WMelols ana “Nor-V Leads Metals are elements thal conduct heal * All metals —> Solid except’ mercury) "Meals ave cleclropositive nd cleclyicity ind axe malleable and ductile. d “Metals ave the elements Cexcept hydrogen) uihich form +ve Tons by ising clestrons. * Most abundant metal in Garth's crust is Al won: Mole They do not condul heat and dlecticly and * Out ‘ Non-metals are electronegative . I. are neither malleable mor ductile. 22 non-melals , 10 are solids, 1Cbromtne) is a lute whereas remaining ‘1 ave gases "His only non-metal which loses electron. Gystot Ropes Melals Win-Metals OThey are malleable and dudile, and can be beaten and drawn into thin sheets and wives. @ Neither matteable nor ductile. ©) They are good conductors of heat and electricity {® They do rob Condud heat and eleclvicity Cexcept graphite). © They are lustovous and can be polished. Trey ave not lustorous. @ They ave hare Concept sodium and potassium). They ave genevally soft Cexcept diamond). ey are generally soft Cenc©) They have high Melting and Boiling point] They have comparatively lw Melting and Concept Sodium and el 4 Bailing point (except diamond). 4 O Trey ave Sonorous- [es are non-Sonofous. Some olher properles f Nn Villy — @) They can be solid, Ciyids ov gases at Room Temperature. @ They have low densitia te they ave light substances. © Non-Metals have many difjerent colowes : Sulphur - Yellow Phosphorus - White (Rea Groprite -(Gl@GB ale. QU E Sgt FON § 1. Give an example'of'a metal Which (0 ts a liquid at room temperature (11) can be easilyseut with a. knife. Wi) ts the best conductor of heat. (iv) 48 a poor conductor of heat. 2. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile 0) ) Meraury ii) Sodium wi) Copper and Aluminium Ww) Read @ Malleable means whtch ts able to be hammered or pressed ato shape without breaking ov Cracking. +A metal that can be drawn out into athin wive is called ductile.Chemical Frapetios “™ Reaction with Reaction ult agen water matal + Oxygen—> Metal oxide, Malaloxide + Water—> Metal hydroxide: (Reaction of Metal wlth ona Metal + Oxygen —> Metal Onde + Whn metal are burt Yn ar, they wack ath onygen Metal oxides turn ved Gitmus blue and they are baste in nature. in air te frm weal ode, ANa+0xqy— 2Na0 mudal Oryyin Sodan Ode Aluminium burns in aiv, 40 form aluminium oxide. 4AL+ 30. —> 2Al,05 Anphelst, Ott Oxides that show baste as well as acidic bebaviour are known as Amphoteric oxides. Aluminium Oxtde ts one of them. Zine also forms amphoteric oxides. Al,Os + GHCL— 2HCI,+ 3420 Aluminium Chlovide (salt) Th this reaction, AlO; behaves as @& basic oxide. Al,0;+ 2Na0H —> 2NaAl0; + H,0 Sodium Aluminate Csalt) * Hore Al,0z, behaves as an acidic oxide.@ Reaction of mela with water + * When metal reads with water (cold/not)-the product formed ave metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas: Metal oxide + Water—> Metal hydroxide "When a metal veacls wlth steam, then products are metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal + Steam —> Metal oxide + Hydrogen ‘2 Kes) + H,O —> 2 KOH +H, + Heat Water * The reaction is exothermic. "The reaction of Calcium with water is (as violent. ~The heat evolved ts vot supjicient fer H gu to catch fire. Ca+ 2H0—> CaCOt), cago + Haeq) Calcium — starts Floating because bubbles of of hydrogen gu Stick to the surface of metals. + Metals like Al, fe and Zn do not react with hot or cold water. “But they veaut with steam 40 form metal oxide and hydrogen LAlso, lead, Gold, Stiver —> no veaction © Reaction of Helal_with Adds Metal + Dil. Acid—> Metal + Hydrogen Salt * Magnesium veadts quite mpldly with oil HEL add forming magnesium chloride and hydrogen aMg + 2HeI—> MgCla + He Magnesivm Hydrogen Chiovide ye. Reis > Tt is freshly prepared micture of 1 part of concenbrted vitele aiid and 3 ports of Concentrated hydrochloric acid. * Aqua Yegia can dissdlve even gold and platinum metals but alone they can't do the same. (1 @ & ait sa £1) @ Reaction of Metal with alt soutien 3 Salt Sol. 64 metal B + Metat-A—> Salt sol. of A+ Metal B “A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution. "Reaction of zinc with coppor sulphate Solution. CuSo,+ Zn —> ZnS0y + Cu Copper Zine Sulphate Sulphate. Heuletly_ Gonies » Arn ent metals in a vertical column in ordey 4 decreasing veattivities is Called “Reactety Serves Or Metas. > Most veactive ts placed at the top. * Least veactive is plaued at the bottom.QUESTIONS Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oll? Write equations for the reactions of (@ tron with steam (4) calcium and potassium with water ‘Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows, k= CoppertiN sulphate | zinc sulphate | sttver murat | ‘No reaction Displacement Displacement No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A.B, C and D. (Which is the most reactive metal? (W) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper(t) sulphate? (ii) Arrange the metals A,B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity, Which gas.is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute SO, What would you observe when zinc is added to @ solution of tron!) sulphate? Write the chemicalreaction that takes place, Answers (i) Sodium is a bighty seautive clement, Yat reads with Orygen when Comes tm contaut with ain and burns. *Thevejore, i is Kept