1|Page

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Siddhant COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

A/P Sudumbare Tal-Mavel Dist - pune

Micro Project
Academic Year (2022-23)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Program code and name: CO 5i Semester: Fifth
Subject: Environmental Studies Academic Year: 2022-23

A Micro Project on
IMPACT OF NATUAL DISASTERS & MANMADE
HAZARDS
Sr. Roll No. Student Name Enrollment No. Seat No.
1 12 Om Gole 2016240027
2 7 Yash Botre 2016240019
3 17 Tejas Madiwal 2116240097

Under Guidance of
Ms. Anushri Tatpalliwar
2|Page

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Om Gole Roll No 12 Fifth Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute, Siddhant college of
Engineering (Code: 1624) has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Course Environmental studies(code:22447) for the
academic year 2022 – 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrollment No: 2016240027

Exam Seat No: Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

Ms. Anushri Tatpalliwar Mrs.Rupali Kaldoke Mrs.Nanda Kulkarni
3|Page

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Yash Botre Roll No 7 Fifth Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute, Siddhant College of
Engineering (Code: 1624) has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Course Environmental studies(code:22447) for the
academic year 2022 – 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrollment No: 2016240019

Exam Seat No: Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

Ms. Anushri Tatpalliwar Mrs.Rupali Kaldoke Mrs.Nanda Kulkarni
4|Page

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Tejas Madiwal Roll No 17 Fifth Semester
of Diploma in Computer Engin eering of Institute, Siddhant College of
Engineering (Code: 1624) has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Course Environmental studies (code: 22427) for the
academic year 2022 – 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrollment No: 2116240097

Exam Seat No: Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

Ms.Priyanka Jadhav Mrs.Rupali Kaldoke Mrs.Nanda Kulkarni
5|Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great pleasure by getting the opportunity to
highlight this. A fraction of knowledge I acquired during our
technical education through this project.

This would not have been possible without guidance and can
express only page where we can express our emotions and
gratitude from the core of our heart to them. This project would
not have been such, less the without enlightened ideas, timely
suggestions and interest of our most respected guide Of Ms.
Anushri Tatpalliwar without her best guidance; this would have
been an impossible task to complete.

I would like to thank Mrs. Rupali Kalokhe Head of our

department for providing the necessary facility using the working
on this project work. I would also like to thank our Principal Mrs.
Nanda Kulkarni who encouraged us and created a healthy
environment for all of us to learn in the best possible way.

Finally, I would pay my respect and love to my pa, family

members, and as friends for their love and encouragement
throughout this Micro Project.
6|Page

Index
Sr. No. Content Page No.

1 Abstract 7

2 Introduction 8

3 Main Contain/Body 9

4 Reference 23
7|Page

Abstract
Natural and manmade hazards include, for instance, droughts,
desertification, floods, fires, earthquake and dispersion of
radioactive gases in the atmosphere. They have significant
social, environmental and economic impacts. The JRC carries
out extensive work to continuously monitor the situation, assess
risks and potential impacts, and forecast future events as
accurately as possible in order to help prevent these phenomena
from happening or to limit their impact. The JRC provides the
knowledge base that helps EU countries and international
partners prepare for a respond to natural and manmade
disasters.
An import part of this work is the development of methods and
tools to monitor the situation, assess risks and predict future
developments.

Develop an awareness of chronological phases of natural

disasters response refugee relief operations. This project aims
to understand the relationship of disaster phases to each other
and linkage of activities from one phase to next. Identify the
major disaster types and understand the relief system and the
disaster victim.
8|Page

Introduction
Environmental studies are the study of human interaction with
the environment and in the interests of solving complex
problems. Environment includes which we are directly or
indirectly dependent for our survival, whether it is living
component like animals, plants or nonliving component like soil,
air and water. Importance of environmental studies are (a)
People have to clarify modern environmental concept like how to
conserve biodiversity.

(b) Usage of natural resources more efficiently. (c) Try to know

the sustainable way of living. The field encompasses study in
basic principles of ecology and environmental science, as well
as associated subjects such as ethics, geography, policy,
politics, law, economics, philosophy, environmental sociology
and environmental justice, planning, pollution control and natural
resource management. The main factors influencing
environmental behaviors: there is waste management behaviors
like waste reduce, reuse, Recycle and Recycling Processes.
Reduce: People should make a simple habit to reduce waste by
avoiding disposable items like paper products, straws, plastic
covers and single serving containers. Pack your lunch or snacks
in a box and it does not involve throwing anything away. Avoid
food wastes to your trash it prevents loss of nutrients.

