Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11 Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students

al Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11

Problem 11.1 = 3947 − 274.4

mp 5 = 3673 m
out
mp = mp + mp = mp + = mp
out in out 4 4 out
After 3 second staging delay:
Outbound leg: v = v bo − g∆t s = 1054 − 9.81 ⋅ 3 = 1024 m s
1 1
 m e + m p + mPL  h = hbo + v bo ∆t s − g∆t s2 = 3673 + 1054 ⋅ 3 − ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ 3 2 = 3673 + 3117 = 6790 m
∆v = I sp go ln  
2 2
m
 e + m p − m p out + mPL 
Second stage:
 5 
m e + m p + 3500

4220 = 430 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ ln  4 out  v0 = 1024 m s
5 
 m e + m p − m p + 3500  h0 = 6790 m
 4 out out 

m + m
5
+ 3500
 c = I sp go = 235 ⋅ 9.81 = 2305 m s
 e 4 p out 
= 430 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ ln 
( )
1 
 m e + m p + 3500   m  m0 − m f go
 4 out  v bo = v0 + c ln  0  −
mf  m«e
5
m e + m p + 3500
4 out
= 2.719  113.4  (113.4 − 58.97 ) ⋅ 9.81
1 = 1024 + 2305 ln −
 58.97  4.0573
m e + m p + 3500
4 out = 1024 + 1508 − 131.7
0.5702m p − 1.719m e = 6018 (1)
out = 2400 m s

Return from GEO tp LEO:

 m0 − m f  c  mf   1  m0 − m f  2
h bo = h0 + v0   + «  ln   m f + m0 − m f  −   go
 1  «
 m e  m e   m0   2  m«e 
m + m + 3500
 e 4 p out 
∆v = I sp go ln  
 me 
 1 
m + m  113.4 − 59.97  2305   59.97   1  113.4 − 58.97  2
 e 4 p out  = 6790 + 1024 + ln ⋅ 58.97 + 113.4 − 58.97  − ⋅ 9.81
4220 = 430 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ ln    
 4.053   113.4 
 me  4.053  2 4.063 
1 = 6790 + 13 760 + 9028 − 884.7
me + mp = 28 690 m
4 out
= 2.719
me Coast to apogee:
m p = 6.876m e (2)
out
v0 = 2400 m s
Substitute (2) into(1): h0 = 28 690 m
0.5702(6.876m e ) − 1.719m e = 6018 v 2400
m e = 2733 kg 0 = v0 − gt max ⇒ t max = 0 = = 244.7 s
g 9.81
1 1
Problem 11.2 hmax = h0 + v0 t max − gt max 2 = 28 690 + 2400 ⋅ 244.7 − ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ 244.7 2 = 322 300 m
2 2

First stage: Problem 11.3

c = I sp go = 235 ⋅ 9.81 = 2943 m s
v0 = ω earth Rearth cos φ = 7.292(10 −5 ) ⋅ 6378 ⋅ cos 28° = 0.4107 km s
v bo = c ln  0  −
(
 m  m0 − m f go
= 2943 ln
)
 249.5  (249.5 − 170.1) ⋅ 9.81
− = 1127 − 73.38 = 1054 m s 398 600
m m«  170.1  10.61 ∆v = + 2 − 0.4107 = 9.315 km s
 f e 6678
 1  m0 − m f  2 v bo = ∆v = 9.315 km s
c  mf 
h bo =  ln   m + m0 − m f  −   go v bo = v bo1 + v bo2
m«e   m0  f  2  m«e 
 m0   m0 
2943   170.1   1  249.5 − 170.1  2 v bo = I sp go ln  1  + I sp go ln  2 
= ⋅ 170.1 + 249.5 − 170.1 −  m f1   m f2 
ln 9.81 1 2
10.61   249.5   2 10.61 

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Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11 Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11

 2 ⋅ 525 000 + 30 000 + 600 000 + mPL  (c)

