Module 3: TECHNOLOGIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Food and agro based technologies, Tissue culture, Nursery, Building and construction
technologies, Cultivation and processing of economic plants, Cottage and social industries,
Latest developments in rural technologies.

Course Material

Topic 1: Food and Agro based Technologies in rural areas

Classification based on product

1. Type of crop/vegetables/fruits/Agro product

Classification based on area

To start any technology

1. Select the appropriate technology based on skilled labour

2. Customer
3. Funding
4. Export potential

1. Common Agro Industries in rural areas

Green revolution: Dr.Ms Swaminathan

1. Rice
2. Sorghum
3. Maize
2. Milk
White revolution: Job Kurian
India accounts 344% cattle of world cattle and Global milk production around 15%

Reasons

a. Low milk yield

b. Large number of unproductive cattle
c. Good quality feed is missing
d. National level breeding policy is missing
e. No animal health care
f. Chilling facilities
g. Inadequate education
h. Poor infrastructure facilities

Fruits and vegetables section

 Fruits

 Banana, mango, guava, grapes, apple, pineapple, papaya and orange

 Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Behar, UP, Tamilnadu and
Gujarat

Vegetables

 Lady fingers, brinjal, chilli, ginger,

 15% world vegetable growth in India
 Most of the vegetable spoiled because no proper storage facility. No
export.
 Fruit export and 200crores worth fruits have been exported.

Issues:

1. Absence of modern and scientific methods

2. Harvesting period loss
3. Skilled labour

Food and Agro technologies

Machinery which will be used for agricultural Engg.

1. Naveen sickle – Serrated blade to cut plants

2. Animal drawn digger – Digging ground nut and potato
3. Grubber weeder – manually separated tool for weeding
4. Self propelled reaper – used for harvest cereals and oil
5. Seed drill – wheat, gram, sorghum
6. Improved Bakhar – V-blade with handle
7. Manual rice planter
8. Multi crop thresher – to thresh soya bean, sorghum etc

Food processing

Fruits and vegetables preservation

Processing of Orange, Lemon and Mango process

Raw materials weigh wash Deskin if required

Pasteurize Pulp or Juice Cut Hot blanch

Quality testing Hot fill Seal
 SOYA MILK

2 tea spoons baking powder for Reduce beany flavour

1kg of soya bean

Ochchra buddees

400ml of milk for every 50kg of beans

Soya bean flour

5-77 % of moisture

36-57% protein

14-24% carbohydrates

13-24% fat

3-6% ash

Vinegar

It is a traditional rural industry product

Ingredients

Sugar cane

Black berry (Jamun)

Sapota

Pulp and Juice are kept in pots for 15 – 20 days

The pots will be covered with cloth (Jute) to provide heat and accelerate fermentation. Later the
material is filtered and sterilized with low heat.

Iodized salt

30gms of Potassium iodate (KIO3) to be dissolved in 1000ml. Raw salt is immersed in

water for 5min and then transferred to concrete platform for dying to drains out excess water.
Later grinded and packed in polythene bags.

Drying and powdering of red chillies

DIPSOL process evolved (FTR)

Fresh chillies soaked in emulsion and dried for 3days in solar dryer or heated to a 150oc and
made powder.

Emulsion (Potassium Carbonate, Hydroxy betanisol, Coconut oil and water)

Dehydration of fruits and vegetables

 To pressure
 To make available during offseason
Removal of moisture in a controlled temperature

Cauli flower, carrot, cabbage, spinach, grapes, banana, apple, mango, ginger, onion etc.

Hot air driers, drum driers, solar drier etc

Potato chips

Process – washing, peeling, slicing

1/8” to 1/6”

Sliced potatoes blanched for 3 to 4minutes in boiling water and soaked in 0.125% potassium
metabisulphate solution for 10minutes. Later they are dried in hot sun/air drier for a period of 6
to 8hrs. Later they are deep fried and packed.

Maida/Atta

Cleaning of wheat by using graders

Tampering wheat for 20hours

Bran removal by hullers

Griding debranned grains in steel disc mills

Sieving – separation of atta or Maida by using granty sifters.