Reuse: when we use something again is called reuse. Clothes

are used to reuse for the same purpose by washing dirty. People
make a habit of donating clothes or unused items to the
orphanages or old age homes. Recycle: It involves collecting
processing and selling products from old materials. Cereal box
made with 100% recycled paper and aluminum can only be
made from 40% recycled content.
9|Page

Main Content / Body

EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is the shaking of the earth’s surface caused
by rapid movement of the earth’s crust or outer layer. Ever since
it came into existence 4.6 billion years ago, the earth has been
a dynamic, evolving system. The position of the different
continents and oceans that we see today, has changed a
number of times in the earth’s history.

Impact of Earthquake on the Environment:

The destruction, an earthquake causes, depends on its
magnitude and duration or the amount of shaking that occurs. In
the last 500 years, earthquakes around the world have killed
several million people. Earthquake is one of the most
catastrophic natural disasters. Massive loss of life and property
occurs due to collapse of buildings. Besides, roads, bridges,
canals, electric poles, etc. are severely damaged. Certain
regions of the earth are more prone to earthquakes.
10 | P a g e

These are places located in the unstable regions of the

earth crust, which are subjected to tectonic activities. Countries
like Japan, parts of Southeast Asia, Turkey, Iran, Mexico, etc.
are affected by severe Downloaded by Om Gole
([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|20280005 Rohan
Prajapati - 1520 [1900440052] earthquakes. In India, the entire
Himalayan region, parts of the Gang etic Plain, Kutch and
Andaman and Nicobar islands are in the earthquake hazard
zone.

Shaking of the ground and surface rupture:

This is the main cause of destruction in which buildings,
bridges, roads, canals and other structures are damaged.
Liquefaction: Earthquakes make sands and silts to
transform from a solid to liquid state. This also results in building
collapse. Landslides: Earthquakes of high intensity often trigger
many landslides in the hilly regions.
Fires: It is a major hazard associated with earthquakes.
The shakings of the ground and building damage often break the
gas pipes and electric lines that cause fires.
11 | P a g e

TSUNAMI
It is a Japanese term meaning ‘harbor waves’. Tsunamis
are massive sea waves that are mainly caused due to
earthquakes in the ocean floor or possibly due to an undersea
landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or
offset during an earthquake a set of waves is created similar to
the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the
water. These waves are massive in size and gain height as they
approach the seashore. Tsunamis up to the height of 30 m are
recorded
Tsunamis are the most catastrophic among natural
disasters as they affect a very wide geographical area. The
tsunami of 26 December, 2004 killed around three lakh people
and affected parts of Indonesia, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
in India, Sri Lanka and even Somalia.

Prevention and Mitigation: Despite the advances made by

modem science, the exact time and place where an earthquake
may strike cannot be predicted. Hence, the occurrence of an
earthquake cannot be prevented. However, there are certain
regions that are earthquakes prone and so the administration
must work before hand to minimize the damages due to
occurrence of earthquakes in such areas.
12 | P a g e

The control and mitigation measures in earthquake prone

regions include hazard reduction programmers, development of
critical facilities and proper land use planning.
Hazard reduction programmers:
i. Earthquake education and evacuation plans.
ii. Use of proper construction material that is not injurious
even if the structures collapse.
iii. Construction of quake resistant buildings having proper
structural design.
Development of critical facilities:
i. Establishment of earthquake regulatory agencies for fast
relief.
ii. ii. Establishment of specific health care units for treating
earthquake injuries Proper land use planning.
iii. iii. Mapping of faults and weak zones in earthquake prone
areas.
iv.
v. Buildings such as schools, hospitals, offices, etc. should be
in areas away from active faults.

FLOODS
Floods refer to the ‘inundation of large parts of land which
otherwise remain dry by water for some duration of time’. Floods
are one of the most common natural disasters occurring in many
parts of the world every year. Floods occur due to heavy rainfall
within a short duration of time in a particular region which causes
the rivers and streams to overflow.
Since most of the precipitation occurs within span of two to three
months during the rainy season, most floods occur during that
time. The floods in the mountainous regions due to cloudbursts
13 | P a g e

or damming of streams are referred to as flash-floods. In flash-

floods, the water drains away quickly but only after causing
extensive damage. The plain areas of a region which are drained
by a number of rivers, are the places most affected by floods. In
India, states like Assam, Bihar and parts of genetic Uttar Pradesh
are quite prone to floods during the rainy season.
The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries are most
susceptible to floods. However, heavy rains cause occasional
floods in parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Flooding, in India, is a major problem and some part or
the other is affected by the fury of floods usually during the
months from July to September.
Floods cause untold miseries to the affected regions in the form
of huge losses of life and property. There is great damage to
agriculture and livestock. Flood affected areas face acute
shortages of food and drinking water. Besides, floods cause a
number of water borne diseases such as diarrhea,
gastroenteritis, jaundice, malaria, etc.