9315 = 290 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ ln  
 2 ⋅ (525000 - 450000) + 3000 + 600000 + mPL 
mE1 =
(1 − πPL1/3 )ε m =
(1 − 0.06667 1/3 ) ⋅ 0.1429
10 000 = 12740 kg
PL
 30 000 + 600 000 + mPL  π PL 0.06667
+ 450 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ ln 
 30 000 + mPL 

mE2 =
(1 − π PL1/3 )ε m =
(1 − 0.06667 1/3 ) ⋅ 0.1429
10 000 = 5166 kg
PL
 1 680 000 + mPL   630 000 + mPL  π PL2/3 0.06667 2/3
9315 = 2845 ⋅ ln   + 4414 ⋅ ln  30 000 + m 
 753 000 + mPL   PL 
mE3 =
(1 − π PL1/3 )ε m =
(1 − 0.06667 1/3 ) ⋅ 0.1429
10 000 = 2095 kg
PL
π PL1/3 0.06667 1/3
To find the value of mPL satisfying this equation, graph the function
(d)
 1 680 000 + mPL   630 000 + mPL  m0 3 = mE3 + m p + mPL = 2095 + 12 570 + 10 000 = 24 660 kg
f = 9315 − 2845 ⋅ ln   − 4414 ⋅ ln   3
 753 000 + mPL   30 000 + mPL 
m0 2 = mE2 + m p + m0 3 = 5166 + 30 990 + 24 660 = 60 820 kg
2
f m01 = mE1 + m p + m0 2 = 12740 + 76 440 + 60 820 = 150 000 kg
1

500 Problem 11.5

c1 = I sp go = 300 ⋅ 0.009 81 = 2.943 km s
1
0 c2 = I sp go = 235 ⋅ 0.009 81 = 2.305 km s
2

ε 1 = 0.2
-500
ε2 = 0.3

mPL (kg) v bo = 6.2 km s

100 000 120 000
110 800 2
 c iη − 1   c1η − 1   c2η − 1 
v bo = ∑ c i ln   = c1 ln   + c2 ln  
i =1 c iε iη   c1ε1η   c2 ε2η 
f = 0 when mPL = 110 800 kg  2.943η − 1   2.305η − 1 
6.2 = 2.943 ln   + 2.305 ln  
 2.943 ⋅ 0.2η   2.305 ⋅ 0.3η 
Problem 11.4
 2.943η − 1   2.305η − 1 
mPL 10 000 6.2 = 2.943 ln   + 2.305 ln  
π PL = = = 0.06667  0.5886η   0.6915η 
m0 150 000
π PL1/3 To find η , graph the function
λ= = 0.682
1 − π PL1/3
 2.943η − 1   2.305η − 1 
mE 20 000 f = 2.943 ln   + 2.305 ln   − 6.2
ε= = = 0.1429  0.5886η   0.6915η 
m0 − mPL 150 000 − 10 000
(a) As shown below, f = 0 when η = 1.726 .
1+λ 1 + 0.682
n= = = 2.039
ε + λ 0.1429 + 0.682 c η − 1 2.943 ⋅ 1.726 − 1
n1 = 1 = = 4.016
∆v = I sp go ln n = 310 ⋅ 0.009 81 ⋅ ln 2.039 3 = 6.5 km s
3
c1ε1η 2.943 ⋅ 0.2 ⋅ 1.726
c η − 1 2.305 ⋅ 1.726 − 1
(b) n2 = 2 = = 2.496
c2 ε2η 2.305 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 1.726
mp =
(1 − πPL1/3 )(1 − ε) m =
(1 − 0.06667 1/3 )(1 − 0.1429)
⋅ 10 000 = 76 440 kg
PL n2 − 1 2.496 − 1
1 π PL 0.06667 m2 = m = ⋅ 10 = 59.53 kg
mp =
( )
1 − π PL1/3 (1 − ε )
mPL =
(1 − 0.06667 )(1 − 0.1429)
1/3
⋅ 10 000 = 30 990 kg
1 − ε2 n2 PL 1 − 0.3 ⋅ 2.496
n1 − 1 4.016 − 1
2 π PL2/3 0.06667 2/3 m1 = (m + mPL ) = 1 − 0.2 ⋅ 4.016 ( 59.53 + 10) = 1065 kg
1 − ε1 n1 2
mp =
( )
1 − π PL1/3 (1 − ε )
mPL =
(1 − 0.06667 1/3 )(1 − 0.1429)
⋅ 10 000 = 12 570 kg
3 π PL1/3 0.06667 1/3 M = m1 + m2 = 1065 + 59.53 = 1124 kg