Sunflower seeds

Sunflower seeds cleaning grading decortication kornels air separation

Papad

Dall powder filtration make paste round balls press drying packing

Mushroom cultivation

The world consumption is 27 lakh tonnes/year

Over 2000 species in mushroom, only 20 species have been used

Preparation of mushroom

Materials required

1. An empty drum
2. Formation
3. Baristin – fungicide
 4. Paddy/wheat straw 50% carbendazim
5. Polythene bags (24” X 18”)
6. Water
a) 100liters of water takes in drum add 100ml of formalin and 7gms of bavistin and mix
with stick
b) 10kg of paddy/straw to be wetted in this chemical for 24hrs
c) Take out the straw/paddy and spread on clean floor to dry it
d) Wet straw spawned @ 10 percent on wet weight basis
e) This spawned wet straw transferred wet polythene bags having 8 to 10 holes with 1cm
dia. and keep them at a distance of 15 to 20cm
f) After 20days remove the bags and arrange the material on wooden platform watering to
be done for twice a day for 4 to 6 days with RH 80-90%.
g) Mushroom will appear after 2 to 3 days and fresh will appear after 4weeks.

Preparation of compost spawning filling in polythene bags cropping

Marketing packing dehydration packaging harvesting

Topic 2: Tissue culture and Nursery

Widely used for flowers, spices, fruits, medicines and aromatic plants.

Culture of organs (short tips, root tips, flowers, embryos, anthers, ovules)

Fissure cells and protoplasts.

NCL Pune, TERI, Institute of Himalayan

Bio resources technology, Palampur, COSTFORD Kerala, ARTI Pune

Steps involved

1. Preparation of the appropriate sterile culture medium.

2. Culturing of the selected plant parts after surface sterilization.
3. Manipulation of chemical composition of the medium for modulation of stage of growth.
4. Development of plants/shoots
5. Rooting of the plant
6. Hardening to withstand external environment.

NCL – National Chemical Laboratories, Pune

COSTFORD – The Center of Science & Technology for Rural Development, Kerala
ARTI – Appropriate Rural Technology Institute, Pune

Topic 3: Building Materials and Construction in Rural Areas

Factors while choosing the construction material

a) Strength and water resistance

b) Cost should be low and maintenance should be good
c) Availability of material
d) Skilled labour
e) Quality and durability of materials
f) Transportation cost
g) Size and shape of the material
h) Cultural acceptability

Wood

Wood from deciduous trees – hard wood

Wood from coniferous trees – soft wood

Wood characteristics

1. Resistance to wear and tear

2. Resistance to shock
3. Warping
4. Workability
5. Resistance to natural decay

Defects

1. Brittle
2. Fissures
3. Decay due to fungus
4. Termites

Timber Grades

F – furniture

GJ – General Joinery

S-75 – Structural grade 75% of basic xxxx

S-50 – Structural grade 50% of basic xxxx

C – General construction category

L – Low grade

Properties

S = 1041 kg/m3

Bending strength – 50N/mm2

e = 10.5 KN/mm2  = 3.2 N/mm2

Wood preservations

1. Creosote – brownish liquid after distillation of coal tar

2. Coal tar
3. Engine oils

Plywood

Gluing together 3 or 4 veneers that have been peeled from logs

Earth as a building material

Advantages:

1. Resistance to fire
2. Cheaper than any other material
3. High thermal capacity
4. Absorbs noise
5. Easy to work with

Dis advantages:

1. Water absorbent
2. Shrinkage and swelling
3. Low resistance to abrasion

Classification of soil particles

Gravel 60mm – 2mm

Sand 2mm – 0.06mm

Silt 0.06 – 0.002mm

Clay smaller than 0.002mm

Requirement properties

Plasticity Index – Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit

Bricks

Brunt clay bricks have good resistance to moisture, Insects, erosion and cracks

Good room environment

Kilns will be used to make bricks

Properties of bricks

1. Colour – uniform and bright

2. Shape – perfect plane shape
3. Standard size – 22.4 X 11.4 X 7.0cm nominal size 20 X 10 X 10cm
4. Texture – uniform
5. Soundness – should give metallic sound
6. Water absorption - < 15% for 24hrs
7. Efflorescence – no formation of white patches
8. Thermal conductivity – low
9. Fire resistant

Lime

Burnt up to 900o – 1000oc

After drying it will be sieved through 3mm sieve

The powder after sieving will be used for construction

Slaked lime – CaCo3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2

Cement

CaCo3 + Argillaceous material – Zypsum – burn 1500oc – clinkers – rollers – sieving

Ingredients in cement – Lime, silica, Al2O3, FeO2, MgO, SO2, Miscellaneous material

Cement properties

1. Provides strength
2. Stiffens with water
3. Possesses good plastering
4. Excellent building material
5. Easily workable
 6. Good moisture resistant.