Impact on the Environment:

Though the lives lost in floods may not be as high as in case of
earthquakes or cyclones, the damage to the environment is
immense. The problem is further aggravated if the floods last
for a longer duration of time.
14 | P a g e

Floods not only damage property and endanger if lives of

humans and animals, but have other effects as well, such
as:
1. Floods cause the spread of many epidemic diseases.
2. Rapid runoff causes soil erosion.
3. Wildlife habitat and forests are often destroyed.
4. Manmade structures like buildings, bridges, roads, sewer
lines, Power lines, etc. are damaged.
5. Floods cause widespread damage to the standing crops and
degrade the agricultural land.
6. Flood affected areas are faced with acute shortage of food
and Drinking water.

Prevention, Control and Mitigation:

Though floods are a natural hazard, it is sometimes intensified
due to undesirable human activities. The measures that can be
taken to control the extent of flood damage include land use
planning, building of physical barriers, preventing human
encroachment and use of technology for relief.
Land use planning:
1. Demarcation of the flood-prone areas that are first inundated
during floods.
2. Construction work and concentration of human population
should be avoided in the floodplains.
3. Afforestation on the upper reaches of the river (catchment
areas) to control soil erosion and excessive runoff.
Building of physical barriers:
Flood can be prevented by building certain structures, such as:
15 | P a g e

1. Embankments along the banks of rivers in densely populated

areas.
2. Building of reservoirs to collect excess water during floods.
3. The construction of channels that divert floodwater
Preventing human encroachment:
Human encroachment should be avoided in the following areas:
1. Floodplains and catchment areas.
2. This would control deforestation and soil erosion which would
prevent excessive runoff.
Use of technology for relief:
Advanced technology can be used in the following ways:
1. Advanced communication techniques for flood forecasting and
Warning.
2. Fast evacuation of people.
3. To provide relief in temporary shelters.
4. Immediate supply of medicines, drinking water, food and
clothes.
5. Epidemic diseases must be controlled through spraying,
vaccination, Etc.

DROUGHT
Drought is a condition of abnormally dry weather within a
geographic region. Drought refers to the lack or insufficiency of
rain for an extended period of time in a specific region. During
droughts, rainfall is less than normal causing a water imbalance
and resultant water shortage. It occurs when the rate of
evaporation and transpiration exceeds precipitation for a
considerable period. Drought should not be confused with dry
climate, as in the Sahara or Thar Desert.
16 | P a g e

It is marked by an unusual scarcity of water and food for the

humans as well as animals. Certain regions of the world, such
as parts of Central Africa, are characterized by low amount of
rainfall resulting in perennial droughtlike conditions. Some part
of India is often affected by drought even during the rainy
season. As India is primarily an agricultural country, droughts
cause untold miseries to the common people. Many Indian
farmers are still totally dependent on rainfall for irrigation and
because of abnormally dry spells there is extensive crop
damage. The main drought prone areas of the country are parts
of Rajasthan, Maharashtra.

Impact on the Environment:

The severity of the drought is gauged by the degree of moisture
deficiency, its duration, and the size of the area affected. If the
drought is brief, it is known as a dry spell or partial drought.
Drought causes serious environmental imbalances, which are
summarized below:
1. Water-supply reservoirs become empty, wells dry up and
there is acute water shortage.
2. Groundwater level is also depleted because of less recharge.
3. Soil degradation and erosion occurs. Soil cracks because of
shrinkage during desiccation
17 | P a g e

4. There is extensive crop damage.

5. People become impoverished and there are diseases due to
malnutrition.
6. Widespread damage to flora and fauna air including domestic
animals. Prevention, control and mitigation:
Rains are caused by a number of natural factors like air currents,
wind direction, etc. Thus, droughts are a natural phenomenon,
beyond.
Human control and prevention. Though, global warming may
have changed the pattern of rainfall in the recent times. In
modem times, by the use of satellites, we can predict the weather
pattern over a particular area. Drought-like conditions can be
overcome by better water harvesting techniques. Certain
precautions can be taken in drought prone areas, which relate to
management of water resources, proper agricultural techniques
and relief by different agencies.
Management of water resources:
1. Conservation of water through rainwater harvesting, building
check dams, bunds, etc.
2. Construction of reservoirs to hold emergency water supplies.
Proper agricultural techniques:
1. Increased use of drought resistant crops.
2. Proper irrigation techniques, such as drip and trickle irrigation
that minimize the use of water.
3. Over-cropping and overgrazing should be avoided.
Relief measures:
Immediate relief to the drought-affected people should be
provided in the form of:
18 | P a g e

1. Employment generation programmers, like ‘food for work’ in

the Drought affected areas.
2. To provide fodder for domestic animals.

