
14.93 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
3
11.2 7.46 7.46 7.46 3.73 3.73 1.33
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
4
15 20 10 10 10 5 5 1.33
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
5
20 26.67 13.33 13.33 13.3 6.67 6.67 1.33
3
S. When port 1 is short-circuited,
V1=0
V2=V2b I1a I1b I2 . I2a I2b Y 22 = Y12 = Y 22 a= Y 22 b = Y12 a= Y12 b=
NO. = V2a
I1
(mA) (mA) (mA)
(mA)
(mA) (mA)
I2 /V2 (
℧)
I1 /V2
(℧)
I2 a/V2 a
(℧)
I2 b /V2 b
(℧)
I1 a/V2 a(
℧)
I1 b /V2 b
(℧)
(V)
2.46 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
1
3.7 1.23 1.23 4.93 2.47 2.47 2
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
2
5.24 3.49 1.75 1.75 6.98 3.49 3.49 2
7.46 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
3
11.2 3.73 3.73 14.9 7.46 7.46 2
3
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
4
15 10 5 5 20 10 10 2
5
13.7 13.33 6.67 6.67 26.67 13.33 13.33 2 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.33 0.33
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power
supply should be switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
The Y-parameters of parallel connection of two-port network has been
determined & corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT 8
AIM: To determine the equivalent parameters of series-parallel
interconnection of two port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board,
Resistances, Connecting Leads, Multimeter etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Circuit for determining h11 & h21
Circuit for determining h12 & h22
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the
experiment board.
2) Short the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs
so that V1= VS & V2 = 0. We determine V1, I1a, I1b, I2a, I2b, I2 & I1 to
obtain h11, h11a, h11b, h21, h21a & h21b.
3) Port 1 is open circuited & port 2 is excited with the same
voltage source Vs, so that V2=Vs & I1=0. We determine V2, I2, I2a,
I2b, V1a, V1b & V1 to obtain h22, h22a, h22b, h12, h12a & h12b.
4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. When port 2 is short-circuited,
V2=0
I2 . h11 = h21 =
NO.
V1=V1b I1 I1a I1b I2a I2b h11a= h11b= h21a= h21b=
(mA) V1 /I1 ( I2 /I1 V1a/I1a V1b/I1b I2a/I1a I2b/I1b
= V1a (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA) Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
(V)
1.23 0 3 3 0.5 0.5
1
3.7 1.23 1.23 0 0.62 -0.62 3
2
5.24 1.75 1.75 1.75 0 0.87 -0.87 3 0 3 3 0.5 0.5
3.73 0 3 3 0.5 0.5
3
11.2 3.73 3.73 0 1.86 -1.86 3
0 3 3 0.5 0.5
4
15 5 5 5 0 2.5 -2.5 3
0 3 3 0.5 0.5
5
20 6.67 6.67 6.67 0 3.33 -3.33 3
S. When port 1 is open-circuited,
I1=0
V2=V2b V1a V1b I2 . I2a I2b h22 = h12 = h22 a= h22 b= h12 a= h12 b=
NO. = V2a
V1
(V) (V) (V)
(mA)
(mA) (mA)
I2 /V2 (
℧)
V1 /V
2
I2 a/V2 a
(℧)
I2 b /V2 b
(℧)
V1 a/V2 a V1 b /V2 b
(V)
0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0
1
3.7 1.85 1.85 0 -3.7 -1.85 3.7 1
2
5.24 2.62 2.62 0 -5.24 -2.62 5.24 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0
5.6 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0
3
11.2 5.6 0 -11.2 -5.6 11.2 1
0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0
4
15 7.5 7.5 0 -15 -7.5 15 1
5
20 10 10 0 -20 -10 20 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0
PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power
supply should be switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
The h-parameters of series-parallel interconnection of two-port
network has been determined & corresponding errors are found.