Concrete – cement + aggregate + sand + water

Mortar – mixture of sand, cement and water.

Steel

Plastic, Rubber

Windows

Double hung

Garden window

Hopper

Arched

Dormer window

Lantern window

Doors

1. Single leafed
2. Double leafed
3. Rolling
4. Sliding

Topic 3: Cultivation and processing of economic plants

Economic plants

1. Pine apple

It is one of the commercially available plant. Grows in any soil. Average rainfall required
is 1500mm. Temperature must be between16oc to 35oc. If at any level which is less than 900mm.
pH of the soil should be between 5.5 to 6.5. The been flower will be planted. Yield will obtain
after 12 months. Water to be done wherever scanty rainfall occurs. Total harvesting period is 15
to 18 months.

How to grow in home

1. Buy a riped pine apple. Remove the leave from the fruit. Take out the steps along with
leaves and put it in glass of water. Later submerge the steps and remaining leaves portion
 should be outside the glass. Soak it for nearly 7days and take it out and put it in soil pot
keep it warm climate and apply fertilizers until year set aforist. It may take 1 ½ year.

2. Ground nut

It grows in sandy loam or sandy soil. pH of the soil should be 6.5 to 7.0. Temperature
during germination should be around 30oc. Crop rotation is very important in the case of
groundnut. It requires adequate level of potassium, sulpher & Calcium.

The ground nut seeds to be kept at a distance of 5 to 6cm. compact the soil after seeding.
3 to 3.5cm of watering to be done regularly for a period of 7 to 10 days. Harvesting period is
around 2 months.

3. Orange/Lemon

Orange grows in all type of soils with as annual rainfall 100 to 120cm. The temperature
range should be 10 – 35 oc. But soil must be more acidic in nature. Seeding to be done last week
of January. Spacing should be 6m X 6m to all planting seeds. Watering should be done 15 to
20L/day. Zinc, Copper, Mn, xxxxxxxxx fertilizer is required. Soya bean, gram, ground nut can
be formed on inter cultivation. Generally the tree grows and fronting period will be between 240
to 280days.

4. Sweet Potato

Sweet potatoes are not grown using seeds. They are grown/developed using slips. Slips
are shorts grown from a mature potato. One sweet will give 50 slip sprouts. To create sprouts,
carefully wash the potatos and cut them either in half and in large sections and apply tooth picks
on the potato and put them in half fill jar. One no of roots are created place them in soil. A plant
will be grown from each root. Sweet potato is very much suitable in black cotton soil.

It is grown in warm weather the temperature should be 21 to 28 oc. The sweet potatos will
be ready in 6 to 8 weeks. It will grown in winter season.

Banana(herb)

Banana requires 26 to 32oc temperature. It is a high humidity crop. Soil should be very rich in
iron, Magnesium, Potassium. It is a perennial plant. It will grows in 8 to 9months. They require
lot of water. Take shrub of banana and put in water. Small short select from the base of the
banana and put it in soil. Water it regularly.

Topic 4: Cottage and social industries

Cottage Industries in India

Introduction: In the modern industrialized world, there are large factories and mills with huge
machines, smoking chimneys and hundreds and thousands of laborers.

The present condition of cottage industries in not very good. However, there are few people who
thinks that every effort should be made to revive them.

The giant factories were unknown in ancient times when the only industries were the cottage
industries, where men worked mainly with the hand.

Comparison between Cottage industries and Large mechanized industries: Cottage

industries cannot produce large quantities of a thing, and production here is not only small but
slow. A cloth mill will produce hundreds of bales of cloth in a short time but a weaver will take
long to weave a single piece of cloth. Large industries produce things quickly and cheaply so that
the competition of cottage industries and large industries is just like the competition between a
man who walks on foot and one who goes by a train. That is why cottage industries are being
pushed out of existence, and this, say the industrialists, is just in the fitness of things.