tmmersed in kerosene fr prevention. @) Tron with Steam: 3Feys) + 4,0 —> Fes, +H, i)a)Calcium with water: Cant 2H,0c0—> Calotscagy* Hoey © Fotassium with waters 2Keot 24,0; 2KOHcaqy+ Hacgy + Heat @ 1) B- Tt give displacement reaction with ion ID sulphate. Yed-brown deposit of copper will form on B. ii) 8,A,c.D. i) Displacement readion will take place, blue Colour o copperlw) Sulphate solution will fade and@ Hydrogen Jas is prodwed. fet et fS04+Hy © When i is added io the solution, the colour ef tron sulphate soliton changes. - As Jine is more veadive than tron, so tt displaces tron from its solution and a grey precipitate 6 fron and a. colourless zinc sulphate is famed Zn + FeSO,—> ZnS0, + Fe How do mela and ron-melals react 2 ‘When réfals veact with non- metals , Hh form ionic Compounds and when non-metal veacls with a non-metal, ‘they form covalent Compounds. Cras OI (CA Bondg_, -An atom can achieve the inert gps electron arrangement in three ways: )) by losing one or more electron. by gpining one or more electron. ii) by shaving one or more electron. Tess *An ion is an ectrically charged atom. Na Na aple> “Th is formed by ltss or gain o dectrons by an alom. (284) C28) "So it conlsins an unequal number. ¢} electrons or protons. Sodtum “tvely charged, fon is known as Catton. “avely charged fon iS known as anion. Ex: Tf Sodtum and chlorine were to react Cl+e— Ce ~ 23,9 (2.8.3) Ne = efi] Chloride ton ~ Formation 9 Sodfum Chloride,Las Conprundy * Compounds having tonic bonds are known as “Conic bonds. “They ane formed by transfer of electrons from one atom +o another “They ove also known as Electvovalent Compounds. Fepaies, Tes Cpe Tonic compounds ave usually crystalline Solids because the oppositely charged. tons attyacts one another Strongly and form a, sugula - @ Tonic compounds have high melting and beiling point. @ Towle compounds axe usvally soluble i water but insoluble tn organic solvent. @ When we dissolve tonic solid. in water or melt it, the crystal structune i broken down and ors becom free to move and to wonduct eledvidy:Ses Compound > Compounds having ionic bonds are krown as Conic bond. “They ane formed by transfer of electrons rom one atom to another “They are also known as Electyovalent Compounds. Fepates, of Tes Cogan Toric compounds are usually crystalline solide because, the oppasiely chaged. tors attracts one another. strongly ancl form a, sequlax crystal- @ Toric compounds have igh nel and briling point. @© Lovie compounds ave usvally soluble im water but tasoluble tn organic. solvent. @ Wren we dissolve tonic solid in water or melt it, the crystal structure ie broken down and tons become free 4 move and to conduct elediicty:Mack: (Suestions 1. Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity: Na, K, Cu, Ag. [1M, 2009] A1.K>Na>Cu>Ag 2. What is the valency of silicon with atomic number 14? [1M,2010] A2. Its valency is equal to 4. 3. Why does calcium float in water? [1M,2011] A3. Calcium sticks to the surface because hydrogen gas is formed which sticks to the surface of calcium, therefore it floats. 4. Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state. [1M,2011] A4. Gold and Silver_are the two metals which are found in nature in the free state. 5. Make a distinction between metals and non-metals with respect to the nature of their oxide. {1M,2011]AS. Metallic oxides are basic, few are amphoteric. Non-metallic oxides are acidic, few are neutral. a . Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-lustrous. [1M,2011] A6. lodine (I) is the non-metal which is lustrous , sodium (Na) metal is non-lustrous. 7. Agreen layer is gradually formed on a copper plate left exposed to air for a week in a bathroom. What could this green substance be? [1M,2012] A7. It is due to the formation of basic copper carbonate [Cuco,.Cu(0H),]. 8. What happens when calcium is treated with water? [NCERT Exemplar] (i). It does note react with water (ii). It reacts violently with water (iii). It reacts less violently with water (iv). Bubbles of hydrogen gas formed, stick to the surface of calcium (a). (i) and (iv) (b). (ii) and (iii) (c). (i) and (ii) (d). (iii) and (iv)A8. (d). (ii) and (iv) 9. Which one of the following metals would be displaced from the solution of its salts by other three metals? [NCERT Exemplar] (a). Mg (b). Ag (c). Zn (d). Cu A9. (d). Cu 10. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron would be obtained on prolonged reaction of iron with steam? [1M,2020 Delhi] (a). FeO (b). Fe,O, (c). Fe,0, (d). Fe,O, and Fe,0, A10. (c) Fe,0, 11. Anelement ‘xX’ reacts with O, to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is also soluble in water. The element ‘ X’ is [1M,2020 Delhi] (a) Iron (b) Calcium (c) Carbon(d) silicon A11. (b) Calcium. 