Data Communications
and Networking
By
Dr.Sulaiman Abdo Mahyoub Ghaleb
To understand any concept in your life
try to simplify it
Contents
• Data Communication
• Networks
• A glimpse of Networking and The
Internet History
Data Communication
When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can
be local or remote. Between individuals, local communication usually
occurs face to face, while remote communication takes place over
distance. The term telecommunication, which includes telephony,
telegraphy, and television, means communication at a distance (tele is
Greek for “far”). The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data.
What is the difference between Data and information?
Definition
Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
For data communications to occur, the
communicating devices must be part of a
communication system made up of a combination
of hardware (physical equipment) and software
(programs).
Features
The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:
1. Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that
device or user.
2. Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that
have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely
manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case of
video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data
as they are produced, in the same order that they are
produced, and without significant delay. This kind of
delivery is called real-time transmission.
4. Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet
arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of
audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that
video packets are sent every 30 ms. If some of the
packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others with 40-ms
delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.
Components
A Data Communications system has five components:
Figure 1. Five components of data communication
• Message. The message is the information (data)
to be communicated. Popular forms of
information include text, numbers, pictures,
audio, and video.
• Sender. The sender is the device that sends the
data message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
• Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives
the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.
• Transmission medium. The transmission medium
is the physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver. Some examples of
transmission media include twisted-pair wire,
coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
• Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern
data communications. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices. Without a
protocol, two devices may be connected but not
communicating, just as a person speaking French
cannot be understood by a person who speaks
only Japanese.
NETWORKS
Definition
A network is the interconnection of a set of devices
capable of communication. In this definition, a device
can be a host (or an end system as it is sometimes
called) such as a large computer, desktop, laptop,
workstation, cellular phone, or security system.
.
A device in this definition can also be a connecting
device such as a router, which connects the network
to other networks, a switch, which connects devices
together, a modem (modulator-demodulator), which
changes the form of data, and so on. These devices
in a network are connected using wired or wireless
transmission medium such as cable or air.
When we connect two computers at home using a
plug-and-play router, we have created a network,
although very small
• An Internet service provider(ISP) is an
organization that provides services for accessing,
using, or participating in the Internet.
• An internet service provider (ISP) provides access
to the internet. This access can be through a cable,
DSL, or dial-up connection.
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).
Network Criteria
• Performance
• Reliability
• Security
Performance
• Performance can be measured in many ways,
including transit time and response time.
• Transit time is the amount of time required for a
message to travel from one device to another.
• Response time is the elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response.
• The performance of a network depends on a
number of factors, including the number of users,
the type of transmission medium, the capabilities
of the connected hardware, and the efficiency of
the software.
• Performance is often evaluated by two
networking metrics: throughput and delay. We
often need more throughput and less delay.
• However, these two criteria are often
contradictory. If we try to send more data to
the network, we may increase throughput but
we increase the delay because of traffic
congestion in the network.
Reliability
In addition to accuracy of delivery, network reliability is
measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link
to recover from a failure, and the network’s robustness in a
catastrophe.
Security
Network security issues include protecting data from
unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and
development, and implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.
A glimpse of Networking and
The Internet History
Birth of the Internet
• Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) The goal now was resource sharing,
whether that was data, findings, or applications. It
would allow people, no matter where they were,
to use the power of expensive computing that was
far away, as if they were right in front of them.
• In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom
were part of the core ARPANET group,
collaborated on what they called the Internetting
Project.
Revolution
• Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device
called a Gateway to serve as the intermediary
hardware to transfer data from one network
to another.
• A Gateway is a hardware device that goes
about as a “gate” between two networks. It
very well might be a server, firewall, router,
or another device that empowers traffic to
stream all through the network.
How gateways work
• All networks have a boundary that limits
communication to devices that are directly
connected to it.
• Due to this, if a network wants to communicate
with devices, nodes or networks outside of that
boundary, they require the functionality of a
gateway.
• A gateway is often characterized as being the
combination of a router and a modem.
A Need for Common Standards
• based on how networks communicate and
exchange data. From the early days at
ARPANET, it still lacked a common language
for computers outside its own network to be
able to communicate with computers on its
own network.
TCP/IP Saves the Day
Vint Cerf and Bob Khan began working on the design of
what we now call the Internet. In 1978 the
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
were created, otherwise known as TCP/IP.
The rules for the Interconnection were:
• The independent networks were not required to
change.
• There was an effort to achieve communication.
• Internal networks would exist in addition with
gateways that would connect these networks. Their
job would be to translate between the networks.
Internet Today
World Wide Web (WWW)
Social Media
Cloud Computing
Internet of Things (IoT)
Blockchain (Bitcoin)
5G and 6G
Expected Questions in the Exam
1. Mention three differences between Data and
information with example?
2. What are the features of data communication?
3. What are the components of data
communication with explanation?
4. what are the Network Criteria?
5. The performance of a network depends on a
number of factors, mention them?
6. Why they created TCP/IP Model?
7. Define the terms:
Data Communication
Network
Protocol with example
Gateway with example
8. What is the difference between router and modem?
9. what is the difference between Router and Switch?