India is gradually establishing large industries, but these large industries have many by-products
and with these it is possible to carry on small cottage industries. For example, carpet-making is
done with waste products of jute mills and cotton mills, and in this way useful cottage industries
can grow around our large industrial ventures.

List of Principal Cottage Industries in India

The principal cottage industries of India are:

1. Hand-loom weaving (cotton, silk, jute, etc.)

2. Pottery
3. Washing soap making
4. Conch shell industry
5. Handmade paper industry
6. Horn button industry
7. Mother-of-pearl button industry
8. Cutlery industry
9. Lock and key making

Necessity of Cottage Industries in India

We depend on cottage industries for many of its needs. We get our clothing from mills but we
have to depend on cottage industries for our bell-metal things, for our bangles and buttons. If we
allow the cottage industries to decay, we shall do so at considerable loss to ourselves.

From yet other point of view cottage industries are a necessity to India, and they shall be so until
the very structure of society is changed. The centre of Indian life is in the villages. It is in the
villages that the majority of the people live, but it is not possible to establish large industries at
many places. So, if the village population has to live, it will have to depend a good deal on
cottage industries, on the things that villagers can produce in their homes with their hands or
with simple tools that are readily available. It will give them employment and save their society
from decay.

Impact of Cottage Industries

Impact on Economy: These are all economic, practical arguments, and it may seem that cottage
industries will not lose their importance so long as large industries have not been fully
established. However, there are deeper arguments, too, and it is these deeper arguments that
swayed Mahatma Gandhi when he worked for the revival of cottage industries. He thought that
cottage industries should not merely supplement large industries, they should replace them.

Impact on Rural Economy: The Indian agriculturist who has difficulty in making two ends
meet will get an additional support if he can take to cottage industries when he is not employed
in his major occupation. Agriculture does not employ a cultivator all the year round. For many
months the peasant has no work. If during this period he engages himself in simple cottage
industries like basket-work or rope-making, he can earn more for his living.

It will take a long time for India to fully industrialize herself. The nerve-centre of India is in the
villages and she will require cottage industries. And even if large industries are established,
cottage industries will not die out; rather they will grow up as off-shoots of large industries.

Impact on Society: Cottage industries are desirable, not only from the moral and aesthetic
points of view, but also from the point of view of society. In the cottages the worker is not cut off
from his family; rather he works amongst his own people and with their help. This increases his
attachment to the family and develops his better sentiments. He is a man and not a hand.

It must also be remembered that it is the large-scale industries that have created a wide gap
between capital and labor. They tend to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few wealthy men,
nowadays called industrial magnates, and the ordinary worker is doubly a slave – slave to the
machine and to the master who owns the machine. Cottage industries scatter the wealth all over
the country and help to do away with the artificial distinction between the few inordinately rich
and the vast majority that are poor. From this point of view cottage industries may be said to be
great socializing force.

Possibilities of Cottage Industries

Although due to competition from large-scale manufacturing industries and certain
organizational defects, the cottage industries has received a blow, its possibilities remain very
promising.

Advantages

The cottage industry has certain advantages, which indicate its future possibilities.

1. All the members of the family can carry on the cottage industry. Each one of them doing a
part of the entire process that is assigned to them. The can carry out the production jointly.
2. Since it is carried on in homes, the peace and quiet of home life can be fully enjoyed, and
3. The evils of industrial cities can be avoided in a system of cottage industries. These
advantages certainly go in favor of handloom cotton weaving industry.
4. The chief advantage of handloom industry over power weaving is that handloom products
can be more artistic than machine made goods. Standardized fabrics are manufactured at
mills. However, in handloom and cottage industries, there is immense scope for individual
artistic designs.

Disadvantages

The organization of the cottage industry is defective in many respects. The weavers, being poor
are entirely dependent on the financial loans for their raw materials and for marketing their
finished products.

Remedies (Solutions)

The following remedies / solutions are suggested to improve the prospects of the cottage
industry:

1. There should be facility for adequate finance and marketing facilities for small scale and
cottage industry owners. They should be first rescued from the clutches of the unregulated
lenders.
2. Co-operative Societies among the weavers should be encouraged so that through them, the
poor may have supplies of raw materials and have their finished products disposed off.
3. Arrangements should be made for providing the weavers with new designs of cloth in
keeping with the changing requirements of the people.
4. Better devices and labor saving machineries should be introduced, so that the cottage
industries may compete with mills and factories.