MAN-MADE DISASTERS
Man-made disasters are the result of carelessness or human
errors during technological and industrial use. The disasters are
in the form of accidents, which occur all of a sudden and take a
huge toll on life and property. Mostly such disasters cause
injuries, diseases and casualties where they occur. Man-made
disasters are mainly of two types:
Local disasters: These are small-scale disasters such as train
accidents, plane crashes and shipwrecks.
Industrial and technological disasters: These are much larger in
scale and are the result of technology failures or industrial
accidents. Such disasters affect both local population and may
even cover a much larger area. Industrial disasters result due to
accidental leakage of water or air pollutants. Many of the
chemicals are extremely toxic and carcinogenic which affect the
human population in an adverse way. Some people die instantly
while others are crippled for whole life in the form of blindness,
paralysis and many other chronic diseases.
Impact on the environment:
Leakage of toxic chemicals from the industries and accidents in
the nuclear reactors has short-term and long-term effects on the
environment and human health. Short-term effects on human
health relate to casualties and diseases like blindness, cancer,
paralysis, heart trouble, gastric and respiratory abnormalities.
Long-term effects include genetic imbalances in humans and its
impact on the future generations. Soil and water sources also
remain polluted for long durations of time.
19 | P a g e

Prevention, control and mitigation:

Man-made disasters can be minimized to a large extent by
adopting the following measures:
1. Proper training of personnel working in the hazardous
industries.
2. Proper maintenance and care of safety measures.
3. Removing human encroachments around hazardous
industries.
4. Making the people aware about the first-aid methods in case
of accidents.
5. Applying wet cloth over the mouth and nose in case of gas
leakages minimizes the health hazards
. 6. Remaining indoors in case of radioactive accidents.
7. Providing the people with proper medical care, in some cases
throughout their life. 8. Providing adequate compensation to the
affected people by way of money and employment.

BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY (BGT)

The most serious industrial disaster occurred on December 3,
1984 at Bhopal, India, which is known as the Bhopal Gas
Tragedy (BGT). The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred due to
leakage of methyl isocyanide (MIC) gas from the factory of Union
Carbide of India Ltd. MIC gas is used as an ingredient in
pesticides. It leaked from the factory and formed the deadly
cloud over Bhopal. People living in slums in the vicinity of the
factory were the most affected and more than 5000 people were
killed, half of them due to direct exposure and other half due to
after affects. MIC is a colourless gas which causes severe
irritation, violent coughing, swelling of the lungs, bleeding and
death due to direct inhalation. It also caused loss of eye-sight in
more than 1000 people. More than 50,000 people were affected
with respiratory, eye, gastric, neurological and gynaecological
20 | P a g e

problems Another technological disaster is due to the potential

damages of nuclear fallout. An example is the Chernobyl Nuclear
Disaster.

CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTER

This nuclear disaster occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant, which was one of the largest power plants in the Ukrainian
Republic of erstwhile USSR, on April 26, 1986. It is the worst
nuclear disaster recorded in a nuclear power plant. This nuclear
power plant had four reactors of 1000 megawatt each for
electricity generation. A sudden power surge resulted in two
explosions, which destroyed the reactor core and blasted a large
hole in the roof of the reactor building. The Radioactive debris
moved up through that hole to heights of 1 km.

Approximately 100 to 150 million curies of radiation (radioactive

isotopes of iodine and caesium) escaped into the atmosphere.
To reduce emissions, the rescue team bombarded the reactor
with 5,000 metric tonnes of shielding material consisting of lead,
boron, sand and clay. Soviet officials placed the toll of human
lives to 31.
However, according to western estimates, 2000 people were
killed. Large areas of the Ukrainian, Byelorussia Republics of the
21 | P a g e

USSR and even parts of Poland, Denmark and Sweden were

contaminated. Around 200,000 people had to be evacuated and
resettled. The after affects lasted for many years and a rise in
the incidence of thyroid and blood cancer has been observed in
a wide group of people.
Other effects on the human health included skin diseases, hair
loss, and nausea, and anemia, respiratory and reproductive
diseases.

CONCLUSION
In this Micro project we learned about Impact of Natural
Disasters and Man-Made Hazards, Different Type of Disasters
and more!

Outputs of the Micro-Project

22 | P a g e

Skill Developed/Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

We learned how to manage the situation after the disasters occurred.
We understand the basic impacts of natural as well as manmade
disasters impacts on environment. We learned the mitigation and
prevention controls for the various disasters. We also understand the
causes for the disasters.
23 | P a g e

REFERENCE
Website:
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/natural-and-man-made-
disaster-and-their-impact-on-environment/7134
https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-
and-man-made-hazards_en
Books

Introduction to Natural and Man-made Disasters

and Their Effects on Buildings
By

Roxanna McDonald
Natural And Man Made Disasters First Edition

by K K Singh (Author), A K Singh (Author)