4 Suds uations 12. (a) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which does not conduct electricity in solid state where as it does conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution. (b) Reactivity of aluminium decrease if it is dipped in nitric acid. (c) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in their free state in nature. [3M,2019] A 12. (a) Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity in solid state whereas it does conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution. This is because in solid state movement of ions is not possible due to rigid structure. Movement of ions is what causes electricity.In molten and aqueous state, ions are free to move and so they conduct electricity. (b) Reactivity of aluminium decreases if it is dipped in nitric acid, because nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. As a result, whenaluminium is dipped in nitric acid, a layer of aluminium oxide is formed which prevents further reaction of aluminium. (c) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in their free state in nature.This is because they are highly reactive metals and form compounds with almost all elements. 13. (a) Explain the formation of ionic compound CaO with electron dot structure. Atomic numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively. (b) Name the constituent metals of bronze. [3M,2012] 13. (2) Calctum (20) — 2,8,8,2 Oxygen(2)—2,6 -2 Oe-wIH (b) Bronze is made up of copper and tin. 14. (i) lonic compounds in general have high melting and boiling points. (ii) Highly reactive metals cannot be obtained from their oxides by heatingthem with carbon. (iii) Copper vessels get a green coat when left exposed to air in the rainy season. [3M,2009] A14. (i) lonic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. (ii) It is because these metals themselves are strong reducing agents. Therefore, it cannot be reduced by reducing agents like carbon. (iii) Copper vessels react with CO, , 0, and moisture to form green-coloured basic copper carbonate [Cuco,.Cu(OH),]. 15. State three reasons for the following facts (i) Sulphur is a non-metal (ii)Magnesium is a metal One of the reasons must be supported with a chemical equation. [3M, 2015] Al5. Sulphur (non-metal) Magnesium ( metal ) 1. Sulphur is neither malleable, 1. Magnesium is malleable nor ductile. and ductile 2. It is poor conductor of heat 2. It is a good conductor of and electricity. heat and electricity 3. Sulphur dioxide is basic in 3. Magnesium oxide is acidic nature. in nature.$+0,—>S0, 2Mg + 0, ——> 2MgO SO, + H,0 —> H,SO, MgO + H,0 —> Mg(OH), (sulphurous acid) (magnesium hydroxide) anks (Yuestiow 16. With the help of a suitable example, explain how ionic compounds are formed. State any three general properties of ionic compounds. [5M, 2011] A16. lonic compounds are formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non-metals Three general properties of ionic compounds are as follows: (i) They are solids having high melting point. (ii) They are soluble in water.(iii) They conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution. 17. (i) Aluminium oxide is called an amphoteric oxide. (ii) An iron strip dipped in a blue copper sulphate solution turns the blue solution pale green. (iii) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most metals react with nitric acid. (iv) Calcium does not occur in a free state in nature. (v) Sodium or potassium metals are kept immersed under kerosene. [SQP 2020] A17. (i). Aluminium oxide is known as ‘amphoteric oxide’ due to its reaction with both acids and bases. (ii). The iron strip which dipped in the "blue copper sulphate solution" turned into the "blue solution pale green”. This is due to the fact that there is "formation of iron sulphate" takes place inside the solution. (iii). When metals react with the nitric acid, it is oxidised by nitrate ion and not by hydrogen ion. (iv). Calcium doesn't occur in any ‘free state’ in nature, because it is “highly reactive in nature". (v). Sodium and potassium metals are reactive and act violently in presence of air. 18. (a) (i) Write two properties of gold which make it the most suitable metal for ornaments.(ii) Name two metals which are the best conductors of heat. (iii) Name two metals which melt when you keep them on your palm. (b) Explain the formation of ionic compound CaO with electron-dot structure. Atomic numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively. [ 5M, 2020] A18. (i). The property of gold used in making ornaments is ductility and lustre. (ii). Silver are copper are the best conductors of heat. (iii). Gallium and cesium are the metals that melt when kept on palm. (iv) Atomic no. of Ca - 20, Electronic Configuration - 2,8,8,2 Atomic no. of O - 8 Electronic Conifguration - 2,6 19. Statement (A): Sodium and Potassium are highly reactive metals.Statement (B): Sodium and Potassium are stored underwater. (a). Statement ‘A’ is true, statement ‘B’ is false (b). Statement ‘B’ is false, statement ‘A’ is true (c). Both statements, ‘A’ and ‘B' are true (d). Both statements ‘A’ and ‘B' are false A.19 (a). Statement ‘A’ is true, statement ‘B’ is false Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct choice as: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect (d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct 20. Assertion: When soft iron nails are dipped in a strong solution of copper sulphate, a greenish black solution is formed. Reason: Iron replaces copper from copper sulphate solution formin iron sulphate A.20 (a). Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.21. Assertion: Aluminium is more reactive than iron, it’s corrosion is less than that of iron Reason: Aluminium is covered with a strong protective layer of oxide which protects the metal from further corrosion. A. 21 (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.