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Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11 Solutions Manual Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students Chapter 11

z1 = x2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 0.2929 2 + ( −0.7071) + 2 ⋅ 0.2929( −0.7071) = 0.1716

2
f

λ = −3.414:
0
λ + 1 −3.414 + 1
x= = = 1.707
λ + 2 −3.414 + 2
-1 1 1
y=− =− = 0.7071
λ +2 −3.414 + 2
z2 = x + y + 2 xy = 1.707 + 0.70712 + 2 ⋅ 1.707 ⋅ 0.7071 = 5.828
2 2 2
1.5 2 2.5
Note that
1.726
 ∂2z ∂ 2 g  ∂2z ∂2 g   ∂2z ∂ 2 g 2
d 2 h =  2 + λ 2  dx2 + 2 +λ  dxdy +  2 + λ 2  dy
 ∂x ∂x   ∂ x∂ y ∂ x∂ y   ∂y ∂y 
Problem 11.6
d 2 h = (2 + λ ⋅ 2) dx2 + 2(2 + λ ⋅ 0) dxdy + (2 + λ ⋅ 2) dy 2
z = x2 + y 2 + 2 xy
g = x2 − 2 x + y 2
( )
d 2 h = 2(λ + 1) dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy

For λ = −0.5858 ,
(
h = z + λg = x2 + y 2 + 2 xy + λ x2 − 2 x + y 2 )
( ) ( )
d 2 h = 2(λ + 1) dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy = 2( −0.5858 + 1) dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy
∂h
∂x
= 2 x + 2 y + λ (2 x − 2) = 0 ⇒ (λ + 1) x + y = λ ( )
= 0.8284 dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy
∂h
= 2 y + 2 x + λ (2 y) = 0 ⇒ x + (λ + 1) y = 0 Since d 2 h > 0 , z1 = zmin .
∂y
For λ = −3.414 ,
λ + 1 1   x  λ 
∴  = 
λ + 1  y   0 
 1 ( ) ( )
d 2 h = 2(λ + 1) dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy = 2( −3.414 + 1) dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy
 λ +1 
 x  λ + 1
−1
1  λ  1 λ + 1 −1  λ   λ + 2  ( )
= −4.828 dx2 + dy 2 + 4 dxdy
 =   = (   =
1 
y  1 λ + 1  0  λ λ + 2)  −1 λ + 1  0  
 

−
 λ +2 Since d 2 h < 0 , z2 = zmax .

x2 − 2 x + y 2 = 0
(λ + 1)2 λ +1 1
−2 + =0
(λ + 2)2 λ + 2 (λ + 2)2

Multiply through by (λ + 2) (this is okay since λ + 2 = 0 clearly does not correspond to a local
2

extremum). Then

(λ + 1)2 − 2(λ + 1)(λ + 2) + 1 = 0

or

λ2 + 4λ + 2 = 0
The two roots are −0.5858 and − 3.414 .

λ = −0.5858:

λ + 1 −0.5858 + 1
x= = = 0.2929
λ + 2 −0.5858 + 2
1 1
y=− =− = −0.7071
λ +2 −0.585 + 2

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